Question 1

In the following question, select the option that best expresses the meaning of the idiom "tongue-in-cheek".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The idiom "tongue in cheek" is commonly used in English to describe remarks that are not meant to be taken literally or seriously. Such remarks are often humorous, ironic or mildly mocking. Understanding this idiom is important when reading articles, interviews or stories where the writer or speaker may be joking or being sarcastic. The question asks you to select the option that best captures this nuance. Given Data / Assumptions: Idiom: "tongue-in-cheek" (often written with hyphens). Options include: speaking insincerely, praising wholeheartedly, sensational news, saying something hurtful and speaking rapidly. We assume modern conversational and written English usage. The idiom typically describes the manner or tone of a remark rather than its speed or loudness. Concept / Approach: "Tongue in cheek" originates from the physical gesture of pressing one's tongue into the cheek while trying not to laugh, suggesting that the speaker is not entirely serious. In meaning, it refers to something said in an ironic, humorous or playful way, often pretending to be serious on the surface. It is not about genuine praise, literal insults or news reporting. Among the choices, "In an insincere or joking way, not meant to be taken seriously" best describes this tone. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that tongue-in-cheek comments are often lightly sarcastic or humorous. The speaker might sound serious, but the intention is playful or ironic.Step 2: Examine option A: "In an insincere or joking way, not meant to be taken seriously." This clearly reflects the idea of playful insincerity or irony.Step 3: Examine option B: "To praise wholeheartedly." This is the opposite of the usual tongue-in-cheek tone, which is not fully sincere.Step 4: Examine option C: "A sensational news." This is unrelated to the manner of speaking; tongue-in-cheek describes style, not the news itself.Step 5: Examine option D: "To say something hurtful." Although irony can sometimes be sharp, tongue-in-cheek usually implies light, humorous intent, not outright cruelty.Step 6: Examine option E: "To speak very rapidly." This concerns speed, not the sincerity or humorous intent of the comment. Therefore, option A is correct. Verification / Alternative check: Look at example sentences: "His speech was full of tongue-in-cheek comments about politics" or "The article was written in a tongue-in-cheek style." In both cases, we understand that the speaker or writer is joking or being ironic rather than making literal, serious claims. If we substitute option A into the sentence ("spoken in an insincere or joking way"), the meaning remains the same. Substituting any of the other options would distort or destroy the intended sense. Idiom dictionaries also gloss "tongue-in-cheek" as humorous, ironic or not meant to be taken seriously, confirming this interpretation. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Praise wholeheartedly: This implies deep sincerity and approval, which conflicts with the ironic nature of tongue-in-cheek remarks. A sensational news: Focuses on content rather than tone and has nothing to do with playful irony. To say something hurtful: While sarcasm can be biting, the idiom usually suggests gentle humour rather than deliberate injury. To speak very rapidly: Concerns speed, not style or sincerity. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse "tongue-in-cheek" with ordinary sarcasm or even blunt insult. However, the phrase typically suggests light-hearted irony rather than harsh criticism. Another pitfall is focusing on the literal words (tongue and cheek) and guessing meanings related to speech mechanics, like speaking quickly or unclearly. To avoid such errors, always remember that many idioms describe attitudes and tones, not physical actions. Visualising someone trying not to laugh while making a joke can help you remember the playful, not-so-serious sense of this idiom. Final Answer: The idiom "tongue-in-cheek" means in an insincere or joking way, not meant to be taken seriously.

Question 2

Select the single-word substitute for the phrase: "A factory where workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a single-word substitution question focusing on social and economic vocabulary. The phrase describes an exploitative workplace where labourers are forced to work long hours for very low pay in unsafe or unpleasant conditions. In discussions about labour rights, industrialisation and globalisation, there is a widely used term in English that captures this entire idea in one word. Your task is to identify that word among the options. Given Data / Assumptions: Phrase: "A factory where workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions." Options: Impalpable, Outset, Bloomy, Sweatshop and Workshop. We assume standard contemporary English used in news reports, human rights discussions and economics texts. The correct answer should summarise all three aspects: factory, low wages and bad conditions. Concept / Approach: The term "sweatshop" is commonly used to describe factories or workshops, especially in industries like garments or electronics, where workers are exploited: they are paid very low wages, expected to work extremely long hours, and exposed to unsafe or unhealthy conditions. None of the other options have this specific meaning. "Impalpable" means something that cannot be touched or easily understood. "Outset" means the beginning of something. "Bloomy" is not a standard word in this context. "Workshop" simply refers to a place where work is done, without implying exploitation. Therefore, "sweatshop" is the correct single-word substitute. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the key ideas in the phrase: factory setting, low wages, long working hours and poor working conditions.Step 2: Recall commonly used terms in social and economic discussions. "Sweatshop" is a widely known word that combines "sweat" (suggesting hard labour) with "shop" (a place of work) and is used specifically for exploitative factories.Step 3: Examine option D, "Sweatshop". It exactly corresponds to the described concept of an exploitative factory.Step 4: Examine option A, "Impalpable". This means intangible or difficult to grasp, and is unrelated to workplaces.Step 5: Examine option B, "Outset", meaning the beginning or start of an event, which again has nothing to do with workers or factories.Step 6: Examine option C, "Bloomy", which is not a standard term in this sense, and option E, "Workshop", which can be any place of work or even a training session, without the negative connotations of exploitation. Thus, "Sweatshop" is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Consider example sentences: "Many international clothing brands have been criticised for using sweatshops in developing countries", "Labour activists are campaigning to shut down sweatshops where children work long hours." In these sentences, "sweatshop" clearly carries the meaning described in the question. If we replaced "sweatshop" with "workshop", the negative sense would largely disappear. Reference dictionaries define "sweatshop" as a place where workers are employed for long hours at low wages and under poor conditions, which matches the given phrase almost word for word. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Impalpable: Means intangible or not easily perceived; has no connection with factories or labour. Outset: Means the beginning of something, not a type of workplace. Bloomy: Not a standard word for a place of employment and unrelated to labour exploitation. Workshop: Simply a place where goods are produced or repaired, or a training session; it does not imply harsh conditions or exploitation. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may be attracted to "workshop" because it sounds similar to "sweatshop" and also refers to a place of work. However, the key in single-word substitution is to cover the entire meaning of the phrase, not just one aspect such as "factory". Without the implication of low wages and poor conditions, "workshop" is incomplete. When answering such questions, always check whether the option matches each important part of the description, not just the main noun. Final Answer: The correct single-word substitute is Sweatshop.

