Question 1

Out of the following options, select the word that is opposite in meaning to "parsimonious".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This antonym question checks your understanding of words that describe attitudes towards money and spending. Parsimonious is a formal adjective that portrays a very stingy or excessively unwilling attitude toward spending money. To answer correctly, you must select the option that directly contrasts with this sense of excessive stinginess. Given Data / Assumptions: - Target word: parsimonious. - Options: Avaricious, Chintzy, Frugal, Lavish. - Parsimonious means extremely unwilling to spend; overly economical in a negative sense. - The correct antonym must describe free or generous spending. Concept / Approach: Lavish is used to describe spending or giving in a very generous, sometimes extravagant way. A lavish lifestyle or lavish gifts suggest large, free expenditure of money. This is the opposite of parsimonious behaviour, which is marked by persistent reluctance to spend. The other options either share the idea of meanness or careful spending, so they are similar in tone, not opposite. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Associate parsimonious with synonyms such as miserly, stingy, or penny pinching. Step 2: Examine Lavish. It means very generous or extravagant with money, time, or effort. Step 3: Recognise that someone who is lavish in spending is the direct opposite of someone who is parsimonious. Step 4: Consider Avaricious. This describes someone greedy for wealth, often wanting to gather money, not to spend it freely, so it is close to miserliness, not the opposite. Step 5: Check Chintzy, an informal term that often means cheap or mean in spending, also close in meaning to parsimonious. Step 6: Look at Frugal, which can describe careful or economical use of resources. Although more positive and moderate, it still suggests restraint, not the free spending opposed to parsimonious. Therefore, Lavish must be the correct antonym. Verification / Alternative check: Think of example sentences. A parsimonious host cuts costs and offers very little, while a lavish host spends freely on food and decoration. It is clear that these two behaviours are at opposite ends of the spending spectrum. Using Avaricious, Chintzy, or Frugal in place of Lavish in such comparisons would not create a strong contrast with parsimonious and often would reinforce the stingy side instead. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Avaricious people have a strong desire for wealth and are usually unwilling to part with it, which aligns more with miserliness than generosity. Chintzy is a colloquial word for cheap or mean, again overlapping with parsimonious. Frugal indicates sensible and moderate spending; it is not extreme, but it still suggests careful use of money rather than free or extravagant expenditure. None of these words therefore provide the clear opposite of parsimonious that Lavish does. Common Pitfalls: Because Frugal is a more positive term, some candidates may mistakenly choose it as an antonym for parsimonious. However, antonym questions are often looking for a strong contrast, not just a difference in emotional tone. Remember that frugal and parsimonious both describe reduced spending, while lavish describes high, generous spending. Keeping this mental number line of spending behaviour helps avoid confusion. Final Answer: Lavish is the correct antonym of parsimonious.

Question 2

Out of the following options, select the word that is opposite in meaning to "to filch" (to steal something, especially of small value).

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This antonym question focuses on the verb to filch, which means to steal something, especially something small or of little value, often in a secretive way. To answer correctly, you must identify the option that expresses an opposite action, not just another form of taking without permission. Given Data / Assumptions: - Target verb: to filch, meaning to steal in a sneaky way. - Options all present different types of taking or giving actions. - Three options describe various forms of stealing or misappropriation. - One option must describe an opposite behaviour to stealing. Concept / Approach: If to filch means to secretly take someone else's property without permission, then the opposite idea would involve willingly giving or donating property rather than secretly taking it. The antonym must therefore capture generosity and voluntary sharing instead of theft. Among the alternatives, only the option that talks about giving generously to others points firmly in that opposite direction. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Fix the meaning of to filch as to steal small items sneakingly or casually. Step 2: Examine option A: to steal slyly from someone. This is essentially a restatement of filch, so it cannot be an antonym. Step 3: Look at option B: to pilfer small valuable items. Pilfer is also a close synonym of filch and still describes stealing small things. Step 4: Consider option C: to misappropriate another person's property. Misappropriate means to take something for oneself dishonestly, which is again a form of stealing. Step 5: Evaluate option D: to give generously to others. This describes voluntary, open, and often kind transfer of property from oneself to others, which is a clear opposite of secret theft. Step 6: Conclude that only option D expresses an action that logically contrasts with the idea of filching. Verification / Alternative check: Compare two types of people: one who regularly filches snacks from a coworker's desk without asking, and another who regularly gives snacks to colleagues. The second person is doing the very opposite of stealing; they are sharing and donating. Replacing filch with steal slyly, pilfer, or misappropriate would not change the basic type of action. Only a phrase about giving generously reverses the moral direction and the flow of property. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A describes secret theft and matches the meaning of filch rather than opposing it. Option B, to pilfer small valuable items, also describes quiet and repeated stealing, which is a close synonym. Option C, to misappropriate another person's property, refers to dishonest taking, usually of funds or resources entrusted to someone. All three keep the core idea of theft and therefore cannot be called antonyms. Common Pitfalls: Because all four options involve money or property in some way, it can be tempting to choose among the stealing related verbs simply because they seem familiar. However, an antonym must represent a clearly opposite action, not just another variant of the same behaviour. Training yourself to first restate the target word in simple language, such as to steal secretly, and then consciously look for an opposite, such as to give openly, is a reliable strategy in these questions. Final Answer: To give generously to others is the correct antonym of to filch.

Question 3

Out of the following options, select the meaning of the idiom "in black and white".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your understanding of the idiom in black and white. Although the phrase literally refers to the colours black and white, in everyday English it is most often used to describe information or agreements that are clearly written down. Your job is to choose the option that best expresses this idiomatic meaning. Given Data / Assumptions: - Idiom: in black and white. - Options refer to different ideas about colour, prejudice, and clarity. - The typical context is legal documents, contracts, or written statements. - The correct meaning must involve something being recorded clearly and officially. Concept / Approach: In black and white is used to emphasise that something is not just spoken but actually written or printed in a permanent, visible form. For example, if a rule is in black and white, it means you can see it written in a document. This gives the idea of certainty and proof. The correct option must therefore mention being written or printed clearly, often in an official way, rather than any literal issue with colour vision or prejudice. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall common sentences like I have it in black and white that my salary will be increased or The agreement is set out in black and white. Step 2: Notice that in both examples, the idiom refers to written proof or documentation. Step 3: Examine option C, which states to have something written or printed clearly in an official and definite form. This matches the typical usage closely. Step 4: Look at option A, to be colour blind, which uses black and white in a literal sense and does not match the idiom. Step 5: Consider option B, to see things as either good or bad with no middle ground. Although related to black and white thinking, that phrase is slightly different and less commonly expressed simply as in black and white. Step 6: Check option D, to be excessively prejudiced, which also does not reflect the core idea of documentation and clarity. Therefore, option C is the best explanation. Verification / Alternative check: Test the options in a standard sentence: The terms of the contract are in black and white. Replacing the idiom with option C gives The terms of the contract are written and printed clearly in an official and definite form, which matches the intended meaning. Using the other options would yield strange or illogical sentences, such as The terms of the contract are colour blind, which makes no sense. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A misinterprets black and white literally and refers to colour blindness, not written proof. Option B refers to a rigid style of thinking, often called seeing things in black and white, but the exact idiom in black and white in this exam context typically points to written documentation. Option D focuses on prejudice and does not connect to the idea of documentation or clarity. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the idiom in black and white with the phrase black and white thinking, which describes an all or nothing mindset. Context is crucial. Whenever you see the expression used around documents, contracts, terms, or proof, it almost always means written or printed clearly. Learning to check the surrounding nouns for clues helps you choose the right interpretation quickly. Final Answer: To have something written or printed clearly in an official and definite form is the correct meaning of the idiom in black and white.

