Question 1

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of the idiom "as fit as a fiddle" in everyday English usage.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Idioms often use colourful images to express simple ideas. The phrase as fit as a fiddle is a classic English idiom that appears in conversations, health advice, and exam questions. Although it mentions a musical instrument, it has nothing to do with music. Instead, it is about physical health and energy. This question asks you to select the option that best captures the meaning of this idiom in everyday usage. Given Data / Assumptions: The idiom is as fit as a fiddle. We assume standard British and international English usage. The options present different emotional or physical states. Only one option refers directly to being in excellent health. Concept / Approach: As fit as a fiddle means extremely healthy and in very good physical condition. Historically, fiddles (violins) were associated with being well tuned and functioning perfectly. By comparing a person to a well tuned instrument, the idiom suggests that the body is in excellent working order. It does not describe aggression, discomfort, or selfishness; it is a positive expression often used when someone has recovered from illness or has always maintained good health. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the word fit in this idiom refers to physical fitness, not anger or suitability. Step 2: Remember that as fit as a fiddle is spoken as praise, usually when someone is strong and energetic. Step 3: Examine the options and choose the one that clearly states strong, healthy and in good physical condition. Step 4: Rule out options that refer to aggression, discomfort, or selfish personality traits, because they do not match the positive health related meaning. Step 5: Confirm that Option D aligns directly with the idiom's standard interpretation. Verification / Alternative check: Consider sample sentences: After months of rest and exercise, she is now as fit as a fiddle. Here, the idea is that she is fully recovered and in excellent shape. Another example: Despite his age, he is as fit as a fiddle and walks several kilometres every day. In both cases, replacing as fit as a fiddle with strong, healthy and in good physical condition preserves the full meaning. In contrast, substituting aggressive, uncomfortable, or selfish friend would make the sentences absurd, confirming that those options are incorrect. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Very aggressive and quick to fight: This is wrong because the idiom does not involve anger or a fighting spirit; it is purely about health and fitness. Uncomfortable and restless: This is wrong because it describes a negative physical or emotional state, opposite to the comfort and vitality implied by the idiom. A selfish and unreliable friend: This is wrong because it refers to personality and behaviour in relationships, which is unrelated to the body's fitness. Common Pitfalls: Some learners misunderstand fit as a reference to being ready to fight or being suitable for something, leading them to pick aggressive options. Others become distracted by the word fiddle and think about music rather than health. To avoid confusion, remember that in health related idioms, fit usually refers to physical well being. Whenever you see as fit as a fiddle in a sentence, think strong and healthy, not angry or musical. Final Answer: The idiom as fit as a fiddle means Strong, healthy and in good physical condition.

Question 2

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of the idiom "to bid defiance" in standard English usage.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Many English idioms come from older literary or legal expressions. The phrase to bid defiance is one such idiom, sometimes seen in older texts, formal writing, or exam questions. Even though it sounds slightly old fashioned, its core meaning is still important. Understanding this expression helps you interpret sentences where someone openly resists or challenges authority, rules, or danger. Given Data / Assumptions: The idiom is to bid defiance to someone or something. Bid here is used in the sense of give or offer, not in the sense of making a price offer. Defiance means open resistance or bold disobedience. The options offer contrasting ideas such as apologising, imitating, or bribing. Concept / Approach: To bid defiance means to show open resistance or to challenge someone boldly, usually by disregarding authority, rules, or even danger. It suggests a fearless, sometimes reckless attitude, where a person refuses to obey or yield. The phrase does not mean to apologise, to act similarly, or to bribe. Instead, it describes an act of confrontation. The idiom often appears in sentences like He bid defiance to the king's orders, showing that he openly refused to obey. Therefore, the option that matches this idea of reckless disregard and open opposition is the correct one. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Break down the phrase: bid (offer) + defiance (open resistance). The sense is to display or give open resistance. Step 2: Identify that this involves consciously ignoring or rejecting authority or rules. Step 3: Look at the options for a phrase that includes reckless or open disregard for something. Step 4: Option A, to disregard rules or authority recklessly and openly, clearly captures the meaning. Step 5: Ensure that none of the other options relate to open resistance; they concern apology, imitation, or bribery instead. Verification / Alternative check: Insert each option into an example sentence. The rebels bid defiance to the government can be rephrased as The rebels disregarded the government's authority recklessly and openly, which preserves the meaning. Rewriting it as The rebels apologised, acted in a like manner, or bribed the government clearly changes the meaning completely. Literary examples also show that bid defiance is used when people stand up to rulers, laws, or dangers without fear, reinforcing that the correct sense is bold, often reckless opposition. Why Other Options Are Wrong: To apologize sincerely for past mistakes: This is wrong because apologising is an act of regret and submission, the opposite of open defiance. To act in a similar or like manner: This is wrong because imitation does not involve any resistance or confrontation. To bribe someone in secret: This is wrong because bribery is a hidden attempt to influence, not an open challenge or refusal to obey. Common Pitfalls: The word bid can mislead students into thinking about financial bids or polite expressions such as bid farewell. Others may see defiance and think only of strong feelings of anger rather than active resistance. To avoid confusion, always treat bid defiance as a fixed phrase meaning to show open resistance to someone or something. Recognising that defiance is about bold disobedience helps you choose the correct option quickly. Final Answer: The idiom to bid defiance means To disregard rules or authority recklessly and openly.

Question 3

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of the idiom "with bated breath" in standard English usage.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The idiom with bated breath is a well known expression in English literature and everyday speech. It appears when people are waiting for something important to happen and feel a mix of eagerness and nervousness. Examinations often test this idiom precisely because the spelling bated is unusual and the meaning is not obvious from the words. Understanding it helps you interpret descriptions of tense or excited waiting in stories and articles. Given Data / Assumptions: The idiom is with bated breath, not with baited breath. The context is emotional and physical reaction while waiting. The options cover dispute, anxiety, detail, and happiness. We must choose the option that reflects both anxiety and eager expectation. Concept / Approach: Bated in this idiom comes from abated, meaning reduced or held back. With bated breath literally suggests holding one's breath or breathing shallowly because of tension or excitement. Figuratively, it describes waiting in a state of suspense, nervousness, or intense anticipation. It does not refer to arguing, listing every detail, or being casually happy. Therefore, the meaning is best captured by the idea of great anxiety, suspense, or eager expectation while waiting for a result or event. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that with bated breath is used when people wait for news, results, or outcomes they care about deeply. Step 2: Understand that such waiting usually involves a mixture of anxiety and eager hope. Step 3: Examine the options for a phrase that combines anxiety or suspense with expectation. Step 4: Option B, in great anxiety, suspense or eager expectation, matches this description exactly. Step 5: Confirm that the other options describe different situations that do not involve tense waiting. Verification / Alternative check: Consider typical sentences: The students waited with bated breath for the exam results. If we replace with bated breath with in great anxiety, suspense or eager expectation, the sentence keeps its meaning: The students waited in great anxiety, suspense or eager expectation for the exam results. However, substituting in dispute, in full detail, or in a very happy mood breaks the sense of nervous waiting. It would be strange to say the students waited in full detail for the exam results, confirming that those alternatives are incorrect. Why Other Options Are Wrong: In a state of dispute and argument: This is wrong because with bated breath refers to waiting, not arguing. Dispute is about conflict, not suspenseful expectation. In full and complete detail: This is wrong because detail relates to information, not to emotional states while waiting. In a very happy and carefree mood: This is wrong because the idiom clearly suggests tension and nervousness, not carefree happiness. Common Pitfalls: Many learners misread bated as baited and imagine something to do with bait or traps. Others think the phrase simply means very quietly, ignoring the emotional aspect. To avoid confusion, memorise that with bated breath describes a person holding their breath in suspense, not someone casting bait. Whenever you encounter the idiom, look for a context involving waiting for something uncertain, such as results, announcements, or important decisions. Final Answer: The idiom with bated breath means In great anxiety, suspense or eager expectation.