Question 3

Select the antonym (word most opposite in meaning) of "to actuate".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question asks you to choose the antonym of the verb "to actuate". Verbs that describe causing action or movement are common in both technical and everyday English. Understanding their opposites helps you express ideas about encouragement versus delay or obstruction. Here, your task is to identify the word that most directly expresses the opposite of setting something in motion or motivating someone to act. Given Data / Assumptions: Target verb: "to actuate". Options: to retard, to spur, to impel, to propel and to motivate. We assume standard dictionary meanings. Actuate is often used in engineering contexts ("to actuate a valve") and in psychological or motivational contexts ("to actuate someone to action"). Concept / Approach: "To actuate" means to put into action, to move, or to motivate. When you actuate a machine, you cause it to work. When you actuate a person, you motivate or drive them to act. The antonym, therefore, should describe delaying, slowing, or preventing action, not causing it. Among the options, "to retard" means to slow down, delay or hold back progress, which is conceptually opposite to actuating. On the other hand, "to spur", "to impel", "to propel" and "to motivate" all refer to encouraging or driving forward, which are synonyms or near synonyms of "to actuate". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand "to actuate" as "to set in motion" or "to cause to act".Step 2: Examine option A, "to retard". This means to delay, slow down or hinder progress. This directly contrasts with the idea of setting in motion.Step 3: Examine option B, "to spur". To spur someone is to encourage them or urge them on, clearly similar to actuate.Step 4: Examine option C, "to impel". This means to drive or urge someone to do something, again a synonym for actuate in many contexts.Step 5: Examine option D, "to propel". This verb means to push or drive forward, especially physically, and is again in the same semantic field as actuate.Step 6: Examine option E, "to motivate". To motivate someone is to provide a reason or incentive for action, which overlaps strongly with actuate. Therefore, the only opposite is "to retard". Verification / Alternative check: Test the words in example sentences. "The engineer actuated the mechanism" means the engineer made it move or work. The opposite would be "The engineer retarded the mechanism", meaning slowed down or delayed it. In human terms, "The speech actuated the crowd to protest" has the opposite idea of "The speech retarded the crowd's willingness to protest", meaning it held them back. By contrast, "to spur", "to impel", "to propel" and "to motivate" would all be used in similar sentences where they could replace "actuate" without changing the general sense, confirming that they are synonyms, not antonyms. Why Other Options Are Wrong: To spur: Means to urge on or encourage, similar to actuate. To impel: Means to drive forward or urge strongly, again close in meaning. To propel: Means to push or drive forward, often physically; this is about causing movement, not preventing it. To motivate: Means to provide reasons for acting; this is almost synonymous with actuate in psychological contexts. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes grab at any familiar positive word and forget to check whether the question is about synonyms or antonyms. It is crucial to read the instruction clearly: "Select the antonym." Another pitfall is ignoring small differences in meaning and choosing a word that just "feels" strong or active. When dealing with cause-of-action verbs, always pause and ask: does this word mean to cause movement or to slow or stop it? Doing so will guide you to the correct antonym, as in this case with "retard". Final Answer: The antonym of "to actuate" is to retard.

Question 4

Select the single-word substitute for the phrase: "The action of repeating something aloud from memory."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This vocabulary question asks for a single-word substitute that captures the idea of saying something aloud from memory. Such a process is common in schools (when students learn poems or speeches), in religious contexts (reciting prayers) and in performances. Recognising the precise term for this action helps in clear and concise communication. Given Data / Assumptions: Phrase: "The action of repeating something aloud from memory." Options: paraphrase, rendition, erudition, recitation and repetition. We assume standard educational and literary contexts, such as reciting a poem or lesson. The correct word should emphasise both speaking aloud and doing so from memory. Concept / Approach: The noun "recitation" refers specifically to the act of reciting: repeating something aloud, often from memory, such as a poem, speech or list of facts. Schools and competitions often have "poetry recitation" events. "Paraphrase" means to express the meaning of something in different words. "Rendition" refers to a performance or interpretation, especially of a musical piece or role, but does not necessarily imply memorisation. "Erudition" means deep, scholarly knowledge. "Repetition" is a broader term that simply means doing or saying something again, not necessarily from memory or as a formal performance. Thus, "recitation" best matches the phrase. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the key ideas in the phrase: repeating aloud, and doing so from memory.Step 2: Examine option D, "recitation". Dictionary definitions describe it as the act of reciting from memory, especially before an audience.Step 3: Examine option A, "paraphrase". This involves rewording text or speech to clarify meaning, not necessarily repeating it verbatim from memory.Step 4: Examine option B, "rendition". It means an artistic performance or interpretation, such as a singer's rendition of a song; while it involves performing, the focus is not specifically on memorisation or verbal repetition.Step 5: Examine option C, "erudition". This simply means great knowledge or learning, completely unrelated to the act of repeating aloud.Step 6: Examine option E, "repetition". Though related, it is too broad; repetition can be silent, mechanical or written and does not by itself imply reciting from memory before others. Therefore, "recitation" is the precise word. Verification / Alternative check: Consider common phrases: "poem recitation", "recitation competition", "recitation of a prayer". In all these, the focus is on speaking something aloud that has been memorised. If we substitute "paraphrase" or "rendition", the meaning shifts: "paraphrase of a poem" would involve changing the wording, not repeating it exactly, and "rendition of a poem" would sound more like a performance emphasis and may not stress memorisation. A standard dictionary normally defines "recitation" in terms that closely mirror the phrase given in the question, confirming this as the correct choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Paraphrase: Involves rewording and explanation, not verbatim repetition from memory. Rendition: A performance or interpretation, often musical; it does not specifically mean repeating from memory. Erudition: Means extensive knowledge; unrelated to the act of speaking or reciting. Repetition: Overly general; does not capture the formal or memorised aspect of recitation. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates may choose "repetition" because it includes the word "repeating". However, exam questions often require the most precise term, not the broadest. Recitation always implies speaking aloud and typically from memory, whereas repetition can occur in many forms. Another pitfall is confusing "rendition" with recitation because both are used in performance contexts. Remember to focus on the "from memory" clue, which strongly points to "recitation". Final Answer: The correct single-word substitute is recitation.

Question 5

Improve the bracketed part of the sentence: "(I myself think) that this investigation is biased."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Sentence improvement questions ask you to judge whether a highlighted or bracketed part of a sentence is correct and stylistically natural, or whether one of the alternatives provides a better version. In this sentence, the phrase "I myself think" is under examination. The structure involves emphasis on the subject "I" using the reflexive pronoun "myself". Your task is to decide whether this usage is acceptable or whether another word order or tense would be better in standard English. Given Data / Assumptions: Original sentence: "(I myself think) that this investigation is biased." Bracketed part: "I myself think". Options: "I think myself", "I thought myself", "I myself thought", "no improvement" and another variant. The sentence is present tense and expresses a current opinion. We assume a formal or semi formal argumentative context where someone is giving their personal view. Concept / Approach: In English, a reflexive pronoun such as "myself" can be used for emphasis after the subject, as in "I myself believe", "I myself saw it" or "I myself think". This is a standard and grammatically correct way to stress that the speaker personally holds the opinion. The other alternatives presented either distort the tense or misuse the reflexive pronoun. "I think myself" is incorrect because "think" is not being used reflexively; the object of "think" cannot be "myself" in this sentence. "I thought myself" or "I myself thought" would place the verb in the past tense, which does not match the rest of the sentence ("is biased"). Therefore, the original phrase "I myself think" is correct and requires no improvement. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Examine the tense of the main clause: "this investigation is biased" is present tense, describing a current belief.Step 2: Check whether the bracketed verb phrase "I myself think" matches this tense. It is also in the simple present, so tense consistency is maintained.Step 3: Recall that placing "myself" after "I" is a common way to add emphasis: "I myself disagree", "I myself saw the incident". Thus, the structure "I myself think" is grammatically sound and idiomatic.Step 4: Test option A: "I think myself that this investigation is biased." This uses "myself" as an object, which is unnatural; we normally say "I think that ..." not "I think myself that ...".Step 5: Test option B: "I thought myself that this investigation is biased." The verb "thought" is in the past, while "is biased" is present, creating tense mismatch.Step 6: Test option C: "I myself thought that this investigation is biased." Again, the main reporting verb is past, conflicting with "is biased".Step 7: Since all alternatives introduce problems and the original phrasing is both correct and natural, the answer must be "no improvement". Verification / Alternative check: Compare with similar sentences: "I myself believe that the plan will work", "I myself think that this law is unfair." In each case, the reflexive pronoun adds emphasis and is immediately after the subject pronoun. Grammar references and style guides recognise this pattern as standard. If you replaced "I myself think" with "Myself I think", the sentence would sound awkward or poetic rather than standard prose. This confirms that the original bracketed phrase is already the best option in normal usage. Why Other Options Are Wrong: I think myself: Misuses "myself" as an object of "think"; the idiomatic pattern is "I myself think". I thought myself: Creates tense inconsistency with "is biased" and misuses the reflexive pronoun. I myself thought: Again shifts the verb to past and clashes with the present tense of the main clause. Myself I think: Inverts normal word order and sounds unnatural in standard written English. Common Pitfalls: Many candidates assume that the presence of a reflexive pronoun automatically signals an error and try to remove or shift it, even when it is being used correctly for emphasis. Another pitfall is ignoring tense consistency when evaluating alternatives. Before choosing an option, always check subject verb agreement, tense harmony and idiomatic placement of emphasis. If the original phrase meets all these requirements, "no improvement" is often the right answer, as in this case. Final Answer: The sentence is already correct, so the appropriate choice is no improvement; "I myself think that this investigation is biased" is grammatically sound and natural.