Question 4

Out of the following options, select the meaning of the idiom "out of date".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This idiom question aims to check your understanding of the phrase out of date. The expression is commonly used to describe things that are no longer current, fashionable, or valid. Your task is to pick the option that most accurately reflects this sense of being old or no longer appropriate for the present time. Given Data / Assumptions: - Idiom: out of date. - Options express ideas related to time pressure, schedules, relationships, and fashion. - The idiom can refer to fashion, ideas, technology, or official documents. - The correct choice must match the idea of being no longer current. Concept / Approach: Out of date usually means old-fashioned or no longer up to current standards. For example, clothes may be out of date, meaning not fashionable, or software may be out of date, meaning it has not been updated. In some contexts, documents that have expired can also be described as out of date. The right option should therefore capture the idea of being old or outdated rather than simply being busy or missing a schedule. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall sentences like His ideas are out of date or This phone is completely out of date. Step 2: Observe that in these sentences the phrase means old, obsolete, or not suited to current times. Step 3: Examine option D, Old-fashioned, which directly matches this meaning and can be used in similar contexts. Step 4: Check option A, Not have time; very busy, which refers to a person's schedule, not to the age of ideas or objects. Step 5: Look at option B, Not stick to the schedule, which concerns punctuality or planning and is unrelated to being outdated. Step 6: Consider option C, Fail to find a partner, which relates to social relationships and does not reflect the idiom's meaning. Therefore, option D is correct. Verification / Alternative check: Replace the idiom in a test sentence: The syllabus is out of date. Using option D gives The syllabus is old-fashioned, which means it no longer meets modern requirements and fits the context. Substituting the other options results in confusing or meaningless sentences. For example, The syllabus is not have time; very busy or The syllabus is fail to find a partner are clearly incorrect. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A refers to a person being busy, not to the currency or fashion of objects or ideas. Option B addresses not sticking to a timetable, which is completely different. Option C talks about failing to find a partner, which is unrelated to time based relevance or style. None of these options mention age, fashion, or validity, which are central to the idiom out of date. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes learners confuse out of date with out of time or behind schedule, especially when they see the word date and think of calendar dates. Remember that out of time refers to running out of available time, while out of date refers to being old and no longer current. Paying attention to the nouns around the idiom, such as ideas, fashions, documents, or machines, will help you recall the correct meaning quickly. Final Answer: Old-fashioned is the correct meaning of the idiom out of date.

Question 5

In the following sentence improvement question, choose the alternative that best replaces the bracketed part: "There is nothing wrong with (having to) a different opinion."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your understanding of correct verb and gerund patterns in English sentences. The sentence expresses the idea that it is acceptable for someone to hold a different opinion. The bracketed part having to is awkward and ungrammatical in this context, and your task is to select the best improvement from the options. Given Data / Assumptions: - Original sentence: There is nothing wrong with (having to) a different opinion. - The preposition with is followed by a bracketed phrase that may need correction. - Options: have to, has to, having, no improvement. - The intended meaning is that it is acceptable to possess or hold a different opinion. Concept / Approach: After a preposition such as with, English normally uses a gerund form (verb plus ing) when referring to actions in general. The natural phrase here is nothing wrong with having a different opinion. The pattern with having to a different opinion is ungrammatical because to does not belong there. Similarly, have to and has to express obligation, which changes the meaning and does not fit the structure with. Therefore, the correct improvement is simply having. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the key structure with plus a following activity: nothing wrong with ______. Step 2: Recall that prepositions like with, of, and in are typically followed by a noun or by a gerund such as having, doing, or saying. Step 3: Examine the intended meaning: it is acceptable to hold or have a different opinion. Step 4: Insert having into the sentence: There is nothing wrong with having a different opinion. This sounds natural and grammatically correct. Step 5: Test have to and has to. Both would produce There is nothing wrong with have to a different opinion or There is nothing wrong with has to a different opinion, which are clearly incorrect. Step 6: Recognise that choosing no improvement would keep the faulty phrase having to a different opinion, so option C, having, is the only valid improvement. Verification / Alternative check: Compare the sentence with similar patterns: There is nothing wrong with asking questions or There is nothing wrong with disagreeing respectfully. In each of these, the verb after with is in the gerund form. This confirms that having is the form that fits the pattern. Replacing having with have to or has to breaks the grammar and changes the meaning to obligation, which the sentence does not intend. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A, have to, indicates necessity or obligation as in I have to go now, and does not follow with in this structure. Option B, has to, also expresses obligation and does not fit the grammar after a preposition. Option D, no improvement, would leave the incorrect phrase having to a different opinion unchanged, which is not acceptable in standard English. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes overuse the pattern have to when they see the verb have, forgetting that after prepositions, gerunds are usually required. It is useful to memorise high frequency patterns such as nothing wrong with plus gerund and interested in plus gerund. These patterns help you quickly recognise the correct form and avoid inserting unnecessary words like to that make the structure ungrammatical. Final Answer: having is the correct improvement, giving the sentence There is nothing wrong with having a different opinion.

Question 6

In the following sentence improvement question, choose the alternative that best replaces the bracketed part: "It has (being) too dangerous for too many people."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question examines your understanding of correct verb forms after the auxiliary has. The sentence talks about a situation that has changed over time and is now too dangerous for many people. The bracketed form being is incorrect in this context, and you must choose the most suitable replacement to make the sentence grammatically correct and meaningful. Given Data / Assumptions: - Original sentence: It has (being) too dangerous for too many people. - The auxiliary has indicates present perfect or a related construction. - Options: to be, become, be, no improvement. - The sentence aims to convey that the situation has turned dangerous over time. Concept / Approach: After has, we usually expect a past participle to form the present perfect, such as has become or has been. Among the options, the bare form become can combine with has to form has become, which indicates a change of state. The corrected sentence It has become too dangerous for too many people expresses that something which may once have been safe is now dangerous. The other options do not form a correct or natural structure when inserted directly after has. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that has requires either a past participle or be plus complement, so we need a form compatible with it has. Step 2: Consider become. If we replace being with become, the sentence reads It has become too dangerous for too many people, which is a standard present perfect expression. Step 3: Note that option A, to be, would produce It has to be too dangerous, which implies obligation rather than description and changes the meaning. Step 4: Option C, be, would give It has be too dangerous, which is ungrammatical because has and be alone do not combine properly without a participle or infinitive marker. Step 5: Option D, no improvement, would retain being and leave the incorrect combination It has being, which is not correct. Step 6: Therefore, become is the only option that transforms the sentence into a correct and meaningful present perfect construction. Verification / Alternative check: Compare similar sentences: The weather has become very cold or The city has become unsafe at night. In each case, has become indicates a change from a previous state to the current state. The sentence It has become too dangerous for too many people fits the same pattern, describing a worsening situation. This confirms that become is the best and most natural choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: To be introduces a different structure, has to be, which speaks about necessity rather than describing what has happened over time. Be without to or a participle is ungrammatical after has. No improvement cannot be chosen because the form has being is not recognised as a correct tense or aspect in standard English and sounds awkward to native speakers. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse being and become, or try to use being after auxiliary verbs when they are unsure of the right form. Remember that has being is not a valid combination, whereas has been or has become are correct. Associating become with changes of state and has been with continuous or completed states is a good way to keep these forms clear in your mind for sentence improvement questions. Final Answer: become is the correct improvement, giving the sentence It has become too dangerous for too many people.