Question 4

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of the idiom "to clip someone's wings" when used about a person's freedom or power.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The idiom to clip someone's wings uses the image of a bird whose wings are shortened so that it cannot fly freely. In English, this vivid picture is applied to people whose freedom, power, or opportunities are deliberately limited by another person or by circumstances. Exams frequently test this idiom because it is both common and easy to misunderstand if you focus only on the literal bird image. Understanding it improves your ability to interpret figurative language about control and restriction. Given Data / Assumptions: The idiom is to clip someone's wings. The metaphor comes from birds that cannot fly after their wings are clipped. We are dealing with a figurative meaning applied to people, not animals. The options cover excitement, restriction, secret laughter, and living within means. Concept / Approach: When we say that someone has clipped another person's wings, we mean that they have reduced that person's freedom to act, move, or make choices. It can also refer to reducing influence, power, or resources so that the person cannot achieve as much as before. For example, a strict parent might clip a teenager's wings by restricting outings, or a new rule might clip a manager's wings by taking away certain powers. The idiom does not mean getting carried away, laughing, or careful budgeting. Therefore, the correct meaning involves limiting or restricting freedom or power. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the image of a bird with clipped wings, which cannot fly far or high. Step 2: Transfer this image to a human context: a person whose freedom to act or move forward has been cut down. Step 3: Look among the options for a phrase that refers to restricting someone's freedom, power, or opportunities. Step 4: Option B, to restrict someone's freedom, power or opportunities, matches this metaphor perfectly. Step 5: Reject options about excitement, secret laughter, or frugal living, as they do not match the basic idea of limiting movement or power. Verification / Alternative check: Consider example sentences: The new regulations have clipped the company's wings, preventing it from expanding abroad. This sentence clearly means the regulations have restricted the company's freedom and opportunities. Another example: After the scandal, the minister's wings were clipped and he could no longer make big decisions. Again, the sense is reduced power and freedom. Replacing to clip someone's wings with to restrict someone's freedom, power or opportunities maintains the meaning. Using any of the other options would distort the idea completely. Why Other Options Are Wrong: To be carried away with excitement: This is wrong because clipping wings suggests limiting movement, not losing control due to excitement. To laugh secretly at someone: This is wrong because secret laughter does not involve taking away freedom or power; a different idiom such as laugh up one's sleeve might cover that idea. To live strictly within one's limited means: This is wrong because living within means is about careful spending, not necessarily about someone else limiting your freedom to act. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes confuse to clip someone's wings with idioms about being carried away or letting one's hair down because they focus on emotional energy rather than control. Others may think the idiom is about physical harm because of the reference to wings. To avoid these mistakes, always link the idiom to its core metaphor: a bird that cannot fly cannot enjoy its full freedom, so a person with clipped wings cannot fully exercise power or opportunity either. Final Answer: The idiom to clip someone's wings means To restrict someone's freedom, power or opportunities.

Question 5

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of the term "draconian law" in English usage.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The adjective draconian is frequently used in news reports, political commentary, and legal discussions. It comes from the name of Draco, an ancient Athenian lawmaker known for issuing very harsh penalties. When examinations ask about the meaning of draconian law, they want you to recall this historical background and understand that the word refers to extreme severity, not ordinary strictness or mildness. Given Data / Assumptions: The key term is draconian law. Draconian is derived from the name Draco, associated with harsh punishments. The options contrast severity, leniency, formality, and enforcement. We assume a modern journalistic or academic context where the term criticises a law that is too harsh. Concept / Approach: In contemporary English, draconian is used to describe measures, laws, or rules that are excessively harsh or severe. For example, a draconian punishment might be a life sentence for a minor crime. When people call a law draconian, they usually mean that the law imposes penalties far out of proportion to the offence and may infringe on freedoms. The word does not refer to whether the law is written or oral, nor to whether it is enforced or ignored. It especially does not mean lenient. Therefore, an extremely severe and harsh law is the correct explanation of draconian law. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that historically, Draco was known for very harsh legal codes, which is why draconian has the sense of excessive severity. Step 2: Identify that, in modern usage, the term is largely negative, criticising laws or measures that are too strict. Step 3: Examine the options for a phrase that explicitly mentions extreme severity and harshness. Step 4: Option B, an extremely severe and harsh law, matches this understanding exactly. Step 5: Confirm that the other options shift the meaning to formality, informality, or leniency, which do not align with the historical and modern sense of draconian. Verification / Alternative check: Look at example uses: Critics described the new internet censorship rules as draconian laws that severely restricted free speech. Here, draconian clearly refers to harshness, not to whether the law is written or oral. If we replace draconian laws with extremely severe and harsh laws, the sentence still conveys the same idea. However, substituting written but never enforced laws, purely oral laws, or lenient and forgiving laws would completely change the meaning and no longer justify the criticism expressed by critics described. This confirms Option B as the only suitable answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A law that is written but never enforced: This is wrong because draconian focuses on severity of punishment, not on enforcement levels. A rarely enforced law could still be draconian in nature, but the definition is about harshness, not application. An informal or purely oral law: This is wrong because the term does not describe the form of the law. Both written and oral laws may be draconian if they are excessively harsh. A very lenient and forgiving law: This is clearly the opposite of draconian. Leniency and forgiveness conflict with the idea of harsh penalties. Common Pitfalls: Some students guess that draconian simply means strict, which leads them to underestimate the level of harshness implied. Others may confuse it with archaic or old fashioned. To avoid confusion, remember the connection with Draco and imagine punishment that is shockingly severe or cruel. In exam contexts, any phrase that emphasises extreme severity, harshness, or cruelty will be closer to the correct meaning of draconian than mild or neutral wording. Final Answer: Draconian law refers to An extremely severe and harsh law.

Question 6

A sentence is given in the active voice. Choose the option that best expresses the same idea in the passive voice: "I would have kept your bicycle here if you had left it with me."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Voice transformation questions test your understanding of how to convert sentences between active and passive while preserving tense, meaning, and conditional structure. The active sentence given is: I would have kept your bicycle here if you had left it with me. You must select the passive voice version that keeps the same conditional meaning and correct verb tense, focusing on your bicycle as the subject rather than I. Given Data / Assumptions: Active sentence: I would have kept your bicycle here if you had left it with me. Subject in active: I. Object in active: your bicycle. Conditional clause: if you had left it with me (third conditional pattern). We need a passive structure with your bicycle as the subject. Concept / Approach: In the third conditional pattern, would have + past participle is used in the main clause, and had + past participle appears in the if clause to describe unreal past conditions. To change the main clause to passive voice, we move the object your bicycle to subject position and replace would have kept with would have been kept. The if clause, if you had left it with me, already contains the correct past perfect and need not be changed. The passive sentence should therefore read: Your bicycle would have been kept here if you had left it with me. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the object your bicycle in the active sentence and make it the subject of the passive sentence. Step 2: Recognise the main verb phrase would have kept and convert it to passive: would have been kept. Step 3: Keep the adverb here in the same position relating to the place where the bicycle would have been kept. Step 4: Leave the conditional clause if you had left it with me unchanged, as it already follows the third conditional pattern. Step 5: Put everything together: Your bicycle would have been kept here if you had left it with me, and compare with the options. Verification / Alternative check: Check that the meaning remains the same. The original sentence says that in a hypothetical past situation, the speaker would have kept the bicycle in this place if the listener had left it. The passive Your bicycle would have been kept here if you had left it with me expresses the same idea, simply focusing on the bicycle rather than the speaker. The tense would have been kept is consistent with would have kept, and the conditional if you had left it with me is preserved. This confirms that Option A is the correct transformation. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Keeping of your bicycle would have been done by me if you had left it.: This is grammatically awkward and unnatural, using a noun phrase keeping of your bicycle instead of a smooth passive verb form. If you had left it with me I would have kept your bicycle there.: This remains in the active voice (I would have kept) and changes here to there, altering the original place reference. Your bicycle would be kept there if you have left it with me.: This is wrong because it switches to a mixed conditional with would be kept and have left, which does not match the original third conditional structure. Common Pitfalls: Students often alter the tense when changing voice, especially in conditional sentences. Another common mistake is to form clumsy passive constructions using keeping of or done by instead of a simple be + past participle structure. To avoid these errors, always identify the type of conditional and the exact tense in the original sentence first, then systematically transform the main verb into passive while keeping the if clause tense unchanged. Final Answer: The correct passive form is Your bicycle would have been kept here if you had left it with me.