Question 6

Select the antonym (word most opposite in meaning) of "ingestion".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This vocabulary question focuses on words related to bodily processes. "Ingestion" is a technical and everyday term used in biology and health sciences to describe taking substances, usually food or drink, into the body. To find the antonym, you need to identify the process that most directly contrasts with taking in, namely the process of expelling waste from the body. The options include several informal synonyms for swallowing and one that clearly refers to an opposite function. Given Data / Assumptions: Target word: "ingestion". Options: gulp, slug, excrete, chug and swallow. We assume basic biological meanings and everyday usage. Ingestion refers to taking in, most often through the mouth, as the first stage of digestion. Concept / Approach: In biology, ingestion is the act of taking food, drink or other substances into the body, usually through the mouth. The opposite process would involve the body getting rid of waste material, such as through defecation or urination. The verb "to excrete" means to separate and expel waste matter from the body. The other options, such as "gulp", "slug", "chug" and "swallow", all describe different ways of ingesting or drinking, not the opposite of ingestion. Therefore, "excrete" is the correct antonym. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Define "ingestion": the process of taking food, drink or other substances into the body.Step 2: Ask what the opposite process would be. If ingestion is taking in, the opposite is giving out or eliminating substances from the body.Step 3: Examine option C, "excrete". It means to separate and expel waste from the body, such as through urine or faeces. This clearly represents an outward process opposite to taking in.Step 4: Examine option A, "gulp". It means to swallow food or drink quickly, which is just a particular way of ingesting.Step 5: Examine option B, "slug". As a verb in informal speech, it can mean to drink something in a big swallow, also a form of ingestion.Step 6: Examine option D, "chug". This is another informal verb for drinking something quickly and in large amounts.Step 7: Examine option E, "swallow", which is literally the act of causing food or drink to pass from the mouth into the stomach. All of these are related to ingestion, not opposites. Thus, "excrete" is the correct antonym. Verification / Alternative check: Consider a simple life process: eating, digesting and then removing waste. The stages are ingestion, digestion, absorption and excretion. In school biology, ingestion and excretion are often taught as roughly opposite ends of this cycle: taking in and throwing out. If a textbook defined ingestion as "taking in food", it would likely define excretion as "removal of waste products from the body". By contrast, gulping and chugging are just special types of ingestion behaviour. This systematic view confirms that "excrete" is the correct opposite of "ingest". Why Other Options Are Wrong: Gulp: A way of swallowing quickly; it describes how ingestion happens, not its opposite. Slug: Informal term for drinking or swallowing; again, a form of ingestion. Chug: To drink deeply and quickly; another ingestion related verb. Swallow: The basic act that produces ingestion; it is almost equivalent rather than opposite. Common Pitfalls: Because many options are related to eating and drinking, some candidates may confuse "similar to" with "opposite of". Always read the question carefully: if it asks for an antonym, you must look for the word that contradicts or reverses the basic meaning. Another pitfall is being drawn to familiar everyday words and ignoring more technical but precise ones like "excrete". In science related vocabulary, technical terms often provide the exact contrasts being tested. Final Answer: The antonym of "ingestion" is excrete (or, in noun form, "excretion").

Question 7

In the following question, select the option that best expresses the meaning of the idiom "wear your heart on your sleeve".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Idioms often use vivid images to describe emotional behaviour. The expression "to wear your heart on your sleeve" suggests that a person's emotions are openly visible, just like an object worn on clothing. Understanding this idiom is important for interpreting descriptions of personality in literature and everyday speech. The question asks you to identify the option that best captures this figurative meaning. Given Data / Assumptions: Idiom: "wear your heart on your sleeve". Options: a very bold person, a noble pure person, make one's feelings apparent, being overtly polite at all times, and hide one's emotions carefully. We assume general conversational English usage. The idiom is about emotional openness, not about courage or courtesy. Concept / Approach: The idiom "wear your heart on your sleeve" means to show your emotions openly, without hiding them. Such a person is easily read, because their feelings of love, anger, sadness or happiness are evident in their expressions and behaviour. It does not specifically say that the person is brave, noble or polite; rather, it describes emotional transparency. Therefore, the best paraphrase is "make one's feelings apparent" or "show your emotions openly". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the mental image: a person wearing their heart on their sleeve as if it were a visible badge, symbolising openly displayed emotions.Step 2: Examine option C: "make one's feelings apparent". This clearly matches the idea of showing emotions rather than hiding them.Step 3: Examine option A: "a very bold person". While openness can sometimes be linked to bravery, the idiom does not directly refer to courage; it is about emotional visibility.Step 4: Examine option B: "a noble pure person". This focuses on moral character, which is not the primary meaning of the idiom.Step 5: Examine option D: "being overtly polite at all times". Politeness is not the same as emotional openness; someone can be polite yet emotionally guarded.Step 6: Examine option E: "hide one's emotions carefully". This is actually the opposite of the idiom and would better match phrases like "keep a poker face". Hence, option C best expresses the meaning. Verification / Alternative check: Consider example sentences: "She wears her heart on her sleeve, so you always know when she is upset" or "He is not the type to wear his heart on his sleeve; he keeps his feelings to himself." In both cases, the idiom is clearly about whether feelings are visible or hidden. If we substitute the phrase "make his feelings apparent", the meaning of the sentence remains the same. Substituting "a very bold person" or "a noble pure person" would not fit as smoothly. Idiom references explain this phrase as being very open about one's emotions, which confirms option C. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A very bold person: Emphasises courage, which is not the core meaning of the idiom. A noble pure person: Focuses on virtue or moral purity, unrelated to emotional openness. Being overtly polite at all times: Involves social manners rather than emotional transparency. Hide one's emotions carefully: This is the opposite behaviour, closer to "bottle up your feelings". Common Pitfalls: Because idioms are metaphorical, students sometimes guess based on the emotional tone rather than the true meaning. The romantic sounding word "heart" might lead some to think of nobility or bravery, but the key idea lies in the phrase "on your sleeve", suggesting that your emotions are outward and visible. To remember this idiom, imagine a person whose emotional state is as easy to see as a colourful badge pinned on their clothing. That picture will remind you that it means "show your feelings openly". Final Answer: The idiom "wear your heart on your sleeve" means make one's feelings apparent (to show your emotions openly).