Question 7

Out of the following options, select the best one-word substitute for the phrase "conformity to facts".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your knowledge of one-word substitutes, which are single words that can replace longer descriptive phrases. The phrase conformity to facts refers to the quality of being true and accurate. You must pick the single word that best captures this idea of factual correctness and truthfulness. Given Data / Assumptions: - Phrase: conformity to facts. - Options: Veracity, Deceit, Hypothesis, Theory. - The phrase is about truth and correspondence with reality. - Only one option should denote truthfulness or accuracy. Concept / Approach: Veracity is a noun that means truthfulness and accuracy. If a statement has veracity, it matches the facts. The phrase conformity to facts is essentially another way of saying adherence to truth, so veracity is the natural one-word substitute. The other options, deceit, hypothesis, and theory, refer to dishonesty or types of explanation, none of which directly express factual correctness. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Paraphrase conformity to facts as agreement with reality and truth. Step 2: Consider Veracity, which dictionaries define as devotion to the truth or conformity with fact. Step 3: Notice that this meaning aligns perfectly with the given phrase. Step 4: Look at Deceit, which means dishonest behaviour or trickery, the exact opposite of being truthful. Step 5: Examine Hypothesis, which is a proposed explanation that still needs to be tested and may or may not conform to facts. Step 6: Check Theory, which is a system of ideas or explanation that may be supported by evidence but is not itself a direct synonym for truthfulness. Veracity remains the only direct match. Verification / Alternative check: Use the options in sample sentences. The veracity of his statement was never doubted clearly means the truthfulness of his statement. Conformity to facts fits well as a synonym here. If we try The deceit of his statement or The hypothesis of his statement, the meaning changes completely. Similarly, the theory of his statement is not idiomatic. Thus, veracity is the only option that keeps the original idea intact. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Deceit implies lying or cheating and directly opposes the idea of conforming to facts. Hypothesis refers to a tentative explanation that still needs proof and is not guaranteed to match reality. Theory denotes a well developed explanation, often supported by evidence, but does not mean simple truth or factual accuracy in itself. None of these words capture the straightforward idea of being factual and true. Common Pitfalls: One common error is to choose hypothesis or theory simply because they are academic sounding and relate to knowledge. However, the phrase conformity to facts is about truth, not about models or ideas. To avoid such mistakes, always restate the phrase in your own simple words and then match that restatement to the option that fits best. Here, truthfulness or factuality clearly leads you to veracity. Final Answer: Veracity is the correct one-word substitute for conformity to facts.

Question 8

Out of the following options, select the best one-word substitute for the phrase "search for and collect anything usable from discarded waste".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This one-word substitute question focuses on a specific type of searching behaviour related to waste materials. The phrase search for and collect anything usable from discarded waste describes what certain animals, people, or even machines do when they look through garbage or scrap to find things that can still be used. You must identify the single verb that summarises this activity. Given Data / Assumptions: - Phrase: search for and collect anything usable from discarded waste. - Options: Scavenge, Disperse, Dissipate, Scatter. - The context is moving through waste material to find useful items. - Only one option should refer to this specific type of searching. Concept / Approach: Scavenge means to search through waste, trash, or discarded material to find anything that can still be used or eaten. Animals like vultures and some people such as rag pickers are described as scavenging. The other options, disperse, dissipate, and scatter, all describe spreading things out or breaking them apart, which is the opposite action of gathering items from a pile of waste. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Restate the phrase as look through rubbish to find something useful. Step 2: Recall the verb scavenge, which is commonly used in environmental science and everyday language to describe exactly this behaviour. Step 3: Insert scavenge into the phrase to check the fit: People sometimes scavenge from rubbish dumps to find recyclable materials. Step 4: Examine Disperse, which means to spread in different directions or to break up a group, not to search carefully. Step 5: Look at Dissipate, which means to gradually disappear or waste energy, again unrelated to searching through waste for usable items. Step 6: Consider Scatter, which refers to throwing or spreading things over a wide area, the reverse of collecting from one place. Therefore, Scavenge is the correct one-word substitute. Verification / Alternative check: Imagine a sentence from a newspaper report: Poor families scavenge at the city dump for scraps of metal and plastic. Replacing scavenge with disperse or scatter would produce sentences where the families are spreading trash around, which is the opposite of collecting usable materials. Dissipate does not work here at all. Only scavenge preserves the meaning of searching and collecting from discarded waste. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Disperse describes moving things or people apart and is used in phrases like disperse a crowd. Dissipate means to gradually vanish or waste away, as in dissipate energy. Scatter describes throwing things so they land spread out, such as scattering seeds. None of these words involve searching and collecting items, which is central to the phrase given in the question. Common Pitfalls: Because all the distractor options relate to movement or spreading, some students may mistakenly think they are connected to waste handling. However, you should focus on who performs the action and for what purpose. Scavenging is done by someone who wants to find something useful in the waste, whereas dispersing or scattering describes what happens to the waste itself. Keeping the actor and goal in mind helps you select the correct verb. Final Answer: Scavenge is the correct one-word substitute for search for and collect anything usable from discarded waste.