Question 7

A sentence is given in the active voice. Choose the option that best expresses the same idea in the passive voice: "They renovated the restaurant in 2017."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question checks your ability to convert a simple past sentence from active to passive voice. The active sentence is: They renovated the restaurant in 2017. Passive voice is often used when we want to focus on the object of an action, in this case the restaurant, rather than on the doer, they. Examinations frequently include such basic voice transformation items to ensure that students understand the structure was or were plus past participle. Given Data / Assumptions: Active subject: They. Active verb: renovated (simple past). Object: the restaurant. Time expression: in 2017. We must form a passive sentence with the restaurant as the subject. Concept / Approach: To change a simple past transitive sentence into passive voice, we use the pattern: object + was or were + past participle + by + subject. Since the restaurant is singular, it takes was, and the past participle of renovate is renovated. The agent phrase by them can be kept if we wish to mention who did the renovation. The time expression in 2017 stays at the end of the sentence. Therefore, the correct passive sentence is: The restaurant was renovated by them in 2017. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the object the restaurant in the active sentence and make it the subject of the passive sentence. Step 2: Determine the correct form of the verb be in the simple past for a singular subject, which is was. Step 3: Use the past participle renovated, giving was renovated as the passive verb phrase. Step 4: Add the agent phrase by them to indicate who did the renovation, and keep the time phrase in 2017 at the end. Step 5: Write the full passive sentence: The restaurant was renovated by them in 2017, and match it with the given options. Verification / Alternative check: Compare the meaning of the active and passive sentences. They renovated the restaurant in 2017 and The restaurant was renovated by them in 2017 both describe the same completed action taking place in that year, with only the focus shifting from they to the restaurant. The tense is preserved as simple past, and the object and subject roles are reversed appropriately. None of the other options maintain this straightforward, correct structure, which confirms that Option A is the correct passive transformation. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Renovating the restaurant was done by them in 2017.: This is grammatically possible but stylistically awkward and wordy. Examinations prefer the simpler and more natural was renovated structure. The renovated restaurant was by them in 2017.: This is incomplete and ungrammatical; was must be followed by a complement, and by them alone does not explain what happened. The restaurant in 2017 was being renovated by them.: This changes the tense to past continuous (was being renovated) and also breaks the natural order by placing in 2017 in the middle, altering the original simple past meaning. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes overcomplicate passive forms by using nominalisations like renovating of or by adding unnecessary words such as done by, which make the sentence clumsy. Another mistake is changing the tense from simple past to past continuous or present perfect when there is no need. To avoid errors, always identify the original tense and keep the transformation as close as possible to the simple be + past participle pattern, unless the question specifically requires a different nuance. Final Answer: The correct passive form of the sentence is The restaurant was renovated by them in 2017.

Question 8

A sentence is given in the active voice. Choose the option that best expresses the same idea in the passive voice: "The police arrested him on suspicion."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This item tests your ability to convert a simple past active sentence into passive voice correctly and naturally. The active sentence is: The police arrested him on suspicion. In many reports, especially in newspapers, the focus is placed on the person who was arrested rather than on the police, so the passive form is frequently used. Your task is to choose the option that accurately represents this passive form without changing the tense or meaning. Given Data / Assumptions: Active subject: The police. Verb: arrested (simple past). Object: him. Adverbial phrase: on suspicion. We need a passive sentence with he as the subject. Concept / Approach: To form the passive from a simple past active sentence, we use the pattern: object + was or were + past participle + by + subject. Here, the object him becomes the subject he in the passive. Because he is singular, we use was. The past participle of arrest is arrested. The phrase on suspicion remains as an adverbial, and by the police can be added to indicate the agent. Therefore, the correct passive sentence is: He was arrested on suspicion by the police. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Turn the object him into the subject he in the passive sentence. Step 2: Use the simple past form of be, which is was, for the singular subject he. Step 3: Add the past participle arrested after was. Step 4: Keep the phrase on suspicion in place to describe the reason for the arrest. Step 5: Add by the police to identify the agent, giving the full passive: He was arrested on suspicion by the police. Verification / Alternative check: Compare the active and passive sentences for meaning and tense. The police arrested him on suspicion states that the police took action against him in the past because they suspected something. The passive He was arrested on suspicion by the police expresses the same finished action in the past, with he as the grammatical subject. The time reference and reason remain the same. None of the other options preserve this straightforward relationship without introducing tense errors or clumsy structures, so Option C must be correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Arresting him on suspicion has been done by the police.: This is an unnatural and wordy construction using a gerund phrase arresting him on suspicion instead of a clean passive verb form. On suspicion the police had been arresting him.: This changes the tense to past perfect continuous had been arresting, suggesting repeated or ongoing action in the past, which does not match the original simple past action. He has had been arrested on suspicion by the police.: This is grammatically incorrect because has had been arrested mixes auxiliary verbs incorrectly; the correct complex past passive would be he had been arrested, not has had been arrested. Common Pitfalls: Some learners overcomplicate passive forms by using unnecessary auxiliary verbs or nominalising the verb into phrases like arresting of. Others change the tense unintentionally, especially when they see had or has in options. To avoid these pitfalls, always focus on preserving the original tense and choosing the simplest possible be + past participle structure that fits the subject. Here, simple past was arrested is the best and most natural choice. Final Answer: The correct passive transformation is He was arrested on suspicion by the police.