Question 8

Improve the bracketed part of the sentence: "She did not like to have coffee (nor I did)."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a sentence improvement question about negative coordination in English. The original sentence tries to link two negative statements: one about "she" and another about "I". The bracketed part "nor I did" sounds awkward and is not the standard word order. In such structures, English requires subject-auxiliary inversion after "nor" (or "neither") to form a grammatically correct negative clause. Your task is to choose the option that best completes the sentence according to this rule. Given Data / Assumptions: Sentence: "She did not like to have coffee (nor I did)." Bracketed part to improve: "nor I did". Options: "neither I liked it", "nor did I", "nor I like it", "No improvement", "nor I did it". The first clause uses "did not", so the second coordinated clause should mirror this auxiliary structure. Concept / Approach: When we express agreement in a negative sense in English, we commonly use "neither" or "nor" plus an auxiliary verb followed by the subject: "nor do I", "nor did he", "neither do we". In past tense with "did not", the standard pattern is "nor did I". The version "nor I did" lacks the necessary inversion and therefore sounds incorrect. "Neither I liked it" is also wrong because it uses normal statement word order instead of the inversion required after "neither". The correct improved phrase must be "nor did I", which elegantly and correctly echoes the structure of the first clause. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the pattern in the first clause: "She did not like to have coffee" (past tense negative with auxiliary "did").Step 2: When joining a similar negative statement using "nor", we invert the auxiliary and subject: "nor did I".Step 3: Test option B in the full sentence: "She did not like to have coffee, nor did I." This sounds natural and grammatically correct.Step 4: Test option A: "She did not like to have coffee, neither I liked it." This incorrectly uses statement word order after "neither" and adds "it", making the sentence clumsy.Step 5: Test option C: "nor I like it." Present tense "like" clashes with past tense "did not like" and still lacks inversion.Step 6: Test option D: "No improvement." Retaining "nor I did" leaves the inversion error untouched.Step 7: Test option E: "nor I did it." The extra "it" is unnecessary and again shows wrong word order. Therefore, "nor did I" is the only correct improvement. Verification / Alternative check: Compare with similar patterns: "He does not smoke, nor do I", "They were not ready, nor were we", "She cannot drive, nor can he." In each example, the auxiliary comes before the subject after "nor". The same rule applies here: "She did not like to have coffee, nor did I." If you consult grammar references, you will find that negative additions typically use "neither/nor + auxiliary + subject" to avoid repetition and create a balanced, concise sentence. Why Other Options Are Wrong: "neither I liked it": Fails to invert subject and auxiliary and adds an unnecessary pronoun "it". Correct forms would be "Neither did I" or "I did not like it either". "nor I like it": Mixes present tense with past context and again lacks inversion. "No improvement": Incorrect because the original "nor I did" is not standard grammar. "nor I did it": Adds "it" where nothing needs to be repeated and still has wrong word order. Common Pitfalls: Many learners are uncertain about inversion rules and try to mirror the word order of simple statements after "neither" or "nor". Another common mistake is to change the tense in the second clause or add unnecessary pronouns. To avoid these pitfalls, remember the simple pattern: after "nor", use auxiliary + subject, mirroring the tense of the previous clause. In this case, "did not" leads naturally to "nor did I". Final Answer: The correct improvement is nor did I, giving the sentence: "She did not like to have coffee, nor did I."

Question 9

Select the synonym (word with the closest meaning) of "gaudy".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question asks you to identify a synonym of the adjective "gaudy". Words like "gaudy" are often used to describe appearance, particularly clothing, decoration or design. Recognising its connotation will help you choose the word that carries a similar meaning and tone. Synonym questions are a standard way examiners test your vocabulary depth and your sensitivity to shades of meaning. Given Data / Assumptions: Target word: "gaudy". Options: modest, showy, refined, sophisticated and subtle. We assume everyday descriptive usage, such as describing clothes, jewellery or interior decoration. "Gaudy" often carries a negative or critical tone, implying tastelessness or excessive brightness. Concept / Approach: "Gaudy" describes something that is very bright or heavily decorated in a way that is likely to be considered tasteless or overly flashy. The closest simple synonym in the options is "showy", which also suggests being designed to attract attention through bright colours or elaborate decoration. "Modest", "refined", "sophisticated" and "subtle" all suggest restraint or good taste, and are almost opposite in connotation to "gaudy". Therefore, "showy" best matches the meaning of "gaudy". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Define "gaudy" in simple terms: excessively bright, flashy or decorated, often without good taste.Step 2: Examine option B, "showy". It means designed to attract attention, often by being bright or extravagant; this aligns closely with "gaudy".Step 3: Examine option A, "modest". This means simple or not intended to attract attention, the opposite of flashy.Step 4: Examine option C, "refined". This suggests elegance and good taste, which contrasts with the tasteless implication of "gaudy".Step 5: Examine option D, "sophisticated". This usually implies complexity, elegance or worldly taste, again opposite to the sense of loud and tasteless.Step 6: Examine option E, "subtle". This refers to being delicate or understated, very far from "gaudy". Thus, "showy" is the only option that genuinely matches the meaning. Verification / Alternative check: Use both words in similar sentences: "She wore a gaudy dress covered in sequins" and "She wore a showy dress covered in sequins." Both suggest that the dress is bright and attention grabbing, perhaps excessively so. However, "She wore a refined dress" or "She wore a subtle dress" would convey the opposite idea: tasteful and understated. If you consult a thesaurus, you will find "showy", "flashy" and "garish" listed as common synonyms of "gaudy". This confirms that "showy" is the best match among the options given. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Modest: Implies simplicity and lack of display; essentially the opposite of gaudy. Refined: Suggests elegance and good taste, whereas gaudy criticises lack of taste. Sophisticated: Implies complexity and cultured style, not loud or tasteless decoration. Subtle: Means delicate or not easily noticeable, the reverse of loud and bright. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to focus only on positive or negative tone and not the exact meaning. Some learners might reject "showy" because it can sometimes be used neutrally, and choose a more obviously positive word like "sophisticated". However, synonyms are about similarity of meaning, not simply matching positive or negative feeling. In descriptions of appearance, "showy" and "gaudy" both signal brightness and attention seeking, which is the key feature to notice here. Final Answer: The synonym of "gaudy" is showy.