Question 9

In the following question, four words are given, out of which only one is correctly spelt. Select the correctly spelt word.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This spelling question checks whether you can recognise the standard spelling of a technical noun often used in engineering and manufacturing. You are given four similar looking words and must select the one that is correctly spelt in standard English. Accurate spelling is important in both exams and professional communication. Given Data / Assumptions: - Options: Extrution, Extrusion, Extrosion, Extrotion. - Only one of these represents the correct spelling of a real English word. - The target word relates to a process of shaping material by forcing it through a die. - The other options are misspellings intended to test attention to detail. Concept / Approach: Extrusion is the correct spelling of the word that describes a process in which material is pushed through a shaped opening to produce objects like pipes or rods. The central sequence in the word is trus, not trut, tros, or trot. The other choices contain incorrect vowel or consonant combinations and do not appear in dictionaries as standard words in this sense. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall where you may have seen the word, for example in phrases like plastic extrusion or aluminium extrusion. Step 2: Remember that the correct spelling uses the root extrude and adds the suffix sion, giving extrusion. Step 3: Examine option B, Extrusion. This matches the expected pattern and looks familiar from technical usage. Step 4: Look at option A, Extrution, which replaces the sion ending with tion and drops the s, making it an incorrect variant. Step 5: Check option C, Extrosion, which changes the middle consonant cluster and does not correspond to any recognised English word. Step 6: Consider option D, Extrotion, which resembles extortion but is not the word we are targeting and is therefore wrong. Option B remains the only correct choice. Verification / Alternative check: Use online reading or textbooks as a mental reference. In engineering contexts, you will see headings like Extrusion process or Types of extrusion. Spelling it as Extrution, Extrosion, or Extrotion would be marked as a spelling mistake. You can also break the word into ext plus rusion, remembering that words ending in sion often connect to verbs ending in de, such as intrude and intrusion, extrude and extrusion. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Extrution drops the s that is needed in the sion ending and does not follow the usual spelling pattern. Extrosion inserts an r in the wrong place and does not correspond to any accepted English term. Extrotion looks like a mistaken blend of extrusion and extortion; it is not a dictionary word and does not carry the intended meaning related to shaping materials. Common Pitfalls: When words are unfamiliar, students sometimes rely on guesswork based on sound alone. However, English spelling often follows patterns, especially with common suffixes like sion and tion. Learning root and suffix pairs, such as extrude and extrusion, helps you recognise correct spellings even for technical terms. Reading subject specific material also reinforces the correct forms visually. Final Answer: Extrusion is the correctly spelt word.

Question 10

In the following question, four words are given, out of which only one is correctly spelt. Select the correctly spelt word.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This spelling question tests your ability to recognise the correct form of a common English verb that means to say something again or repeatedly for emphasis or clarity. Among four similar looking options, you need to identify the properly spelt word used frequently in both spoken and written communication. Given Data / Assumptions: - Options: Reterate, Reiterate, Reiterete, Reterete. - The word in question describes repeating a statement or point. - Only one option matches the standard spelling found in dictionaries. - The others are deliberate misspellings to test your visual memory of the word. Concept / Approach: Reiterate is the correct spelling of the verb meaning to repeat something again, often for emphasis. It begins with the prefix re, followed by iterate, which is related to the idea of doing something again. The correct placement of vowels and consonants is crucial. The other options alter the positions of i and e or remove necessary letters, making them incorrect. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the word is pronounced approximately ree it uh rate and is often used in formal statements, such as I would like to reiterate my earlier point. Step 2: Recognise that the spelling should reflect the root iterate with the prefix re, giving r e i t e r a t e. Step 3: Check option B, Reiterate, which matches this pattern exactly. Step 4: Examine option A, Reterate, which omits the i after re and therefore does not mirror the root iterate. Step 5: Look at option C, Reiterete, which adds an extra e at the end and distorts the standard form. Step 6: Consider option D, Reterete, which both misplaces and duplicates vowels and does not appear as a correct English word. Thus, option B is the only acceptable spelling. Verification / Alternative check: Imagine reading a formal letter that says I reiterate my request. Replacing reiterate with any of the wrong variants would immediately stand out as a mistake. Spelling rules for words with re plus a verb root often preserve the root intact, as in re-evaluate or re-examine. Since iterate exists as a verb meaning to repeat or do again, re plus iterate logically becomes reiterate. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Reterate loses the important i that signals the root iterate and is not a dictionary form. Reiterete adds an extra e before the final t e, creating an unrecognised nonstandard variant. Reterete combines both these errors and fails to match any known English word. All three are examples of likely exam distractors and should be rejected in favour of the correct spelling. Common Pitfalls: Because reiterate and repeat have similar meanings, some learners confuse their spelling patterns and try to model the spelling on repeat instead of iterate. To avoid this, remember that reiterate contains the complete root iterate, and that both words share the same sequence i t e r a t e at the end. Visualising re plus iterate joined together is a simple and effective memory aid. Final Answer: Reiterate is the correctly spelt word.

Question 11

The following sentence is split into labelled parts X, Y, and Z. Choose the option that gives the most logical order of these parts to form a coherent sentence: "Then the gigantic figure X - alarming spectacle Y - slipped off the tree and stood Z - …

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This jumbled sentence question presents parts of a narrative description labelled X, Y, and Z. Your task is to arrange these parts in such an order that, when placed into the base sentence, they form a clear, grammatical, and meaningful statement. The sentence describes a gigantic figure that moves and then appears as an alarming spectacle. Given Data / Assumptions: - Base frame: Then the gigantic figure ... slipped off the tree and stood ... up before us, a truly ... - X: alarming spectacle - Y: slipped off the tree and stood - Z: up before us, a truly - We must decide the order of Y, Z, and X so that the final sentence is fluent and coherent. Concept / Approach: A logical approach is to first identify the main verb phrase that completes the base sentence, then attach any directional phrase, and finally place the descriptive phrase in the most natural position. The central action is slipped off the tree and stood up before us. After this action, the descriptive tag a truly alarming spectacle completes the sentence. Therefore, Y must come first to provide the action, Z continues the directional phrase, and X finishes the descriptive comment. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Insert Y after the introductory clause: Then the gigantic figure slipped off the tree and stood ... Step 2: Attach Z as a continuation of the verb stood, giving stood up before us, a truly ... This links the direction up before us smoothly with the existing structure. Step 3: Place X at the end: alarming spectacle. The resulting sentence reads: Then the gigantic figure slipped off the tree and stood up before us, a truly alarming spectacle. Step 4: Check that this sentence is grammatically correct and paints a vivid picture. Step 5: Note that this order corresponds to YZX, which is option A. Step 6: Briefly test alternative orders (such as XYZ or XZY) and see that they produce awkward or incomplete structures, for example Then the gigantic figure alarming spectacle slipped off the tree..., which is incorrect. Verification / Alternative check: Read the sentence in full after choosing YZX: Then the gigantic figure slipped off the tree and stood up before us, a truly alarming spectacle. This version has a clear chronological flow: first movement, then position relative to us, and finally a descriptive reaction. The commas are placed naturally, and the phrase a truly alarming spectacle works well as an appositive describing the figure. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option B, YXZ, would give slipped off the tree and stood alarming spectacle up before us, a truly, which is ungrammatical and disordered. Option C, XZY, starts with alarming spectacle immediately after the subject, leaving the main verb phrase disjointed. Option D, XYZ, produces Then the gigantic figure alarming spectacle slipped off the tree and stood up before us, a truly, which misplaces the descriptive phrase and breaks the natural flow. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes try to begin immediately with an adjective phrase after the subject because it looks descriptive and interesting. However, in jumbled sentence questions, you should prioritise reconstructing the core predicate first (the main action) and only then add descriptive or appositive phrases. Identifying the finite verbs slipped and stood is a strong clue that Y must be placed right after the subject to maintain grammatical integrity. Final Answer: YZX is the correct order, giving the sentence Then the gigantic figure slipped off the tree and stood up before us, a truly alarming spectacle.