Question 9

The following sentences, labelled 1, A, B, C and D, form a coherent paragraph when arranged in the correct order. Sentence 1 is fixed as the first sentence. Choose the most logical order of the remaining sentences. 1) For first-time Indian traveller…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Para jumble questions test your ability to arrange jumbled sentences into a logical, coherent paragraph. In this item, Sentence 1 is fixed, and four other sentences labelled A, B, C and D must be ordered. The topic concerns Indian travellers comparing cleanliness abroad with conditions at home. Understanding the logical flow of ideas, connectors, and pronouns is essential for choosing the correct sequence from the options BCAD, DCBA, DBCA, and ADBC. Given Data / Assumptions: Sentence 1: For first-time Indian travellers, stepping out of the airport in Singapore or Japan is a momentous, potentially mindset-changing experience. D: How can bustling cities packed with people be so spotless? As far as the eye can go, there is not a single piece of stray paper on the road or in public transport. C: How does that compare with our paan-stained buses filled with peanut shells? B: Public littering is a social issue that results in massive aesthetic, financial and health-related costs for India. It is not as if we do not value cleanliness. Our homes are the textbook definition of clean. A: But walk in a cramped gully in Delhi or even on the main road and everything that is not desirable inside, finds its way outside. We must keep 1 as the opener and arrange D, C, B, A afterwards. Concept / Approach: The paragraph begins with the experience of seeing extremely clean foreign cities. The next logical step is to express the surprise and questions that arise from this experience, then contrast it with Indian conditions, and finally explain the deeper social issue and contradiction between clean homes and dirty streets. Sentence D directly continues the idea in 1 by asking how such crowded cities can be spotless. Sentence C then draws a direct comparison with Indian buses. Sentence B broadens the point into a general statement about public littering in India and notes that Indians do value cleanliness in their homes. Sentence A then provides a specific picture of dirty gullies and roads outside those clean homes. This produces the coherent sequence 1 D C B A, which corresponds to option DCBA. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the natural successor to Sentence 1. Since 1 describes a mindset-changing experience of cleanliness abroad, Sentence D, which asks How can bustling cities packed with people be so spotless?, directly follows up with a reaction question. Step 2: After describing spotless foreign cities in D, Sentence C logically brings in a comparison: How does that compare with our paan-stained buses...? The pronoun that refers back to the spotless cities in D. Step 3: Once the comparison is set, Sentence B generalises the issue: Public littering is a social issue..., and then contrasts public spaces with clean homes: Our homes are the textbook definition of clean. Step 4: Finally, Sentence A gives a concrete visual of how things that are not desirable inside are thrown outside, linking back to the mention of clean homes in B. Step 5: Combine the order after 1 as D C B A, which matches option DCBA. Verification / Alternative check: Test the full paragraph in the sequence 1 D C B A: After first-time travellers see clean foreign cities (1), they wonder how such dense cities stay spotless (D). Then the paragraph asks how this compares with messy paan-stained Indian buses (C), leading to a general statement about public littering in India and the contrast with clean homes (B). It ends by explaining that all the undesirable things from clean homes end up in dirty gullies and roads (A). This flow is smooth and logical. Other sequences break key references: for example, starting with B after 1 neglects to fully describe the foreign setting before jumping to Indian littering, while putting A before B reverses the explanation and the example, weakening coherence. Why Other Options Are Wrong: BCAD: This is wrong because B jumps into public littering in India immediately after 1 without first completing the description of spotless foreign cities, and it does not smoothly introduce the comparison question in C. DBCA: This order places B before A but then ends with A, which works, yet it incorrectly puts C last, breaking the immediate comparison link between D and C. ADBC: This is wrong because A describes Indian gullies straight after 1, skipping the complete description of spotless foreign cities and the reactionary questions in D and C, which reduces coherence. Common Pitfalls: Students often rely solely on local connectors like but and however without looking at pronoun references such as that in C or thematic development across the paragraph. Another pitfall is choosing an order where the general statement (B) comes before the specific comparison (C), weakening the logical build up. To avoid these errors, always look for sequences where pronouns have clear antecedents and where the text moves from description to comparison to generalisation and finally to illustrative examples in a smooth flow. Final Answer: The most logical order of the sentences after 1 is DCBA, so the correct option is DCBA.

Question 10

Select the correctly spelt English word from the following options.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Spelling questions like this one check your ability to distinguish real English words from near misspellings. The four options include several invented or incorrect forms and one correctly spelt word. Here, the correct word is saddlers, which refers to people who make, sell, or repair saddles for horses. Knowing common suffix patterns and recognising familiar occupation names make it easier to identify the correct spelling under exam pressure. Given Data / Assumptions: Option A: bathetick. Option B: promotar. Option C: ilusive. Option D: saddlers. We assume standard British or international English spelling. Concept / Approach: To solve spelling questions, you should look for familiar word parts, typical suffixes, and known vocabulary items. The word saddlers combines saddle with the suffix er for a person, and then plural s, forming a standard occupational noun meaning makers or sellers of saddles. In contrast, bathetick does not correspond to any common English word and uses an unusual ick ending. Promotar attempts to misspell promoter, and ilusive tries to misspell elusive or illusive, both of which use e at the beginning, not i. Therefore, saddlers is the only correctly spelt real English word among the options. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Examine Option D, saddlers, and recognise the root saddle and the regular plural form of the agent noun saddler. Step 2: Confirm that saddler is a real word meaning someone who makes or deals in saddles, so its plural saddlers is correctly spelt. Step 3: Look at Option A, bathetick, and note that it does not match the spelling of any common English word like bathetic, bath, or athletic; the sequence hetick is suspicious. Step 4: Consider Option B, promotar, and recognise that the correct spelling of the related word is promoter, with er, not ar. Step 5: Check Option C, ilusive, and recall that common words in this family are elusive and illusive, both starting with e, not i, and using two ls in illusive. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify by thinking of example sentences: The saddlers in the market specialise in high quality leather goods makes sense and uses a known job title. There is no standard sentence that would correctly use bathetick, promotar, or ilusive, because these are not accepted spellings. Dictionaries list saddler and saddlers, but not the other forms. Remembering that most profession words end in er or or (teacher, driver, promoter, actor) also shows that promotar is likely incorrect since ar is not the usual ending for this word in English. Why Other Options Are Wrong: bathetick: This is wrong because it is not a recognised English word, and the spelling does not correspond to any standard term; perhaps it is a distorted mix of bath and athletic. promotar: This is wrong because the correct spelling of the word for someone who promotes is promoter, with er at the end, not ar. ilusive: This is wrong because the correct adjectives are elusive (hard to catch or understand) and illusive (based on illusion), both beginning with e, not i. Ilusive is not standard. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes pick words that look exotic or complex, believing that unusual spellings must be correct. Another pitfall is ignoring known patterns of English word formation, such as er endings for many job titles. To avoid mistakes, rely on your knowledge of real vocabulary rather than guessing based on appearance alone. If you recognise saddle and know that someone who works with saddles is a saddler, it becomes easy to see that saddlers is the only correct option here. Final Answer: The correctly spelt word is saddlers.

Question 11

Rearrange the parts of the sentence in the correct order to form a meaningful statement:  Ensuring security ____.  P: harder than hacking into a system Q: of data, information, and R: communication is considerably