Question 10

A part of the sentence is underlined. Choose the alternative that best improves the underlined part. If no improvement is needed, select "No improvement". "The plane landed and shot towards the airport."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Sentence improvement questions often focus on choosing vocabulary that is precise for a particular context. Here, the situation being described involves an aeroplane that has just landed and is moving on the ground. The underlined phrase "shot towards the airport" sounds dramatic but is not the correct technical or natural expression used for aircraft movement on the runway and taxiways. Your task is to select the verb that accurately and idiomatically describes an aeroplane's ground movement after landing. Given Data / Assumptions: Sentence: "The plane landed and shot towards the airport." Underlined part: "shot towards the airport". Options for replacement: taxied, drove, wheeled, No improvement, rushed. We assume normal airport operations: after landing, an aircraft slows down and then moves under its own power along the ground to a terminal or parking area. Concept / Approach: In aviation terminology and in standard English, the verb "to taxi" is used specifically for an aircraft moving on the ground under its own power before take off or after landing. We say "the plane taxied to the gate" or "the aircraft is taxiing to the runway". The phrase "shot towards" suggests sudden high speed movement, almost like a bullet, which does not fit the safe, controlled movement expected during ground operations. "Drove" is used for cars, buses and trucks, not normally for planes. "Wheeled" can be used in other contexts but is not the standard term here. Therefore, "taxied" is the best replacement for "shot towards the airport". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand the real world process: after landing, a plane slows down on the runway and then moves slowly along taxiways to reach the terminal building or parking area.Step 2: Recall the specific verb used for this movement: "to taxi". This is widely used in aviation reports and announcements.Step 3: Substitute option A into the sentence: "The plane landed and taxied towards the airport." This sounds natural and correct.Step 4: Test option B: "drove". While the plane does have wheels, we do not normally say "the plane drove towards the airport"; "drive" is reserved for vehicles like cars, buses or lorries.Step 5: Test option C: "wheeled". "The plane wheeled towards the airport" is unusual and does not reflect standard usage; "wheeled" often describes turning or spinning rather than moving along the ground under power.Step 6: Test "No improvement". Keeping "shot towards the airport" implies a sudden fast, almost uncontrolled movement, which is inappropriate and potentially confusing in aviation context.Step 7: Option E, "rushed", has a similar problem; it suggests hasty speed rather than controlled taxiing. Therefore, "taxied" is the correct improvement. Verification / Alternative check: Listen to airport announcements or read aviation news: phrases like "the aircraft is now taxiing to the gate" or "after landing, the plane taxied to the terminal" are standard. No professional report would say that a plane "shot" or "rushed" towards the airport, as safety requires slow and controlled ground movement. Dictionaries also define "taxi" in an aviation sense as "to move on the ground under its own power". This confirms that "taxied" is the precise and idiomatic verb to use. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Drove: Not the usual verb for plane movement; used for road vehicles, not aircraft. Wheeled: Suggests rolling or turning, but not the standard aviation term and sounds awkward in this sentence. No improvement: Leaves the misleading and nonstandard expression "shot towards the airport" unchanged. Rushed: Again emphasises speed and haste rather than controlled ground motion, and is not technical or typical for aviation reports. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes choose dramatic sounding words like "shot" or "rushed" thinking they make the sentence more vivid. However, in exam questions, the goal is usually accuracy and appropriate register, not dramatic effect. Another pitfall is assuming that general motion verbs such as "drive" can apply equally to all vehicles. Remember that specialised fields like aviation often have specific verbs, and "taxi" is the key verb for aircraft moving on the ground. Final Answer: The underlined part should be replaced with taxied, giving the improved sentence: "The plane landed and taxied towards the airport."

Question 11

Grammar improvement: choose the correct form of the sentence Both of us had a different opinion about it.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In many competitive examinations, a very common grammar task is to improve the underlined part of a sentence so that subject verb agreement, pronoun choice, and overall logic are all correct. The sentence here is Both of us had a different opinion about it, and we must select the best version that expresses the idea that the two people did not share the same view. Given Data / Assumptions: The subject phrase is Both of us, which refers to two specific people including the speaker. The sentence needs to show that each person held a separate or distinct opinion, not a single shared one. We must preserve the past tense meaning and the basic idea about differing opinions. Concept / Approach: The key grammar concepts are subject verb agreement and the correct use of distributive expressions. When we want to emphasise that two people have separate or different opinions, the expression Each of us is more precise than Both of us, because each clearly points to individual, separate positions. The verb had is the correct past tense form for both Both of us and Each of us. We also need to keep the phrase a different opinion about it to preserve the core meaning of the sentence. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the subject of the sentence, which is Both of us meaning two people including the speaker. Step 2: Notice that the predicate had a different opinion about it tries to say that the two people did not share the same opinion. Step 3: Recognise that the phrase Both of us had a different opinion can sound illogical because both normally suggests togetherness, while a different opinion suggests separateness. Step 4: Replace Both of us with Each of us to highlight individual opinions while keeping the verb had in the past tense. Step 5: Check the final sentence Each of us had a different opinion about it for grammar and clarity. Verification / Alternative check: We can quickly test the sentence by rephrasing it: Every one of us had a different opinion about it. This alternative paraphrase is natural and supports the use of Each of us. If we kept Both of us had a different opinion, native usage would more likely be Both of us had different opinions, changing the object to plural. Since the options do not offer that structure, the clearest and grammatically standard choice is the one using Each of us had a different opinion about it. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A Both of us has a different opinion about it uses has with a plural subject and breaks subject verb agreement, so it is incorrect. Option C Each of us have a different opinion about it also breaks subject verb agreement, because Each of us takes a singular verb has or had, not have. Option D No improvement is needed in the sentence is wrong because the original wording is awkward and not the best standard form. Option E Both of us were having a different opinion about it uses an unnecessary progressive form and the same both plus a different mismatch, which is stylistically poor. Common Pitfalls: Learners often use both when they really want to stress separate actions or opinions, where each is better. Another common mistake is to misapply subject verb agreement after expressions like each of us, everyone, or neither of them. These look plural but grammatically behave as singular. Exam setters frequently test this nuance, so it is important to link each to singular verbs such as has or had. Also, candidates may pick No improvement simply because the sentence seems understandable, without checking whether a more standard and precise alternative is available. Final Answer: The improved and grammatically correct sentence is Each of us had a different opinion about it.