Question 12

The following sentence is split into labelled parts X, Y, and Z. Choose the option that gives the most logical order of these parts to form a coherent sentence: "We admit as much X - that it is related to the body Y - when we say that the mind Z - i…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question presents a philosophical style sentence split into three labelled parts. The sentence discusses what we admit about the mind and its relation to the body. You must choose the order of the parts that produces a smooth, logical statement with correct grammar and meaning. Such questions test both syntax and comprehension. Given Data / Assumptions: - Base frame: We admit as much ... - X: that it is related to the body - Y: when we say that the mind - Z: is immaterial, and yet hold - The final sentence should contrast the idea of the mind being immaterial with its relation to the body. Concept / Approach: A coherent philosophical sentence often begins with a condition or explanatory clause, followed by a statement, then a further clause giving an additional or contrasting idea. Here, the natural flow is: We admit as much when we say that the mind is immaterial, and yet hold that it is related to the body. This structure uses Y to connect the admission with the act of speaking, Z to state that the mind is immaterial, and X to add the contrasting belief that it is related to the body. Thus the logical order is Y, Z, X. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Start with the base phrase We admit as much and ask when or under what condition we admit it. Step 2: Y, when we say that the mind, naturally follows because it introduces a clause explaining the occasion or manner of the admission. Step 3: Attach Z, is immaterial, and yet hold, to complete the thought about the mind, giving We admit as much when we say that the mind is immaterial, and yet hold ... Step 4: Finish with X, that it is related to the body, which completes the object of hold and yields We admit as much when we say that the mind is immaterial, and yet hold that it is related to the body. Step 5: Check that this entire sentence is grammatically correct and logically consistent. Step 6: Notice that this order corresponds to YZX, which is option C. Verification / Alternative check: Read the complete sentence: We admit as much when we say that the mind is immaterial, and yet hold that it is related to the body. The phrase as much refers back to some previously stated point, and when we say that the mind is immaterial explains when we make that admission. The conjunction and yet introduces a contrast, which is followed by the clause that it is related to the body. This entire structure is smooth and meaningful. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A, YXZ, would yield We admit as much when we say that the mind that it is related to the body is immaterial, and yet hold, which is confusing and ungrammatical. Option B, XZY, misplaces that it is related to the body too early, breaking the natural contrast introduced by and yet. Option D, XYZ, puts that it is related to the body immediately after admit as much, leaving the clause about immateriality in an awkward position at the end, and disrupting the logic of the contrast. Common Pitfalls: Many students focus only on local grammar fragments and forget to follow the overall argument of the sentence, especially in philosophical contexts. A helpful strategy is to identify discourse markers such as when, and yet, and that, and then see how they typically function: when often introduces conditions or times, and yet signals contrast, and that introduces a content clause. Arranging parts so that these markers appear in a familiar logical pattern makes it easier to find the correct order. Final Answer: YZX is the correct order, giving the sentence We admit as much when we say that the mind is immaterial, and yet hold that it is related to the body.

Question 13

Change the voice of the sentence "No one responded to my online ad." into passive, and select the correct passive form from the options.

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Introduction / Context: This question tests your ability to convert a sentence from active voice to passive voice while preserving tense and meaning. The original sentence describes a past situation in which nobody replied to an online advertisement. In the passive form, the focus shifts from the doer (no one) to the object (my online ad), but the time reference and basic sense must remain unchanged. Given Data / Assumptions: - Active sentence: No one responded to my online ad. - Subject: No one. - Verb: responded (simple past). - Object: my online ad. - The correct passive voice must keep the simple past and focus on my online ad. Concept / Approach: To change an active sentence into passive, we normally move the object into subject position, adjust the verb into the appropriate form of be plus past participle, and optionally mention the original subject with by. Here, my online ad becomes the subject, and responded becomes was responded to in the passive simple past. The phrase by anyone appropriately replaces no one to maintain the negative meaning through not. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the object in the active sentence: my online ad. Step 2: Move this object to the subject position in the passive sentence: My online ad ... Step 3: Recognise that responded is in the simple past. The corresponding passive form requires was plus past participle, giving was responded. Step 4: Because the verb respond is used with the preposition to when indicating the thing responded to, we include to after responded. Step 5: Express the original subject no one as by anyone with a negative on the verb: was not responded to by anyone. Step 6: Combine all parts: My online ad was not responded to by anyone. This matches option A. Verification / Alternative check: Confirm the tense and meaning. The original sentence refers to a completed action in the past, so the passive form must use was, not is. The negative is preserved by not, and the idea that nobody responded is captured by by anyone together with the negation. Reading the passive sentence aloud shows that it communicates the same information with a shift in emphasis from the people to the advertisement. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option B uses is not responded, which is present tense and therefore does not match the original past tense. Option C, Response by no one was given to my online ad, is grammatically awkward and unnatural in everyday English and changes the structure unnecessarily. Option D uses is given, again wrongly placing the situation in the present tense instead of the past. Common Pitfalls: Some learners change the subject and object positions correctly but forget to keep the same tense or to include necessary prepositions like to after responded. Others attempt overly literal or complicated transformations. A reliable method is to follow a fixed pattern: object plus was or were plus past participle plus by plus subject, adjusting prepositions as needed. Checking tense carefully against the original sentence is essential. Final Answer: My online ad was not responded to by anyone. is the correct passive voice transformation.

Question 14

Change the sentence "Ajay said to my sister, \"It is wonderful!\"" into indirect speech, and select the correct reported form.

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Introduction / Context: This question tests the rules for converting a direct exclamatory remark into indirect or reported speech. The original sentence shows Ajay speaking to my sister and saying It is wonderful. In reported form, we usually adjust the reporting verb, pronouns, and tense to reflect that the speech is being reported later. Given Data / Assumptions: - Direct speech: Ajay said to my sister, "It is wonderful!" - Reporting verb: said to. - Reported clause: It is wonderful. - The context is a past act of speaking, so past tense reporting is expected. Concept / Approach: When converting direct speech to indirect speech with a past reporting verb, we typically change said to into told, remove quotation marks, use that as a conjunction, and backshift the tense of the reported clause from simple present to simple past, unless the statement is a universal truth. Here, wonderful is part of a situational comment, so It is wonderful becomes It was wonderful in indirect speech. The preposition to after told is not used in standard English with a direct object noun. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Change said to into told and keep my sister as the indirect object: Ajay told my sister ... Step 2: Introduce the reported clause with that: Ajay told my sister that ... Step 3: Backshift the present tense is to past tense was because the reporting verb is in the past: it was wonderful. Step 4: Combine these parts to create: Ajay told my sister that it was wonderful. Step 5: Check that the sentence is grammatically correct and that it faithfully reports the original exclamation. Step 6: Match this result with the given options and identify it as option C. Verification / Alternative check: Compare the meaning of the direct and indirect forms. The direct sentence shows Ajay making a positive exclamation at a particular time. The reported version Ajay told my sister that it was wonderful preserves that meaning while showing that someone is narrating the event later. Using tells in the present tense would wrongly place the act of reporting in the present, and using is instead of was would fail to show the normal tense shift that exams usually expect. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A, Ajay tells my sister that it is wonderful, uses the present tense tells, which does not match the past time frame implied by said. Option B, Ajay tells to my sister that it was wonderful, is doubly incorrect because tells is present and tells to my sister is not idiomatic; told my sister is the standard form. Option D, Ajay told to my sister that it is being wonderful, includes the incorrect preposition to and the unnatural progressive form is being wonderful. Common Pitfalls: Students often forget that told does not take the preposition to before an indirect object. They also sometimes neglect the standard backshift of is to was after a past reporting verb. To avoid these errors, remember the basic frame Ajay told my sister that plus reported clause, and then ensure that the clause itself is shifted one step back in tense when appropriate. Final Answer: Ajay told my sister that it was wonderful. is the correct indirect speech form of the given sentence.