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your ability to rearrange jumbled parts of a sentence in order to form a single clear and grammatically correct statement. Such questions are common in competitive English exams because they examine both your sense of sentence structure and your understanding of meaning. Here, the base sentence begins with "Ensuring security" and you are given three labelled parts, P, Q and R, which must be placed in the correct order to complete the sentence logically and grammatically. Given Data / Assumptions: Introductory phrase: "Ensuring security ____." P: "harder than hacking into a system" Q: "of data, information, and" R: "communication is considerably" We must arrange Q, R and P so that the final sentence is meaningful and grammatically correct. We assume normal modern English word order: subject followed by verb and complements. Concept / Approach: To solve jumbled sentence questions, look for logical connections and grammatical links between parts. The phrase "Ensuring security" naturally needs an object that tells us security of what. Part Q begins with "of", so it is very likely to follow immediately: "Ensuring security of data, information, and ...". After that, we expect the last item in the list, which is "communication", and some finite verb phrase to describe the difficulty. Part R gives us "communication is considerably", which fits perfectly after Q to complete the list and introduce the verb "is". Finally, we need a comparative phrase telling us what it is harder than; part P, "harder than hacking into a system", completes the comparison. Together they make a smooth, natural sentence. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Start with the fixed beginning: "Ensuring security ...".Step 2: Choose the part that can follow "Ensuring security" most naturally. Part Q begins with "of", giving "Ensuring security of data, information, and ...", which is grammatically correct.Step 3: Next, we need to complete the list and introduce a verb. Part R starts with "communication is considerably", which continues the list and gives us the verb "is". So we now have "Ensuring security of data, information, and communication is considerably ...".Step 4: Finally, we need to know "considerably" what. Part P, "harder than hacking into a system", completes the comparative structure. The full sentence reads: "Ensuring security of data, information, and communication is considerably harder than hacking into a system."Step 5: This order corresponds to Q R P, which is written as QRP in the options. Verification / Alternative check: Check other possible orders to ensure that no alternative produces a better sentence. Starting with P or R immediately after "Ensuring security" gives "Ensuring security harder than hacking into a system" or "Ensuring security communication is considerably", both of which are ungrammatical. Likewise, any arrangement that splits "of data, information, and communication" will break the natural list structure. Only QRP preserves the logical sequence of the list, the verb "is", and the comparative phrase, confirming that QRP is the only valid order. Why Other Options Are Wrong: RQP: "Ensuring security communication is considerably of data, information, and harder than hacking into a system" is grammatically wrong and illogical. RPQ: This order scrambles the list and separates "of" from its objects, making the sentence ungrammatical. PRQ: Beginning with P after the stem produces "Ensuring security harder than hacking into a system", which lacks the necessary object of "security". PQR: Also fails to build a coherent list and distorts sentence structure. Common Pitfalls: Candidates often rush and focus only on meaning, ignoring whether small joining words like "of" can grammatically follow the fixed part of the sentence. Another common mistake is not recognising list structures such as "data, information, and communication", which should remain together. A good strategy is to look for prepositions and linkers (like "of", "is", "than") and use them to anchor the structure. Once you see that Q and R combine to complete the object and predicate, the placement of P at the end becomes obvious. Final Answer: The correct order is QRP, so the correct option is the sequence QRP, forming the sentence "Ensuring security of data, information, and communication is considerably harder than hacking into a system."

Question 12

Improve the bracketed part of the sentence: The guide's (knowledge) of the history of the monument surprised me.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to the category of sentence improvement. You are asked to decide whether the underlined or bracketed part of a sentence is correct as it stands, or whether one of the given alternatives expresses the idea in a more accurate or natural way. The focus here is on correct usage of nouns and collocations in English: how certain words naturally combine with others in standard written and spoken language. Given Data / Assumptions: Sentence: "The guide's (knowledge) of the history of the monument surprised me." Bracketed expression to evaluate: "knowledge". Options: "knowing", "familiarity", "know how", "no improvement", and an extra distractor. The structure around the bracket is "The guide's ____ of the history". We assume a formal or semi formal context, such as a tour of a historical site. Concept / Approach: The natural and grammatically correct expression in English is "someone's knowledge of something". Here, "the guide's knowledge of the history of the monument" is perfectly idiomatic: knowledge is a noun that fits well after a possessive form like "the guide's". The preposition "of" correctly introduces the object of that knowledge. By contrast, "knowing" is a gerund and would not normally be used directly after the possessive in this way. "Know how" is usually written with a hyphen (know-how) and refers to practical skill, not mainly historical information. "Familiarity" would usually require "with" rather than "of": "familiarity with the history", so simply replacing knowledge would create a preposition error. Therefore, the original bracketed word is already the best choice, and "no improvement" is the correct answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Examine the existing phrase "the guide's knowledge of the history of the monument". It is grammatically correct and meaningful.Step 2: Test option A: "the guide's knowing of the history" sounds unnatural, because "knowing" does not usually take "of" in this noun like structure.Step 3: Test option B: "the guide's familiarity of the history" is incorrect collocation; standard English uses "familiarity with" rather than "familiarity of".Step 4: Test option C: "the guide's know how of the history" is incorrect both in form (missing hyphen) and in meaning; know-how refers to practical skill rather than detailed historical information.Step 5: Recognise that none of the alternatives improve the sentence; they either introduce errors or change the meaning.Step 6: Conclude that the sentence is best left as it is, so the correct choice is "no improvement". Verification / Alternative check: You can cross check with other natural sentences: "Her knowledge of mathematics impressed the teacher", "His knowledge of local customs is remarkable." In each case, "knowledge of" is the standard pattern. If you replace knowledge with familiarity, you must change the preposition: "familiarity with mathematics", "familiarity with local customs". Because the test sentence already uses the correct collocation, there is nothing to fix. Grammar references on collocations confirm that "knowledge of" and "familiarity with" are the normal and accepted structures. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Knowing: functions more as a verb form or gerund and does not fit naturally in "someone's knowing of the history". Familiarity: would require "with" instead of "of", so using it with "of" creates a preposition error. Know how: is informal, usually written know-how, and refers to practical skill, not primarily historical information. Knowledge and experience: changes the meaning and makes the sentence wordier without necessity; the original sentence only comments on knowledge. Common Pitfalls: Many candidates assume that if a question appears in a test, there must be an error, and they automatically choose an alternative instead of considering "no improvement". This leads them to accept unnatural phrases like "knowing of the history". Another pitfall is treating near synonyms as freely interchangeable. In English, specific prepositions often pair with specific nouns, so knowledge of and familiarity with are not interchangeable without adjusting the whole phrase. Always read the full sentence, test each option carefully and remember that "no improvement" is often the correct choice in such questions. Final Answer: The best version of the sentence is unchanged, so the correct answer is no improvement; "The guide's knowledge of the history of the monument surprised me" is already correct and natural.

Question 13

Which of the following words is most nearly opposite in meaning to the word "interim"?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question checks your understanding of the word "interim" and your ability to identify its most appropriate antonym. Vocabulary questions like this are common in competitive exams because they test both your knowledge of word meanings and your ability to distinguish between similar looking options. The key is to recall what "interim" usually means in real usage and then choose the option that best expresses the opposite idea. Given Data / Assumptions: Target word: "interim". Options given: Medieval, Tentative, Interval, Permanent, and another distractor. The instruction asks for the MOST OPPOSITE in meaning, so we must think in terms of antonyms, not just unrelated words. In common English, "interim" is often used in phrases like "interim government", "interim arrangement", or "in the interim". We assume standard dictionary meanings for all options. Concept / Approach: The word "interim" is used as a noun or adjective to refer to something temporary or in between two more permanent states. For example, an "interim manager" is someone appointed for a limited period until a permanent manager is chosen. Similarly, "in the interim" means "in the meantime". The opposite of temporary is permanent. Therefore, we should look for the option that carries the idea of lasting, enduring, or not limited to a short period. Among the options, "permanent" directly expresses that meaning and therefore is the best antonym of "interim". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the meaning of "interim": temporary, provisional, or occurring in an intervening time.Step 2: Consider option D, "Permanent". It means lasting or intended to last indefinitely, not temporary.Step 3: Compare the two: "interim government" vs "permanent government" clearly show opposite concepts.Step 4: Examine option B, "Tentative". This means uncertain or not yet fully decided and is actually close in sense to "interim" rather than opposite.Step 5: Examine option C, "Interval". This refers to a gap or pause in time; it may relate to "interim" in the sense of an intervening period but is not an antonym.Step 6: Examine option A, "Medieval", which refers to the Middle Ages and has no logical connection as an opposite of "interim". Therefore, "Permanent" is clearly the correct choice. Verification / Alternative check: Check typical collocations: "interim arrangement" versus "permanent arrangement", "interim relief" versus "permanent relief". In all of these pairs, you can see that "interim" and "permanent" are natural opposites. If we tried to replace "interim" with "medieval" or "interval" in such contexts, the sentences would become meaningless. Even "tentative arrangement" does not contrast naturally with "permanent arrangement"; tentative refers to the degree of certainty, whereas interim refers to duration. This confirms that "permanent" is the most accurate antonym in the list. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Medieval: Refers to a historical period and is unrelated to the concept of temporary versus lasting. Tentative: Means uncertain or provisional; this is similar rather than opposite to "interim". Interval: Means a gap in time; it is related to timing but not opposite in sense. Transitional (extra distractor): Describes something in the process of change and is again closer to "interim" than opposite. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse related words with opposites. Because "interim" can be associated with time, options like "interval" may feel tempting, even though they are not antonyms. Similarly, words like "tentative" and "transitional" sound like they could fit the same contexts, but they are conceptually similar to "interim", not opposite. The best strategy is to first form a simple synonym in your own mind, such as "temporary", and then search for the word that clearly means "not temporary". That approach leads you directly to "permanent". Final Answer: The word most opposite in meaning to "interim" is Permanent.

