Question 1

Select the antonym of the word "impiety", which means lack of respect for religion or sacred things.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question asks for the antonym of "impiety". In English vocabulary for competitive exams, many words are related to attitudes toward religion or sacred things. Knowing the difference between words that show disrespect and words that show deep respect is important for reading comprehension and precise expression. Given Data / Assumptions: The target word is "impiety". Options are "blasphemy", "heresy", "profanity", and "reverence". We must choose the word that is opposite in meaning, not just different. Concept / Approach: First recall the meaning: "Impiety" means lack of respect for God, religion, or sacred principles; irreverence. An antonym must therefore express deep respect or devotion toward what is considered holy. Several options here actually reinforce the idea of disrespect and are near synonyms of "impiety". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand "impiety": it suggests irreverence, disrespect, or neglect of religious duties. Step 2: Evaluate "blasphemy": this means speaking sacrilegiously about God or holy things, which is a form of extreme impiety, not its opposite. Step 3: Evaluate "heresy": this means belief or opinion that goes against established religious doctrine. It also signals disobedience in religious matters and aligns with impiety. Step 4: Check "profanity": this refers to disrespectful or obscene language, especially when it treats sacred things without respect. Again, this is similar to impiety. Step 5: Examine "reverence": this means deep respect and awe, especially toward God, elders, or sacred objects. It is clearly opposite to impiety. Verification / Alternative check: Think of simple word pairs: "Impiety" is to "irreverence" as "reverence" is to "deep respect". "Blasphemy", "heresy", and "profanity" can all be condemned as acts of impiety by religious authorities. Thus, if impiety is a lack of reverence, then reverence is the natural antonym that exam setters expect. Why Other Options Are Wrong: blasphemy: Not opposite; it is a typical example of impious behaviour. heresy: Indicates deviation from accepted religious beliefs and is again a sign of impiety. profanity: Refers to irreverent and often obscene language, overlapping strongly with impiety. Common Pitfalls: A common trap in antonym questions is that examiners provide near synonyms of the given word to check whether you can clearly distinguish "same" from "opposite". Many candidates confuse "different from" with "opposite to" and end up selecting another negative word. Always consciously ask yourself: "Does this word mean the reverse idea, or is it just another form of the same thing?" Final Answer: The antonym of "impiety" is reverence.

Question 2

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of the idiom "to bite off more than one can chew".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your understanding of an everyday English idiom: "to bite off more than one can chew". Idioms are fixed expressions whose meanings cannot always be guessed from the literal meanings of individual words. Knowing common idioms is essential for fluent comprehension of newspapers, conversations, and competitive exam passages. Given Data / Assumptions: Idiom: "to bite off more than one can chew". Options describe various situations involving difficulty, greed, or unfairness. We must match the idiom to its standard figurative meaning. Concept / Approach: Literally, if a person bites off more food than they can chew comfortably, they will struggle to chew and swallow it. Figuratively, the idiom applies to tasks, responsibilities, or commitments that are larger or more complex than a person can reasonably manage. The focus is on overestimating one's capacity and then struggling. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the idiom's meaning from everyday usage: it describes situations where individuals accept more work or responsibility than they can handle. Step 2: Examine option A: "To take on a commitment that one cannot fulfill." This directly matches the idea of accepting a task larger than one's capacity. Step 3: Consider option B: "A task which has unexpectedly become very difficult." This focuses on the task itself changing, not on someone making a bad choice about how much to accept. Step 4: Look at option C: "A greedy person will always suffer." The idiom is not limited to greed; it applies to ambition or misjudgment in general. Step 5: Check option D: "To grab a share more than what is rightfully theirs." This is about unfairness, not about personal capacity to handle a task. Step 6: Therefore, option A best captures the accepted meaning of the idiom. Verification / Alternative check: Think of typical sentences: "He bit off more than he could chew by agreeing to manage three big projects at once." This clearly shows over commitment. It does not necessarily mean he was greedy or unjust; rather, he misjudged his own ability and available time. That nuance is present in option A, which speaks of a commitment one cannot fulfill. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option B: Emphasises that the task unexpectedly became difficult, which is not the core of the idiom. Option C: Restricts the meaning to greed and punishment, which is not accurate. Option D: Talks about unfair grabbing of share, which relates more to cheating or injustice than to one's capacity. Common Pitfalls: Many learners connect idioms too literally and choose options related to eating or greed. Others choose any option that mentions difficulty without thinking about who created the problem. Always remember that in this idiom the person creates a problem for themselves by accepting too much, rather than the problem coming from outside. Final Answer: The idiom "to bite off more than one can chew" means to take on a commitment that one cannot fulfill.