Question 12

Error spotting: identify whether the sentence He has made a mistake of which I am certain contains any grammatical error.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Error spotting questions ask you to look at different parts of a sentence and decide whether any part contains a grammatical or usage error. Here the full sentence is He has made a mistake of which I am certain. The options correspond to segments of the sentence, and one option stands for No error. Our task is to confirm whether the sentence is grammatically correct as it stands. Given Data / Assumptions: The complete sentence is He has made a mistake of which I am certain. Parts are divided as A He has made a mistake, B of which, C I am certain, and D No error. Standard modern English usage is the benchmark for correctness. Concept / Approach: We must check the tense, verb form, preposition usage, and clause structure. The present perfect form has made is appropriate for a past action with present relevance. The phrase of which introduces a relative clause I am certain, which describes the noun mistake. There is nothing unusual in this structure; it is similar to expressions such as a fact of which I am aware or a decision of which we are proud. Therefore we need to see whether any segment violates grammar rules or natural usage. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Examine Part A He has made a mistake. The subject he and the present perfect verb has made agree correctly. Step 2: Examine Part B of which. This preposition plus relative pronoun combination correctly links back to the noun mistake. Step 3: Examine Part C I am certain. This is a complete clause with subject I and verb am and is grammatically sound. Step 4: Combine the parts mentally to read He has made a mistake of which I am certain and check whether the full sentence is clear and idiomatic. Step 5: Conclude that no part contains an error and therefore the correct choice is No error. Verification / Alternative check: We can paraphrase the sentence as I am certain that he has made a mistake. This alternative structure shows that the original sentence simply uses a more formal relative clause. Both sentences convey the same meaning and are grammatically correct. Since the paraphrase is acceptable and there is no mismatch of tense or agreement, it confirms that the original sentence is error free. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A claims that He has made a mistake is wrong, but this section has correct word order and tense. Option B suggests that of which is wrong, yet this is a standard way to introduce a relative clause that modifies mistake in formal English. Option C suggests that I am certain is wrong, but this clause is a correct independent clause that expresses the speaker s certainty. Option E claims that the whole sentence must be rewritten; this is incorrect because the sentence is already precise and grammatical. Common Pitfalls: Candidates sometimes distrust formal patterns like of which I am certain because they sound old fashioned, and they assume that anything that sounds formal must be wrong in exam questions. Another frequent error is to think that every error spotting question must contain an error, when in reality many exam papers deliberately include fully correct sentences to test careful reading. The safe strategy is to analyse each part for actual grammatical mistakes rather than guessing based on style alone. Final Answer: There is no grammatical error in the sentence, so the correct choice is No error.

Question 13

Fill in the blank with the correct preposition in the sentence I am ____ this crime.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Preposition based fill in the blank questions test whether you know the fixed combinations of adjectives and prepositions that native speakers use. The sentence here is I am ____ this crime. We must choose the adjective and preposition combination that correctly expresses that the speaker did not commit the crime and is free from guilt. Given Data / Assumptions: The base structure is I am plus an adjective phrase and the object this crime. The intended meaning in typical exam context is that the speaker wants to deny guilt or responsibility. We must choose one option that is both grammatically correct and semantically appropriate. Concept / Approach: English uses specific collocations, such as innocent of a crime, guilty of a crime, ignorant of a fact, and indebted to a person. Knowing these patterns is essential. The adjective innocent is the standard word used to say that someone did not commit a crime. It is typically followed by the preposition of when we mention the crime or charge. Thus the strongest candidate is innocent of this crime. Other options either use the wrong preposition or the wrong adjective for this context. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Consider the meaning we want: the speaker wants to say that he or she did not commit the crime. Step 2: Recall the common phrase used in legal and everyday English: an accused person can be innocent of a crime. Step 3: Check the collocation innocent of a crime and see that it fits directly with this crime. Step 4: Test the full sentence I am innocent of this crime and confirm that it sounds natural and precise. Step 5: Eliminate alternatives that either sound unnatural or change the intended meaning. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify the choice by imagining related sentences such as He was declared innocent of all charges or She is innocent of any wrongdoing. In each case the preposition of directly follows innocent, and the object is a crime or accusation. Substituting our phrase into this pattern confirms that I am innocent of this crime is the expected and idiomatic expression in English. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A ignorant on this crime is incorrect because the usual collocation is ignorant of something, and more importantly ignorance does not directly express lack of guilt. Option C indebted to this crime is wrong because indebted is used with to and usually refers to a person or institution to whom one owes thanks or money, not to a crime. Option D ignoring this crime changes the meaning completely and suggests that the speaker is aware of the crime but chooses not to pay attention, which is not the same as denying guilt. Option E unaware from this crime combines the wrong preposition from with unaware and still fails to express the idea of legal innocence. Common Pitfalls: Many learners pick answers that look similar to familiar phrases but miss the correct preposition, for example ignorant on instead of ignorant of or unaware from instead of unaware of. Exams often include such near misses to test your knowledge of collocations. A good strategy is to learn common adjective plus preposition pairs, especially for legal and emotional vocabulary such as guilty of, proud of, afraid of, satisfied with, and bored with. Final Answer: The correct and idiomatic phrase is innocent of this crime, so the complete sentence is I am innocent of this crime.

Question 14

Idiom interpretation: choose the best meaning of the expression Fit her like a glove.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Idioms are fixed expressions whose meanings cannot always be guessed from the individual words. The phrase fit her like a glove is one such idiom commonly used in English. The task is to choose the option that correctly conveys the figurative meaning of this expression rather than interpreting it in an overly literal way. Given Data / Assumptions: The idiom is fit her like a glove, referring to a piece of clothing or an accessory. We are choosing among several short paraphrases that describe how well something fits. Only one option must capture the idiomatic sense of a perfect or exact fit. Concept / Approach: Literal gloves are supposed to match the shape of the hand very closely. In English, this has led to the idiom fit like a glove meaning fit perfectly, with no looseness and no tightness. When we say A dress fits her like a glove, we are praising the fit, not criticising it. Therefore the correct option must be a positive description that emphasises an exact and comfortable fit, not something that is too large, too tight, shabby, or unsuitable. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that the expression fit like a glove is a standard idiom in English. Step 2: Recall its usage in contexts such as The new suit fits him like a glove, where it clearly has a positive sense. Step 3: Understand that the idiom emphasises precision of size and shape, implying the item is neither too tight nor too loose. Step 4: Match this understanding with the options and look for a paraphrase that describes a perfect fit. Step 5: Identify fitted her perfectly as the only option that matches this meaning. Verification / Alternative check: You can test this by substituting other words: The shoes fit him like a glove. Nobody would interpret this as criticism. Dictionary definitions of fit like a glove all give meanings such as fit very well or fit perfectly. There is no suggestion of discomfort. Hence the option that frames the fit as perfect is the correct one. Any option that suggests a poor fit or poor appearance cannot be correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A was too large for her contradicts the idea of a close fit, which is central to the image of a glove. Option B was too shabby for her comments on quality or appearance, not on how well the item fits the body. Option C was too tight for her suggests discomfort and an incorrect size, which again conflicts with the positive idiom. Option E did not suit her at all deals with style rather than fit and is the opposite of the idiom s complimentary tone. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes misinterpret idioms by focusing on one word, such as glove, and assuming the expression is about literal gloves. Others think it refers to tightness because gloves are sometimes snug. The safer approach is to check how native speakers actually use the phrase in sentences and to remember the established meaning. For exam purposes, many idioms have standard dictionary paraphrases that you should memorise. Final Answer: The idiom Fit her like a glove means that the item fitted her perfectly.