Question 14

Select the word that is spelled correctly.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Spelling questions check your familiarity with standard English orthography. In exams, you are often presented with several similar looking words, only one of which is spelled correctly. This skill is important not only for tests but also for writing clear and professional emails, reports and applications. In this question, you have to identify the one correctly spelled word among several incorrect variants. Given Data / Assumptions: Options: "acolade", "registry", "gaudyest", "frackture", and one extra distractor. We assume standard modern English spelling as you would find in a good dictionary. Some of the incorrect options are misspellings of real words like "accolade", "gaudiest" and "fracture". We must choose the single option that matches the correct spelling of a valid English word. Concept / Approach: Begin by checking which of the options is a familiar word that looks correct. "Registry" is a common English noun meaning an official list or place where records are kept, and its spelling is standard: r e g i s t r y. The other words closely resemble correct English words but contain deliberate spelling errors. "Acolade" is missing a c, as the correct spelling is "accolade". "Gaudyest" is an incorrect comparative or superlative spelling; the correct form is "gaudiest". "Frackture" adds an unnecessary k to "fracture". The extra distractor may also look close to "accolade" but has an incorrect double consonant. Only "registry" matches standard spelling. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Look at "registry". It is a familiar word meaning "office or place where official records are kept", and the spelling matches what you would expect.Step 2: Examine "acolade". This appears to be a version of "accolade", which is correctly spelled with a double c: a c c o l a d e.Step 3: Examine "gaudyest". The base adjective is "gaudy". The correct superlative is "gaudiest" (g a u d i e s t), not "gaudyest".Step 4: Examine "frackture". The correct word is "fracture", meaning a break, especially in a bone; it does not include a k.Step 5: Examine any additional variant like "acollade". It misplaces the double consonant and is again not correct.Step 6: Since only "registry" is spelled correctly, select it as the answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify your choice by mentally placing each option into a simple sentence and checking whether it looks right: "Her name is in the registry" looks correct. If you substitute any of the misspelled words into sentences where the correct versions would normally appear, they will look obviously wrong: "He received a great acolade for his work", "This is the gaudyest dress I have ever seen", or "The X-ray shows a frackture." If you are used to reading English, these spellings appear strange and unnatural. Consulting a dictionary would confirm that only "registry" is recognised as correctly spelled. Why Other Options Are Wrong: "acolade": Incorrect; the correct spelling is "accolade" with double c. "gaudyest": Incorrect; the correct spelling of the superlative is "gaudiest". "frackture": Incorrect; the correct spelling is "fracture" without k. "acollade": Incorrect distribution of double consonants; again, the correct form is "accolade". Common Pitfalls: Students may be tricked by words that "look" fancy or complicated and assume they are correct. Another common issue is overgeneralising patterns, such as thinking that adding yest to an adjective automatically forms a correct superlative. To improve spelling, read widely and pay attention to how words are written in context. When you encounter such questions, do not rush; compare each option carefully with any mental image you have of the word from previous reading. Over time, your mental dictionary becomes stronger and such questions become easier. Final Answer: The correctly spelled word is registry.

Question 15

Select the single-word substitute that best expresses the meaning of the phrase: "Average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Single-word substitution questions test whether you can condense a descriptive phrase into a precise English word. The given phrase describes something that is neither very high nor very low in amount, intensity, quality or degree. In everyday language, we often use one common adjective to describe such a middle or average level. Your task is to identify that word among several distractors that have entirely different meanings. Given Data / Assumptions: Phrase: "Average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree." Options: moderate, supernatant, hobble, hum and one extra distractor. We assume that the question is asking for the most common and widely accepted English word that matches this definition. The context can be anything: weather, political opinions, speed, price, and so on. Concept / Approach: The adjective "moderate" is widely used to describe something that is of average or reasonable level. For example, we talk about "moderate rainfall", "moderate exercise" or "moderate views". In all these cases, the idea is that the thing is neither extreme nor negligible. The other options have unrelated meanings: "supernatant" refers to the clear liquid floating above a sediment in a scientific context; "hobble" is a verb meaning to walk awkwardly or to hinder; "hum" is a low continuous sound; and "middling", while also sometimes meaning average, is less commonly used and often informal. The best match for the given definition in standard usage is "moderate". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Convert the phrase into a simpler synonym in your own mind. "Average in amount or intensity" suggests "not extreme", "reasonable" or "moderate".Step 2: Examine option A, "moderate". Dictionaries define moderate as "average in amount, intensity, quality, or degree", which matches the phrase almost word for word.Step 3: Examine option B, "supernatant". This is a technical word used mainly in chemistry and biology to describe a liquid floating above a solid residue; it has nothing to do with average or intensity.Step 4: Examine option C, "hobble". This verb means to limp or to restrict someone's movement or progress; again, unrelated to the idea of average level.Step 5: Examine option D, "hum". It usually refers to a low continuous sound or a buzz; it does not indicate a degree or amount.Step 6: Even though "middling" can sometimes mean "average", "moderate" is the textbook definition that directly matches the given phrase. Therefore, select "moderate". Verification / Alternative check: Compare sample usages: "moderate exercise" means exercise of average intensity, "moderate income" means average or reasonable income. Replace "moderate" with the phrase from the question and the meaning stays the same: "exercise that is average in intensity", "income that is average in amount". Trying to replace with "supernatant", "hobble" or "hum" produces nonsense sentences. This confirms that "moderate" is the correct single-word substitute that aligns exactly with the given description. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Supernatant: Technical scientific term for a liquid layer; does not describe degree or intensity. Hobble: Means to limp or to restrict; unrelated to level or amount. Hum: A low, continuous sound; not connected to the concept of average intensity. Middling: While sometimes meaning average, it is less precise and more informal. "Moderate" is the textbook equivalent used in definitions. Common Pitfalls: Some students may be tempted by unusual words, assuming that the "hardest looking" word must be correct. Others might overthink the question and look for rare vocabulary when a very common word like "moderate" is the best answer. To avoid these traps, always match the definition exactly and think of simple synonyms first. If a common word matches perfectly, there is no need to search for something exotic. Practising single-word substitution with dictionary definitions helps solidify these connections in your memory. Final Answer: The best single-word substitute for the phrase is moderate.