Question 15

In the following passage, some of the words have been left out. Read the passage carefully and select the correct answer for the given blank out of the four alternatives: For a minute, dispel all the mental images and stereotypes; ________ the jargo…

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Introduction / Context: The question is based on a short passage about yoga or wellness instructions. The focus is on choosing the correct verb that completes an imperative sentence: "dispel all the mental images and stereotypes; ________ the jargon of opening up, flow, nidra, and balance". This tests vocabulary, grammar, and the correct form of the verb in a parallel structure of commands, which is a common pattern in English usage questions for competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The sentence is giving advice in the imperative form, addressing the reader directly. The first clause already has an imperative verb, "dispel". The blank should be filled with a word that works grammatically and logically after a semicolon, continuing the instruction. The intended idea is to ask the reader to ignore or not pay attention to the jargon of certain buzzwords. The options given are "forgetful", "forget", "forgot", "forgotten", and "set aside". Concept / Approach: The key concept here is the use of imperative verbs in English. When giving direct instructions, English normally uses the base form of the verb without "to" and without a subject, for example: "Close the door", "Take a seat", "Forget the rules". When two imperatives are joined with a semicolon or conjunction, the verbs usually match in form. Therefore, after "dispel", we expect another base verb like "forget" to maintain parallel structure. We also need a word that conveys the meaning of ignoring or discarding jargon. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the structure "dispel all the mental images and stereotypes; ________ the jargon". Both parts are instructions to the reader. Step 2: Recognise that "dispel" is in the base form imperative, so the missing word should also be in the base form to keep grammatical parallelism. Step 3: Evaluate "forgetful". This is an adjective meaning inclined to forget and cannot function as an imperative verb. Step 4: Evaluate "forget". This is the base verb that fits perfectly as an imperative: "Forget the jargon". Step 5: Consider "forgot" and "forgotten". Both are past forms: "forgot" is the simple past, and "forgotten" is the past participle. Neither can be used directly as an imperative in this position. Step 6: "Set aside" is a phrasal verb that could mean to ignore, but it does not match the co-text as naturally as the single-word verb "forget" and is not among the original four alternatives in the exam context. Step 7: Conclude that "forget" is the most appropriate and grammatically correct choice. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify the choice by reading the full sentence with "forget": "For a minute, dispel all the mental images and stereotypes; forget the jargon of opening up, flow, nidra, and balance." This is smooth, natural English. Both "dispel" and "forget" are clear, direct commands that tell the reader to drop preconceived notions and technical language. If we substitute other options like "forgot" or "forgotten", the sentence becomes ungrammatical or awkward. Therefore, the selection of "forget" stands up to rechecking as the best answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: "forgetful" is an adjective and cannot be used as an imperative verb in this sentence. "forgot" is the simple past tense and does not fit because the sentence is an instruction, not a statement about the past. "forgotten" is a past participle and would require an auxiliary verb to fit correctly; it cannot stand alone as an imperative. "set aside", though related in meaning, is not the simple, direct verb that matches the parallel structure and is not the expected core vocabulary for this standard test item. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to be distracted by verb forms that feel familiar, such as "forgot" or "forgotten", and not to check whether they match the sentence type. Another pitfall is to choose "forgetful" simply because it is related in meaning, without noticing that an adjective cannot fulfil the grammatical role of the missing word. Exam candidates also sometimes ignore parallel structure and do not align the form of verbs before and after the semicolon, which can lead them away from the best answer. Final Answer: The correct word to complete the imperative instruction is forget, so the sentence should read "dispel all the mental images and stereotypes; forget the jargon of opening up, flow, nidra, and balance".

Question 16

In the following passage, some of the words have been left out. Read the passage carefully and select the correct answer for the given blank out of the four alternatives: For a minute, dispel all the mental images and stereotypes; forget the jargon …

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Introduction / Context: This item tests the correct use of English prepositions in a sentence taken from a yoga or fitness themed passage. The sentence is "Focus ________ what you need for your body." Learners are expected to choose the preposition that naturally collocates with the verb "focus" in standard English. Mastery of common verb–preposition combinations is crucial for fluency and for doing well in competitive English examinations. Given Data / Assumptions: The key phrase is "Focus ________ what you need for your body". The verb "focus" is being used in an imperative sense to give advice. The options are "of", "for", "off", "on", and "about". We assume the intended meaning is to direct one is attention or concentration to personal bodily needs. The structure should sound natural and idiomatic in standard English. Concept / Approach: The concept tested is collocation: some verbs typically go with particular prepositions. In modern English, the common pattern with "focus" is "focus on something" when referring to directing attention or effort towards something. Other patterns like "focus upon" are also used, but "focus on" is the most frequent and natural in everyday and academic language. Therefore, the choice must respect this established verb–preposition pairing while fitting grammatically into the sentence. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Read the sentence aloud mentally: "Focus ________ what you need for your body." Step 2: Recall common usage: people say "focus on your goals", "focus on your breathing", "focus on your work". Step 3: Test "on": "Focus on what you need for your body." This is completely natural and grammatically correct. Step 4: Test "of": "Focus of what you need for your body" is incorrect, because "focus of" is used differently, as in "the focus of the discussion". Step 5: Test "for": "Focus for what you need for your body" does not make sense in this context; "for" does not show direction of attention here. Step 6: Test "off": "Focus off what you need" is clearly wrong, because "off" suggests moving away from something, which is the opposite of the intended meaning. Step 7: Test "about": "Focus about what you need" is not a standard collocation in English. Step 8: Conclude that "on" is the only preposition that gives a correct and idiomatic sentence. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, we can compare with other examples from everyday English: "The teacher asked the students to focus on the lesson", "You should focus on healing and rest", "Focus on your breathing during meditation". In each case, "on" clearly marks the object of attention. Applying this pattern to the given sentence confirms that "Focus on what you need for your body" is the expected structure. No other option aligns with real-world usage to the same degree. Why Other Options Are Wrong: "of" works in phrases like "the focus of the group", where "focus" is a noun, not an imperative verb. It does not fit after the verb form used here. "for" usually expresses purpose or benefit and does not form a standard collocation "focus for something" in this sense. "off" suggests separation or removal. It conflicts with the meaning of concentrating attention and is not grammatical in this position. "about" is used with verbs like "worry about", "think about", but "focus about" is not idiomatic English. Common Pitfalls: A frequent error in such questions is to overthink and choose a preposition that seems vaguely meaningful without checking actual usage patterns. Learners may also confuse "focus of" when "focus" is a noun with "focus on" when it is a verb. Remembering common collocations from reading and listening practice is the best way to avoid such mistakes. Another pitfall is to choose "for" because of the phrase "for your body", but the preposition has to follow "focus", not just sound nice before "your body". Final Answer: The correct preposition is on, so the sentence should read "Focus on what you need for your body".