Question 15

Idiom interpretation: choose the best meaning of the expression To pull a long face.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: To pull a long face is a common idiomatic expression in English. The literal words describe a facial expression, but the idiom carries a specific emotional meaning. In many competitive exams, idiom questions check whether you know this fixed figurative meaning, not just the literal picture of someone changing their face. Given Data / Assumptions: The idiom given is To pull a long face. The options describe different emotional states such as happiness, surprise, sadness, calmness, or anger. We must pick the emotion typically associated with a long face in everyday English usage. Concept / Approach: In English, a long face is visually associated with drooping features, such as a downturned mouth and slack cheeks, which people display when they are sad, disappointed, or upset. Therefore, to pull a long face means to assume a gloomy or dejected expression. The correct option will be the one that states looked sad or an equivalent phrase. Any option that suggests positive or neutral emotions will not match the idiom. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that a person with a long face is usually unhappy or disappointed. Step 2: Connect the verb pull with the idea of putting on or adopting a certain expression. Step 3: Combine the two ideas to interpret pull a long face as adopt a sad or gloomy expression. Step 4: Compare this understanding with the answer choices and look for one that matches sadness. Step 5: Pick looked sad as the correct paraphrase. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this meaning by reading example sentences such as He pulled a long face when he heard the bad news or Do not pull such a long face, things will improve soon. In all such examples, the context involves disappointment, worry, or sorrow, confirming that the idiom points to sadness rather than joy or calmness. Dictionaries also define pull a long face as look sad or gloomy. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A looked happy directly contradicts the negative emotion conveyed by a long face. Option B looked surprised focuses on a short lived reaction of shock rather than a sustained gloomy expression. Option D looked calm suggests emotional neutrality or peace rather than visible sadness. Option E looked angry refers to irritation or rage, which is different from the drooping, dejected look implied by the idiom. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse idioms involving face, such as lose face, save face, and pull a long face. Each has its own meaning. Lose face refers to a loss of respect, save face refers to preserving dignity, and pull a long face refers to looking sad. To avoid confusion, always learn idioms as complete units and memorise at least one example sentence for each one. Final Answer: The expression To pull a long face means looked sad or had a gloomy expression.

Question 16

Antonym: choose the word that is opposite in meaning to CACOPHONOUS.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Vocabulary questions often test your understanding of synonyms and antonyms. Here the word given is cacophonous, and we must select the word that is opposite in meaning. This is important in English for describing sounds, especially in reading comprehension and descriptive writing tasks. Given Data / Assumptions: The target word is cacophonous, used to describe sound. The options include harsh, harmonious, discordant, noisy, and raucous. We are specifically asked for the opposite meaning, not a near synonym. Concept / Approach: Cacophonous comes from cacophony, meaning a mixture of loud, harsh, and jarring sounds. It is used to describe noise that is unpleasant to hear, such as traffic noise or badly tuned instruments playing together. Therefore its antonym must describe pleasant, smooth, or musical sound. Harmonious is the standard opposite because it suggests agreement of sounds, musical blending, and pleasantness. Many of the other options are in fact close in meaning to cacophonous and therefore cannot be antonyms. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Define cacophonous as full of harsh, jarring, and unpleasant sounds. Step 2: Look for a word among the options that conveys the idea of pleasant, smooth, or well combined sounds. Step 3: Recognise that harmonious is commonly used to describe music or sounds that blend well. Step 4: Compare harmonious with the other choices and notice that the other words are negative in tone. Step 5: Conclude that harmonious is the opposite of cacophonous. Verification / Alternative check: We can cross check by recalling collocations. We speak of a harmonious melody, harmonious choir, or harmonious arrangement, all positive expressions. In contrast, we talk about cacophonous traffic, cacophonous horns, or a cacophonous mix of sounds, all negative. If we place harmonious into those negative contexts, the meaning reverses, which is exactly what we want from an antonym. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A harsh essentially repeats one aspect of cacophonous, namely unpleasant sound, so it is a synonym, not an antonym. Option C discordant means out of harmony or clashing, again close in sense to cacophonous rather than opposite to it. Option D noisy simply means loud and full of noise, and in many contexts it overlaps with cacophonous, so it cannot be the opposite. Option E raucous describes loud, rough, and unpleasant sounds, such as raucous laughter, making it similar to cacophonous. Common Pitfalls: Candidates sometimes get confused when many options share a negative tone. The key is to remember that an antonym must reverse the core meaning of the word. For sound related adjectives, it helps to group them mentally into two sets: pleasant (harmonious, melodious, musical) and unpleasant (cacophonous, discordant, raucous, jarring). Once you have this mental map, picking the correct opposite becomes much easier in exams. Final Answer: The word that is opposite in meaning to CACOPHONOUS is harmonious.

Question 17

Spelling and vocabulary: choose the correctly spelt word to complete the sentence The threat of an epidemic caused great alarm and ____.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests both spelling and vocabulary. The sentence reads The threat of an epidemic caused great alarm and _____. We need a noun that matches alarm in meaning and is spelled correctly. The intended word is trepidation, which means fear, anxiety, or nervousness about what may happen in the future. Given Data / Assumptions: The sentence context is fear caused by a possible epidemic. The missing word must be a noun that logically follows alarm and forms a natural pair with it. Several similar looking spellings are provided, but only one reflects standard English. Concept / Approach: Trepidation is a standard English noun meaning fear or anxiety about something that may happen. It is often used in formal contexts such as with some trepidation or filled with trepidation. Spelling questions of this type usually offer the correct word alongside common misspellings that add or omit letters. Our task is to recognise the standard spelling trepidation and reject versions with extra letters or wrong vowel patterns. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note the sentence The threat of an epidemic caused great alarm and ____ and predict a word meaning fear or nervousness. Step 2: Recall that trepidation is a word that fits both in meaning and in register with alarm. Step 3: Examine option A Trepidation and confirm that this is the dictionary spelling: t r e p i d a t i o n. Step 4: Compare it with the other options and notice extra letters or incorrect vowel sequences in each of them. Step 5: Choose Trepidation as the correctly spelt word. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify the meaning by placing the word into similar sentences, for example She opened the letter with some trepidation. In all such uses, trepidation expresses a mix of fear and anxiety about an uncertain outcome, which perfectly matches the setting of an impending epidemic. A quick mental comparison with known English spelling patterns also supports trepidation as correct, since the suffix dation is common in words such as validation and degradation. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option B Terpidation replaces e with e r in the first syllable, which does not match the standard spelling and is not recognised in dictionaries. Option C Trepidition inserts an extra i, creating a nonstandard and incorrect ending dition instead of dation. Option D Trepidattion doubles the t in the middle, again deviating from normal English spelling rules for this word. Option E Treppidation introduces an extra p, which is not present in the correct form and makes the option invalid. Common Pitfalls: Spelling questions often use double letters and vowel changes to confuse candidates, especially in less common words. A good way to prepare is to study high frequency exam vocabulary lists and pay attention to patterns such as tion, sion, and dation endings. Remembering the meaning also helps; once you know that trepidation is a standard word meaning fear, you can focus on recalling its correct form instead of being misled by incorrect variants. Final Answer: The correctly spelt word that fits the context is Trepidation.