Question 16

Rearrange the parts of the sentence in the correct order to form a meaningful statement:  The wide world is all ____.  P: cannot for ever fence it out Q: about you: you can fence R: yourselves in, but you

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is another jumbled sentence question where you must arrange the given parts P, Q and R to form a grammatically correct and meaningful sentence. The base sentence begins with "The wide world is all" and the remaining phrase must be completed by combining the parts in the most logical order. Such questions check both your understanding of meaning and your grasp of sentence structure, especially when clauses are split across pieces. Given Data / Assumptions: Fixed starting fragment: "The wide world is all". P: "cannot for ever fence it out" Q: "about you: you can fence" R: "yourselves in, but you" We must choose among options that represent different orders of P, Q and R. We assume that the original intended sentence is a meaningful quotation about how one cannot permanently shut out the world. Concept / Approach: To solve this, first think about what complete sentence might be intended. A natural philosophical sounding sentence is: "The wide world is all about you: you can fence yourselves in, but you cannot for ever fence it out." Now match this with the given fragments. After "The wide world is all", the phrase "about you: you can fence" (Q) fits perfectly, giving "The wide world is all about you: you can fence ...". Then we need the continuation "yourselves in, but you" (R), which leads into the contrast "cannot for ever fence it out" (P). Thus, the correct order is Q, then R, then P, corresponding to QRP. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Add each part mentally after "The wide world is all" and see which one follows most naturally. "About you: you can fence" (Q) creates a meaningful phrase "The wide world is all about you: you can fence ...".Step 2: Now consider what can logically follow Q. We have "you can fence" and need an object. Part R begins with "yourselves in, but you", giving "you can fence yourselves in, but you ...". This is coherent.Step 3: To complete the contrast introduced by "but you", we require a clause that states what cannot be done. Part P, "cannot for ever fence it out", completes this neatly: "but you cannot for ever fence it out."Step 4: Putting it all together, we get: "The wide world is all about you: you can fence yourselves in, but you cannot for ever fence it out."Step 5: This order is Q R P, which corresponds to the option QRP. Verification / Alternative check: Test other possible orders. Starting with P after the stem yields "The wide world is all cannot for ever fence it out", which is grammatically wrong. Starting with R gives "The wide world is all yourselves in, but you", which makes no sense. Any ordering that breaks the natural grouping "you can fence yourselves in" or splits the contrast "but you cannot for ever fence it out" will sound awkward or meaningless. Only QRP maintains both grammatical structure and logical meaning throughout the sentence. Why Other Options Are Wrong: PRQ: Produces "The wide world is all cannot for ever fence it out ...", which is ungrammatical from the outset. RQP: Starts "The wide world is all yourselves in, but you", which is incomplete and wrongly ordered. RPQ: Also disrupts the natural flow of subject, verb and objects, and breaks the contrast structure. QPR: Tries to join Q and P directly, but then R is left hanging awkwardly at the end, spoiling the meaning. Common Pitfalls: A typical error in jumbled sentence questions is to focus only on meaning and ignore small function words such as "but" and "cannot". These words are crucial clues: "but you" clearly needs to be followed by a clause beginning with a verb phrase like "cannot for ever fence it out". Another pitfall is not recognising multi word units like "fence yourselves in", which should stay together. When solving such problems, always look for natural collocations and pairs of ideas such as "fence in" versus "fence out". These connections will guide you to the correct order. Final Answer: The correct order of the parts is QRP, giving the complete sentence "The wide world is all about you: you can fence yourselves in, but you cannot for ever fence it out."

Question 17

Select the synonym (word with the closest meaning) of "eminent".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Synonym questions test your understanding of vocabulary by asking you to select the word that is closest in meaning to a given word. The word in focus here is "eminent", which is often used in formal English to describe people who are famous and respected in a particular field. Choosing the correct synonym requires you to distinguish between words that might look impressive but do not match the precise meaning. Given Data / Assumptions: Target word: "eminent". Options: obscure, common, renowned, phenomenal and ordinary. We assume standard dictionary meanings for all options. The context of usage is usually "an eminent scientist", "an eminent judge", or "an eminent scholar". Concept / Approach: "Eminent" means famous, respected and distinguished, especially within a particular profession or area of study. It implies recognition and high status. Among the options, "renowned" is the closest match, as it means widely known and highly regarded. "Phenomenal" means extraordinary or remarkable, but does not specifically carry the idea of fame or respect in a profession. "Obscure" and "ordinary" are near opposites of "eminent", suggesting lack of fame or distinction. "Common" suggests something usual or widespread, not distinguished. Therefore, "renowned" best captures the meaning of "eminent". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that "eminent" describes someone of high rank, great achievement or strong reputation in their field.Step 2: Consider option C, "renowned". It means famous and celebrated, especially for some good quality or achievement, which lines up closely with "eminent".Step 3: Examine option A, "obscure". This means little known or not clearly expressed, almost the opposite of "eminent".Step 4: Examine option B, "common". It means ordinary, usual or found frequently, not distinguished or celebrated.Step 5: Examine option D, "phenomenal". It means extraordinary or very remarkable, but does not necessarily imply fame or professional distinction. A person can be phenomenal at something without being well known or established.Step 6: Examine option E, "ordinary". This again suggests lack of distinction and is far from the idea of eminence. So the only true synonym here is "renowned". Verification / Alternative check: Compare typical collocations: "eminent scientist" versus "renowned scientist" both sound natural and convey similar respect. "Phenomenal scientist" stresses exceptional ability but does not highlight reputation in the same way. "Obscure scientist" and "ordinary scientist" clearly contrast with "eminent", making them poor choices. If you check a thesaurus, you will find "renowned", "distinguished" and "illustrious" listed as common synonyms of "eminent". This confirms that "renowned" is the closest match among the given options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Obscure: Means unknown or unclear; it is almost an antonym of "eminent". Common: Means ordinary or widespread; it does not suggest high status or respect. Phenomenal: Means extremely remarkable; it focuses on degree rather than fame and status. Ordinary: Means not special or distinctive; again, the opposite of "distinguished". Common Pitfalls: Learners may be tempted by words like "phenomenal" because they sound positive and powerful. However, synonyms must match in meaning, not just in positive or negative tone. Another pitfall is to ignore context: "eminent lawyer" and "renowned lawyer" both refer to a highly respected and well known person, but phrases like "common lawyer" or "phenomenal lawyer" change the meaning. To answer synonym questions accurately, always think of a simple explanation of the target word and then choose the option that matches that explanation most closely. Final Answer: The synonym that best matches "eminent" is renowned.

Question 18

In the following sentence, some part may have an error. Identify the part that contains an error. If there is no error, select "No error".  "The officer asked the recruit (A) / which district (B) / he came from. (C) / No error (D)"

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Error detection questions evaluate how accurately you can spot grammatical or stylistic mistakes in a sentence that has been split into labelled parts. In this question, a reported speech sentence is divided into four segments. Your task is to find which segment, if any, violates standard English usage. Such questions are common in competitive exams because they test attention to detail and understanding of subtle grammar points, such as the correct placement of prepositions in relative and interrogative clauses. Given Data / Assumptions: The sentence is: "The officer asked the recruit (A) / which district (B) / he came from. (C) / No error (D)". Part A: "The officer asked the recruit" Part B: "which district" Part C: "he came from." Part D: "No error" We assume a formal written English standard, such as that used in examination papers and official communication. Concept / Approach: In informal English, ending a clause with a preposition, as in "Which district he came from", is often accepted in speech. However, in formal written English and many exam settings, this structure is considered less correct, and the preposition is normally placed before the relative or interrogative pronoun. Thus, "from which district he came" is preferred. Parts A and B are structurally sound, while part C "he came from" places the preposition at the end. Therefore, part C contains the error under strict exam standards. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Check part A: "The officer asked the recruit". This is correct: subject "The officer", verb "asked", object "the recruit".Step 2: Check part B: "which district". This correctly introduces an indirect question about place: "which district".Step 3: Combine parts A and B: "The officer asked the recruit which district ..." is a natural beginning for an indirect question.Step 4: Check part C: "he came from." In conversational English, "which district he came from" is commonly used, but in formal English, the preposition "from" should not be stranded at the end.Step 5: The more formal and exam friendly version is "from which district he came". So part C is better written as "from which he came".Step 6: Since parts A and B are fine and the issue lies in part C, the error is in segment C. Verification / Alternative check: Rewrite the entire sentence in a more formal style: "The officer asked the recruit from which district he came." This sentence avoids ending the clause with a preposition and is stylistically preferred in formal contexts. Now match the corrected sentence with the original parts. You will see that only part C changes from "he came from" to "from which he came". Parts A and B remain unchanged. Therefore, the error must be associated with part C, confirming option C as the correct choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Part A: "The officer asked the recruit" is grammatically sound, with correct subject, verb and object. Part B: "which district" correctly introduces the content of the question and does not contain an error. Part D: "No error" cannot be correct because we have identified a clear stylistic and grammatical problem in part C. Option E: "None" is unnecessary since an explicit "No error" option is already provided and is not correct here. Common Pitfalls: Many learners are used to everyday spoken English, where ending a sentence with a preposition ("he came from") is common and acceptable. As a result, they may not notice this as an error in exam style questions that expect more formal structures. Another pitfall is to mark "No error" simply because the sentence seems understandable. In examinations, you must consider the standards of formal written English. When you see prepositions at the end of clauses in indirect questions or relative clauses, it is often a clue to look more closely for possible corrections such as "from which he came". Final Answer: The segment that contains the error is Part C, so the correct option is C.