Question 3

Select the antonym of the word "pompous", which describes someone who is self important and showy.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This vocabulary item asks you to find the antonym of "pompous". Understanding adjectives that describe personality types is important for reading descriptions of characters in literature, news articles, or social commentary. The word "pompous" has a negative tone and refers to an attitude people often dislike. Given Data / Assumptions: The target word is "pompous". Options are "modern", "turgid", "modest", and "vain". We need the opposite meaning, not just a word from a different semantic field. Concept / Approach: First recall the meaning of "pompous": a pompous person is self important, overly formal, and often speaks in a grand, showy way to impress others. An antonym must therefore describe someone who does not show off and who avoids self importance. That leads us naturally to words like "humble" and "modest". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Fix the definition of "pompous" in your mind: someone who behaves as if they are very important, often in a grand or affected way. Step 2: Examine "modern". This refers to the present time or to contemporary styles. It has no direct link to modesty or self importance, so it cannot be an antonym. Step 3: Look at "turgid". This usually describes writing or speech that is swollen, over complicated, and pompous. It is actually similar in tone, not opposite. Step 4: Check "modest". This means not talking too much about your achievements, being humble, and not trying to impress others. That is the opposite of pompous. Step 5: Consider "vain". A vain person is excessively proud of their appearance or achievements, which is quite close to being pompous, not the reverse. Verification / Alternative check: Try creating simple opposite pairs: Pompous speech is boastful and self important; modest speech is simple and not self praising. Pompous behaviour is showy and full of ego; modest behaviour is low key and humble. Thus, "modest" clearly serves as an antonym in personality description. The other options either have no connection to the idea or actually reinforce the negative quality. Why Other Options Are Wrong: modern: Relates to time and style, not to the level of self importance. turgid: Often used to criticise pompous and overblown writing, so it supports, not opposes, the idea. vain: Indicates excessive pride, which is closely related to pompous behaviour. Common Pitfalls: Some students choose any word that they recognise as difficult, thinking difficulty equals correctness. Others mix up synonyms and antonyms, especially when several negative words appear together. Always begin by clearly stating the meaning and emotional tone of the given word, then search specifically for a reverse idea rather than just a different one. Final Answer: The antonym of "pompous" is modest.

Question 4

Select the synonym of the word "clasp" when it means to hold something tightly.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question asks for a synonym of "clasp". In everyday English, "clasp" can be either a noun (a fastening device) or a verb (to hold something or someone tightly). Here the options given are clearly centred on the verb meaning, so you must select the word that is closest in sense to "hold firmly". Given Data / Assumptions: Word to match: "clasp". Options: "grip", "commute", "clemency", "acquittal". We assume the tested meaning is the common verb "to hold tightly". Concept / Approach: The best way to approach synonym questions is: Identify which part of speech (verb, noun, etc.) is relevant. Recall the core meaning of the target word. Eliminate options that belong to completely different semantic fields such as law or travel. "Clasp" as a verb is often used in phrases like "to clasp someone's hand" or "to clasp a child in one's arms". Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Fix the meaning of "clasp": to hold something or someone tightly, often with the hands. Step 2: Evaluate "grip". As a verb or noun, it means to take and keep a firm hold of something. This matches the action of clasping. Step 3: Examine "commute". It means to travel regularly between home and work or to change a punishment into a less severe one. There is no relation to holding something. Step 4: Check "clemency". This is a noun meaning mercy or leniency, particularly in legal or moral contexts. Step 5: Consider "acquittal", another legal noun meaning formal finding of not guilty in a trial. Step 6: Only "grip" aligns with the physical action described by "clasp". Verification / Alternative check: Substitute the choices in a sentence: "She clasped his hand" becomes "She gripped his hand", which retains both meaning and tone. But "She commuted his hand", "She gave clemency to his hand", or "She acquitted his hand" are all meaningless. This confirms that "grip" is the intended synonym in this question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: commute: Relates to travel or penalty reduction; completely different semantic field. clemency: Abstract noun about mercy, with no physical action of holding. acquittal: Legal term for declaring someone not guilty, again unrelated to physical holding. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates overthink and search for secondary or rare meanings instead of using the most common sense. Others may not recognise the legal terms and mistakenly think they are closer in meaning simply because they are unfamiliar. A strong reading habit helps you accurately identify which domain a word usually belongs to, making such eliminations much faster in the exam hall. Final Answer: The synonym of "clasp" in the sense of holding tightly is grip.