Question 17

In the following passage, some of the words have been left out. Read the passage carefully and select the correct answer for the given blank out of the four alternatives: For a minute, dispel all the mental images and stereotypes; forget the jargon …

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Introduction / Context: This question checks the correct use of conjunctions to introduce a conditional clause in English. The sentence in the passage is "________ you are not sure, begin here with just one asana." The intention is to give conditional advice: if a person is uncertain, they should follow a suggested starting point. The test taker must choose the conjunction that expresses this conditional relationship most appropriately. Given Data / Assumptions: The incomplete sentence is "________ you are not sure, begin here with just one asana." The context is instructional: a yoga or fitness teacher is advising the reader. The options are "For", "But", "If", "Whether", and "Although". We assume the speaker wants to say that in the case of uncertainty, the reader should take a particular action. The completed sentence must be grammatically correct and natural. Concept / Approach: The main concept is the use of subordinating conjunctions to introduce adverbial clauses. In English, conditional clauses that express "in the case that" or "on condition that" are usually introduced by "if". Other conjunctions introduce different kinds of relationships: "for" can indicate reason, "but" shows contrast, "whether" introduces alternatives, and "although" indicates concession. We must match the desired meaning of conditional advice with the correct conjunction. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise the pattern: "________ you are not sure, begin here with just one asana" has the structure of a conditional instruction. Step 2: Test "If": "If you are not sure, begin here with just one asana." This is clear and natural. It states that in case of uncertainty, the suggested action should be taken. Step 3: Test "For": "For you are not sure, begin here" is not correct, because "for" in this sense is used as a coordinating conjunction meaning "because" and does not normally start such a conditional clause. Step 4: Test "But": "But you are not sure, begin here" is incoherent, since "but" usually contrasts two clauses and needs a different structure. Step 5: Test "Whether": "Whether you are not sure, begin here" is incorrect, since "whether" requires alternatives, such as "whether you are sure or not". Step 6: Test "Although": "Although you are not sure, begin here" implies that the action happens despite uncertainty, not because of it, and does not express conditional advice. Step 7: Conclude that "If" is the only option that fully captures the intended conditional meaning. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify by comparing with typical conditional sentences: "If you are tired, take a break", "If it rains, we will stay inside". These all use "if" to introduce a condition. The given sentence fits the same pattern of advice based on a condition, so "If you are not sure, begin here with just one asana" is exactly parallel to those examples. None of the other conjunctions produce a natural conditional statement when substituted into the sentence. Why Other Options Are Wrong: "For" would suggest a reason and is often placed after the main clause, as in "Do this, for it is helpful", not before as a stand-alone subordinator here. "But" shows contrast and is normally used between two independent clauses, not to begin a conditional clause of uncertainty. "Whether" requires an explicit alternative, such as "whether you are sure or not", and alone it does not fit this structure. "Although" introduces a concessive idea, meaning "in spite of the fact that", which conflicts with the idea of giving advice based directly on the presence of uncertainty. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse "if" and "whether" and may choose "whether" whenever they see a clause starting with a wh-like word. Others think that "although" can always replace "if" in complex sentences, which is not true because the logical relationships differ. It is important to identify whether the sentence expresses a condition, contrast, concession, or reason and to choose the conjunction accordingly. Remember that conditional instructions almost always start with "if" in such contexts. Final Answer: The correct conjunction is If, so the sentence should read "If you are not sure, begin here with just one asana".

Question 18

In the following passage, some of the words have been left out. Read the passage carefully and select the correct answer for the given blank out of the four alternatives: For a minute, dispel all the mental images and stereotypes; forget the jargon …

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Introduction / Context: This question tests the correct use of demonstrative words in English, in the sentence "It is one of the basic ones ________ I lead every class with." The context is a yoga teacher describing a fundamental posture. The test taker must choose the word that links "one of the basic ones" with the relative clause, while keeping the overall sentence natural and grammatically correct. Given Data / Assumptions: The incomplete sentence is "It is one of the basic ones ________ I lead every class with." The subject is "It", referring to a particular asana or exercise. The phrase "one of the basic ones" is plural in meaning but refers to a set of basic asanas. The options are "this", "these", "that", "those", and "which". The sentence intends to say that this asana is among the basic ones with which the teacher begins every class. Concept / Approach: The concept here is the use of demonstrative determiners and relative words. In the structure "one of the basic ones that I lead every class with", the word "that" introduces a restrictive relative clause identifying or describing "the basic ones". It is very common in English to say "one of the things that I like" or "one of the books that I read". Using "that" after "ones" is idiomatic and grammatically correct. Other demonstratives like "this", "these", and "those" normally function as determiners or pronouns, not as relative connectors in this structure. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the main structure: "It is one of the basic ones ________ I lead every class with." Step 2: Note that "one of the basic ones" needs a relative clause to specify which ones they are, just as in "one of the students that I teach". Step 3: Test "that": "It is one of the basic ones that I lead every class with." This reads naturally; "that" works as a relative pronoun introducing the clause. Step 4: Test "this": "one of the basic ones this I lead every class with" is incorrect; "this" cannot function as a relative word here. Step 5: Test "these": "one of the basic ones these I lead" is ungrammatical for the same reason. Step 6: Test "those": "one of the basic ones those I lead" is also wrong; "those" does not serve as a relative pronoun. Step 7: Test "which": "one of the basic ones which I lead every class with" is possible in some styles of English, but exam constructions usually prefer "that" after "one of" for naturalness and simplicity. Step 8: Conclude that "that" is the best and most idiomatic choice. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify by comparing with similar standard patterns: "It is one of the songs that I always sing", "This is one of the roads that lead to the station", "It is one of the subjects that students find difficult". In each example, "that" introduces a relative clause describing "one of the" set. Using the same pattern in the given sentence gives "one of the basic ones that I lead every class with", which fits perfectly. While "which" can also introduce relative clauses, exam-oriented usage often favours "that" in restrictive type clauses without a comma. Why Other Options Are Wrong: "this" functions as a demonstrative for singular nouns, as in "this book", and cannot introduce the relative clause in this structure. "these" is a plural demonstrative but again acts as a determiner or pronoun, not as a connector for a relative clause after "ones". "those" is similar to "these" and does not form the expected pattern "ones those I lead every class with". "which" is grammatically possible but is less preferred in such exam sentences after "one of the ones", especially in modern, less formal usage where "that" has become the default relative pronoun for restrictive clauses. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the roles of demonstratives and relatives and may try to use "these" or "those" after "ones". Others overuse "which" in all relative clauses because they see it often in reading passages. It is important to remember that "that" is the normal choice for restrictive clauses in everyday English, especially after general noun phrases like "one of the things", "one of the reasons", or "one of the basics". Paying attention to authentic examples will help avoid such confusion. Final Answer: The correct word to complete the sentence is that, giving "It is one of the basic ones that I lead every class with".