Question 19

Select the antonym (word most opposite in meaning) of "celibate".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Antonym questions ask you to choose the word that has the most opposite meaning to the given word. The word "celibate" is commonly used to describe a person who abstains from sexual relations, often for religious or personal reasons, or someone who remains unmarried. To pick the correct antonym, you must understand this core idea of abstinence and then look for the option that represents an opposite lifestyle or attitude. Given Data / Assumptions: Target word: "celibate". Options: chaste, virtuous, promiscuous, continent and abstinent (extra distractor). We assume the usual modern English meanings, especially in moral and social contexts. "Celibate" typically implies sexual abstinence or remaining unmarried. Concept / Approach: "Celibate" carries the meaning of refraining from sexual activity, especially by choice, and often suggests self control or religious commitment. Words such as "chaste", "virtuous" and "continent" all suggest sexual restraint or moral purity and are therefore close in meaning to "celibate", not opposite. The word "promiscuous", on the other hand, describes a person who has many sexual partners or engages in sexual relations in an uncontrolled or casual way. This behaviour is the direct opposite of celibacy. Thus, the most appropriate antonym of "celibate" among the options is "promiscuous". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand "celibate" as sexually abstinent, often unmarried and refraining from sexual relations.Step 2: Examine option A, "chaste". It means pure, especially in the sense of avoiding sexual activity or immoral behaviour. This is similar to celibate, not opposite.Step 3: Examine option B, "virtuous". It refers to moral excellence or high ethical standards, often including sexual purity, again close in meaning to celibate.Step 4: Examine option D, "continent". In a moral or religious context, continent often means exercising self restraint, especially in sexual matters. This is another near synonym.Step 5: Examine option E, "abstinent". This means refraining from some pleasure, often alcohol or sex, which again is similar to celibate.Step 6: Examine option C, "promiscuous". This describes someone who engages in sexual activity with many partners without firm commitment. This is clearly the opposite of choosing to remain celibate. Therefore, the correct antonym is "promiscuous". Verification / Alternative check: Put the words into contrasting sentences: "He chose to remain celibate" versus "He led a promiscuous lifestyle." The two sentences clearly describe opposite choices regarding sexual behaviour. In contrast, "He chose to remain celibate" versus "He remained chaste" both indicate similar levels of restraint. Dictionaries and vocabulary guides often list chaste, abstinent and continent as synonyms or near synonyms of celibate. "Promiscuous" appears on antonym lists, confirming that it is the correct opposite. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Chaste: Suggests purity and avoidance of sexual sins; it is similar in meaning to celibate. Virtuous: Implies moral excellence; often includes sexual restraint, not its opposite. Continent: Refers to self control, particularly in sexual matters; again similar to celibate. Abstinent: Means refraining from certain pleasures; in sexual context it overlaps strongly with celibate. Common Pitfalls: Because exams frequently test synonyms, some students instinctively choose words with similar moral or religious associations, forgetting that the question is asking for an antonym, not a synonym. Another mistake is not focusing on the specific aspect of meaning that matters. Celibate is specifically about sexual abstinence, so the opposite must describe sexual activity that is free or uncontrolled, not just a different moral quality. Keeping the core meaning in mind and mentally forming example sentences with each option is a reliable strategy for avoiding such errors. Final Answer: The antonym of "celibate" is promiscuous.

Question 20

In the following question, select the option that best expresses the meaning of the idiom "scotfree".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Idioms are fixed expressions whose meanings cannot always be guessed from the individual words. The idiom "scotfree" (often written as "scot free") appears frequently in news, crime reports and everyday conversation. Understanding such idioms is essential for accurate reading comprehension and for expressing yourself naturally in English. In this question, you must choose the option that best captures the meaning of "scotfree" in typical usage. Given Data / Assumptions: Idiom: "scotfree" or "scot free". Options: escape from captivity, be free of all responsibilities, get something unexpected, without suffering any punishment or injury, move secretly at night. We assume the idiom is used in common sentences like "He got off scotfree". The focus is usually on legal or moral consequences of an action. Concept / Approach: In modern English, "to go scotfree" or "to get off scotfree" means to escape the usual punishment, penalty or harm that one might expect, especially after doing something wrong or risky. The idiom does not simply mean escaping physically from a place, nor does it refer to general freedom from responsibilities. It specifically emphasises the absence of punishment or injury when such consequences were likely or deserved. Therefore, among the options, the meaning "without suffering any punishment or injury" fits the idiom best. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall typical usage: "Despite clear evidence against him, he got off scotfree." This clearly refers to avoidance of punishment rather than literal escape from a prison cell.Step 2: Examine option D: "Without suffering any punishment or injury." This matches the idea that someone has avoided consequences.Step 3: Examine option A: "To escape from captivity." While someone who goes scotfree may no longer be detained, the idiom focuses on the lack of punishment, not on physical escape.Step 4: Examine option B: "Be free of all responsibilities." This would apply more to phrases like "free of obligations" and does not capture the idea of avoiding penalties for previous actions.Step 5: Examine option C: "To get something unexpected." This is unrelated to punishment or justice.Step 6: Examine option E: "To move secretly at night." This might describe sneaking away but is not the meaning of "scotfree". Thus, option D is the accurate explanation of the idiom. Verification / Alternative check: Consider several example sentences: "The thieves escaped scotfree", "The company caused pollution but went scotfree because of legal loopholes." In each case, the emphasis is on not being punished or harmed despite wrongdoing or risk. If we tried substituting option A ("escape from captivity") in place of "scotfree", it would not always make sense, especially in non physical contexts such as corporate wrongdoing. Reference books on idioms and phrasal expressions define "scotfree" as "without paying the usual penalty" or "without harm", confirming that option D is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: To escape from captivity: Too narrow and literal; the idiom is about punishment and consequence, not just physical confinement. Be free of all responsibilities: Does not convey the idea of avoiding punishment after some action. To get something unexpected: Refers to surprise, not justice or consequence. To move secretly at night: Completely unrelated to the idiom; sounds more like "to sneak out". Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse "scotfree" with any form of escape, assuming that it must involve physically running away. Others might generalise it as simply being free. To avoid these mistakes, remember that idioms are best learned with typical example sentences and contexts. "Scotfree" frequently appears in legal or moral discussions where someone avoids being punished or harmed. Keeping this association in mind will help you select the right meaning during exams. Final Answer: The idiom "scotfree" means without suffering any punishment or injury.

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