Question 18

Modern Indian history: who was the Governor General of India during the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to modern Indian history and tests factual knowledge about British governors general. The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, also called the First War of Independence by many historians, was a major uprising against British rule. Knowing who was the Governor General of India during this event is a frequently asked point in competitive examinations. Given Data / Assumptions: The event in focus is the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857. We are asked to identify the Governor General of India at that time. Options include several British administrators who served in India in the nineteenth century. Concept / Approach: To answer this question, we rely on standard chronological details of British rule. Lord Dalhousie served as Governor General before 1857 and is known for annexations such as Awadh and for policies like the Doctrine of Lapse, which were among the causes of the revolt. However, he had left office by the time the rebellion actually broke out. Lord Canning was the Governor General when the revolt started in 1857 and continued during its suppression. Later, after the revolt, he became the first Viceroy of India when rule shifted from the East India Company to the British Crown under the Government of India Act of 1858. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the approximate time period of the Sepoy Mutiny, which is the year 1857. Step 2: List mentally the sequence of Governors General around that time, remembering that Lord Dalhousie served earlier in the 1848 to 1856 period. Step 3: Note that Lord Canning took office as Governor General in 1856, just before the revolt. Step 4: Remember that the uprising of 1857 occurred under his administration. Step 5: Choose Lord Canning as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Standard history textbooks confirm that Lord Canning held the office of Governor General at the outbreak of the revolt and later became the first Viceroy. Many exam oriented summaries also refer to him as Clemency Canning because of his comparatively moderate policy after the rebellion. This association further confirms that Lord Canning is the correct choice for the Governor General during the revolt of 1857. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A Lord Dalhousie did serve as Governor General but his tenure ended just before the revolt. His policies contributed to the causes of the mutiny, but he was not in office when it occurred. Option B Lord Hardinge served earlier in the 1840s and was associated with wars such as the First Anglo Sikh War, not with the 1857 uprising. Option D Lord Lytton was Viceroy much later, in the late nineteenth century, and is linked with events like the Second Afghan War and the Vernacular Press Act. Option E Lord Ripon also served later and is remembered for his relatively liberal reforms and the Ilbert Bill controversy, not for the Sepoy Mutiny. Common Pitfalls: Candidates sometimes confuse the Governor General whose policies caused discontent with the one who was in office during the uprising. It is essential to distinguish between causes and the administration under which the event actually occurred. A quick mental time line of major Governors General and Viceroys with their key events is an effective tool for avoiding such confusion in exams. Final Answer: The Governor General of India during the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 was Lord Canning.

Question 19

Reading comprehension cloze: choose the verb that best completes the phrase tends to ____ a dysfunctional result in the passage about job performance and motivation.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question comes from a cloze passage discussing job performance, motivation, ability, and technology. The specific sentence reads However, increasing motivation beyond an optimum level tends to _____ a dysfunctional result because it is accompanied by an increased level of anxiety. We must select a verb that makes the sentence logically and grammatically complete in this context of cause and effect. Given Data / Assumptions: The passage states that very high motivation can lead to dysfunction when anxiety rises. The missing verb appears in the structure tends to blank a dysfunctional result. The general meaning is that excessive motivation causes or brings about negative outcomes. Concept / Approach: The phrase tends to blank a result naturally expects a verb that means cause or bring about. In academic and psychological writing, produce a result is a very common collocation meaning create an outcome. The other options change the meaning or do not collocate well with result in this structure. Therefore, we should look for the word that best expresses the idea that an excessive level of motivation leads to negative consequences. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand the idea in the passage. Motivation is positive up to a point, but beyond that point it can become harmful due to anxiety. Step 2: Note the pattern tends to blank a dysfunctional result which implies a cause and effect relationship. Step 3: Recognise that the verb produce fits naturally with result, as in produce good results or produce poor results. Step 4: Check that the sentence with produce reads smoothly: increasing motivation beyond an optimum level tends to produce a dysfunctional result. Step 5: Verify that other options either do not fit the collocation or distort the intended meaning. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify by substituting synonyms. Replace produce with bring about or lead to and the sentence still works: tends to bring about a dysfunctional result. This confirms that produce is correctly capturing the idea of causing an outcome. Attempts to substitute deduce, introduce, or reduce in that structure create awkward or illogical expressions, which tells us that they are not suitable choices. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A deduce a dysfunctional result is incorrect because deduce means infer or conclude from evidence, and we do not normally deduce a result in this sense. Option B introduce a dysfunctional result sounds awkward; introduce is used for people, policies, or topics, not usually for negative results in this type of sentence. Option D reduce a dysfunctional result reverses the logic, suggesting that higher motivation lessens dysfunction, which contradicts the sentence. Option E provoke a dysfunctional result is slightly closer in meaning, but provoke usually takes objects like anger, protest, or reaction, and the collocation provoke a result is less natural than produce a result in formal writing. Common Pitfalls: In cloze tests, candidates often pick verbs based only on general meaning without checking collocations. A better strategy is to mentally test whether the verb commonly appears with the neighbouring noun. Phrases like produce results, generate outcomes, or cause problems are very frequent, while combinations such as deduce a result or introduce a result are rare and usually unidiomatic. Paying attention to such patterns significantly improves performance in reading comprehension sections. Final Answer: The verb that correctly completes the sentence is produce, giving the phrase tends to produce a dysfunctional result.

Question 20

Grammar improvement: choose the best replacement for the bracketed part in The Chairman appointed her (as a secretary) as she is efficient.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests knowledge of verb complement patterns in English, specifically how we express appointments to roles or positions. The sentence given is The Chairman appointed her as a secretary as she is efficient, where the phrase as a secretary is underlined for improvement. We must select the grammatically most natural way to complete the structure appointed her blank. Given Data / Assumptions: The main verb is appointed, and the direct object is her. The phrase describing the new role or position is currently as a secretary. The additional clause as she is efficient explains the reason but does not affect the pattern of appointment. Concept / Approach: In standard English, verbs such as appoint, elect, and make often take an object followed by an object complement that names the role without using as or an article, for example They appointed him manager or They elected her president. While some speakers do use as after appoint, exams based on formal grammar usually prefer the pattern appointed her secretary. Therefore, the best correction is to remove both as and the article a, leaving the bare noun secretary as the complement. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the grammatical pattern: subject The Chairman, verb appointed, object her, and complement describing her new role. Step 2: Recall the common structures used in formal English, such as appointed him treasurer or elected them members. Step 3: Compare these with the original phrase as a secretary and notice the unnecessary as and article. Step 4: Substitute the simple complement secretary to form The Chairman appointed her secretary as she is efficient. Step 5: Read the sentence again to ensure that it is clear, concise, and grammatically standard. Verification / Alternative check: We can check similar examples: The board appointed Ravi director, The committee elected Meena chairperson, and They made Raj captain of the team. All these follow the pattern object plus noun complement without as. Although casual speech sometimes includes as, many grammar references and examination standards prefer the shorter structure. Therefore, appointed her secretary is the safest and most accepted form to choose in a competitive exam setting. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A a secretary gives The Chairman appointed her a secretary, which is ungrammatical because the verb appointed already takes the direct object her, so a secretary cannot also serve as a second direct object in this form. Option B as secretary still keeps as, which many standard references mark as unnecessary or less formal in this pattern. Option D No improvement leaves as a secretary unchanged and does not match the preferred concise structure tested in such questions. Option E to the post of secretary is grammatically possible but wordy and not required by the exam when a more direct pattern exists. Common Pitfalls: Learners often overuse as in sentences like appointed her as the leader or selected him as the representative. While not always wrong in informal usage, these forms can be marked as nonstandard in exams. To avoid confusion, remember that verbs such as appoint, elect, call, and make usually follow the pattern object plus complement without a linking preposition, especially in formal written English. Final Answer: The best improvement is to replace the underlined words with secretary, giving The Chairman appointed her secretary as she is efficient.

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