Question 19

In the following passage, some of the words have been left out. Read the passage carefully and select the correct answer for the given blank out of the four alternatives: For a minute, dispel all the mental images and stereotypes; forget the jargon …

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This item examines the correct use of conjunctions to join two alternative possibilities in a single sentence. The sentence states, "You can do it as a stand-alone piece ________ begin with it when you are at the gym." The aim is to show that the reader has two choices: using the asana alone, or starting a workout with it. The test requires selecting the conjunction that clearly and correctly marks these alternatives. Given Data / Assumptions: The sentence is "You can do it as a stand-alone piece ________ begin with it when you are at the gym." The subject "you" and verb structure "can do it" applies logically to both parts of the sentence. The key idea is that there are two ways to use the asana: alone or at the beginning of a session. The options are "or", "nor", "either", "neither", and "and". The tone is advisory, presenting options rather than negating or combining actions. Concept / Approach: The main concept is the use of coordinating conjunctions to link alternatives. In English, "or" is the standard conjunction used to present a choice between two or more possibilities. "Nor" is used in negative constructions, usually following "neither" or "not". "Either" and "neither" are correlative conjunctions that normally appear in pairs, such as "either this or that" and "neither this nor that". The context here is positive and offers two options, so the appropriate simple conjunction is "or". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand the meaning: the speaker is saying that there are two ways to use the asana, both acceptable. Step 2: Recognise that when presenting alternatives, English uses "or" as in "You can stay here or go home." Step 3: Insert "or": "You can do it as a stand-alone piece or begin with it when you are at the gym." This sounds natural and directly presents the two choices. Step 4: Test "nor": "You can do it as a stand-alone piece nor begin with it" is ungrammatical, because "nor" is not used after a positive clause and normally requires a preceding negative element. Step 5: Test "either": "You can do it as a stand-alone piece either begin with it" is incomplete; "either" would require a paired "or" and a different word order. Step 6: Test "neither": "You can do it as a stand-alone piece neither begin with it" is incorrect and changes the meaning to a negative structure. Step 7: Test "and": "You can do it as a stand-alone piece and begin with it" suggests doing both at the same time, which is not the intended emphasis on alternatives. Step 8: Confirm that "or" is the correct and most appropriate conjunction. Verification / Alternative check: We can compare with similar sentences: "You can read this book or watch the movie", "You can walk or take a bus". In each case "or" links alternatives in neutral, non-negative contexts. The sentence in the passage follows the same pattern. A recheck shows that "You can do it as a stand-alone piece or begin with it when you are at the gym" is the only option that preserves meaning, grammar, and style without needing extra words. Why Other Options Are Wrong: "nor" is used in structures like "neither this nor that" or "not this, nor that". It is incorrect in a positive sentence beginning with "You can". "either" alone cannot fill the blank; it must be used with "or" and normally comes before the first alternative. "neither" introduces a negative pair and would require "nor" to complete the structure, which is not the sense here. "and" connects actions that may occur together or sequentially, not presenting an explicit choice between them. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse "either" with "or" and try to use them interchangeably. Another mistake is misusing "neither" or "nor" in positive contexts. Remember that "either" and "neither" are usually followed somewhere by "or" or "nor" as a pair, while "or" alone is the simplest way to join alternatives. Paying attention to whether the sentence is positive or negative will help in choosing between "or" and "nor". Final Answer: The correct conjunction is or, so the sentence should read "You can do it as a stand-alone piece or begin with it when you are at the gym".

Question 20

In the following question, out of the four alternatives, select the word which is most similar in meaning to the given word: Cluster.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This vocabulary question asks for a synonym, that is, a word with a similar meaning, for the word "cluster". Such questions test your knowledge of word meanings and your ability to recognise related ideas in different lexical forms. "Cluster" is frequently used in everyday English as well as in academic contexts, so knowing its sense and common collocations is useful for reading comprehension and verbal ability sections of competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The target word is "cluster". The options are "Individual", "Assemblage", "Specific", "Solitary", and "Unit". No sentence context is provided, so we rely on the core dictionary meaning of "cluster". We assume the exam expects the most common general meaning. "Cluster" can refer to a group of similar things close together in space or time. Concept / Approach: In its basic noun sense, "cluster" means a group of similar things or people positioned or occurring closely together. Examples include a cluster of stars, a cluster of houses, or a cluster of grapes. Therefore, we should look for an option that also refers to a group or collection rather than a single item. Among the options, "Assemblage" almost directly captures this idea: it means a collection or gathering of things or people. Other options point to singularity or other concepts and therefore do not match the sense of "cluster". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the meaning of "cluster" as a noun: a group or bunch of similar items. Step 2: Examine "Assemblage". It means a collection or gathering of things or people. This clearly aligns with the idea of a group. Step 3: Examine "Individual". This refers to a single person or thing, which is the opposite of a group. Step 4: Examine "Specific". This relates to being clearly defined or identified and does not express the idea of grouping. Step 5: Examine "Solitary". This again emphasises being alone, not in a group, which is opposite to "cluster". Step 6: Examine "Unit". While a unit can be part of a group, the word itself implies a single entity, not a collection. Step 7: Conclude that "Assemblage" is the only option that directly carries the sense of a group of items or people. Verification / Alternative check: We can confirm the choice by substituting in example phrases. "A cluster of stars" could be described as "an assemblage of stars". "A cluster of small cottages" could be "an assemblage of small cottages", both expressing a group. In contrast, replacing "cluster" with "individual" or "solitary" would completely change the meaning to a single item, showing that these are not synonyms. This cross-checking with context confirms that "Assemblage" is the closest synonym among the options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: "Individual" focuses on a single person or thing, which is the opposite of a group and therefore cannot be a synonym of "cluster". "Specific" describes something that is clearly defined or particular in nature; it says nothing about whether there is one or many items. "Solitary" emphasises being alone, without companions, which clashes directly with the group meaning of "cluster". "Unit" refers to one thing that may belong to a group, but the word itself highlights the single component rather than the collection. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to choose a word that seems vaguely formal or unusual, assuming it must be the synonym. Another pitfall is to pick a word that can appear in similar contexts without checking whether it actually shares the same core meaning. Always try to recall or construct at least one clear sentence using the target word, and see which option can replace it without changing the overall sense of the sentence. Final Answer: The word most similar in meaning to "cluster" is Assemblage.

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