Question 5

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of the idiom "to bite the bullet".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The idiom "to bite the bullet" is commonly used in modern English, including newspapers, films, and everyday speech. The phrase has a historical background, but in present usage it has a stable figurative meaning. This question checks whether you know that idiomatic meaning, rather than guessing from the literal image of a bullet. Given Data / Assumptions: Idiom: "to bite the bullet". Options describe different kinds of difficult or serious situations. Only one option corresponds to the standard figurative sense that native speakers use. Concept / Approach: Historically, the phrase is often explained by the idea that soldiers or patients would literally bite on a bullet during painful medical procedures when no anaesthetic was available, so that they could endure the pain. In modern English, the idiom has shifted to mean forcing oneself to do something unpleasant or difficult, especially after having delayed it. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the established meaning: "to bite the bullet" means to finally accept and face a difficult or unpleasant task that you have been avoiding. Step 2: Examine option B: "To do something difficult that one has been hesitating over." This directly matches the idea of finally facing an unpleasant duty. Step 3: Look at option A: "Hatred should be nipped in the bud." This is a moral statement, not connected to the idiom. Step 4: Consider option C: "To punish someone who was later found to be not guilty." This refers to wrongful punishment and has no link to the idiom. Step 5: Evaluate option D: "To prevent someone form getting killed." This talks about saving a life, which is again unrelated. Step 6: By elimination and by meaning, option B is clearly correct. Verification / Alternative check: Think of typical usage: "I hate going to the dentist, but I will have to bite the bullet and make an appointment." Here, the speaker is forcing themselves to do something they dislike but cannot avoid. None of the other options fits well into such a sentence, while option B fits perfectly: it is a difficult task one has been hesitating over. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A: Explains a different proverb about stopping bad emotions early, not about facing difficulty. Option C: Describes a miscarriage of justice, which is very specific and does not match the idiom's sense. Option D: Involves rescuing someone, not accepting a tough personal duty. Common Pitfalls: Some learners are misled by the presence of the word "bullet" and assume the idiom must involve killing or preventing death. Others confuse it with phrases like "take the bullet" or "dodge a bullet". The safest approach is to remember that idioms often have meanings shifted far away from literal word pictures, so memorising them through repeated reading is helpful. Final Answer: "To bite the bullet" means to do something difficult that one has been hesitating over.

Question 6

Choose the one word that best substitutes the phrase "to shut a door, window, or lid forcefully and loudly".

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This one word substitution question focuses on a very common everyday action: closing a door, window, or lid with force and noise. In spoken and written English, there is a specific verb that captures this action. Recognising it helps you describe physical actions more precisely and naturally. Given Data / Assumptions: The phrase is: "to shut a door, window, or lid forcefully and loudly". The options are: to clam to strike to shutter to slam We assume that the question refers to a strong closure with sound, not just gentle closing. Concept / Approach: The key here is to recall commonly used verbs related to doors and windows. When you hear a loud bang because someone angrily or carelessly closes a door, you normally say that they "slammed" the door. Other options are either non standard or belong to different contexts (for example, hitting or adding shutters). Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the everyday phrase: "He slammed the door in my face." This describes closing it quickly, forcefully, and noisily. Step 2: Analyse option D: "to slam". This verb exactly means to shut something with force causing a loud noise. Step 3: Examine option A: "to clam". This is not standard as a transitive verb in this sense. "Clam up" is an idiom meaning to stop talking, but it does not refer to doors or windows. Step 4: Check option B: "to strike". It means to hit something, which is different from the focused act of closing a door, although closing may cause a strike-like noise. Step 5: Consider option C: "to shutter". As a verb, it can mean to close a business or to close shutters on windows, but the typical phrase for loud closure is not "shutter the door". Step 6: Therefore, the most precise and idiomatic verb is "to slam". Verification / Alternative check: Substitute each choice into example sentences: "She slammed the window shut" sounds natural and common. "She struck the window" changes the meaning to hitting the glass and may even imply breaking it. "She shuttered the window" would mean she closed added shutters, not necessarily with force and noise. "She clammed the window" is not acceptable English. This confirms that "slam" matches both the force and the loud sound mentioned in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: to clam: Not used as a standard verb for closing objects; related idiom "to clam up" concerns silence. to strike: Emphasises hitting, not closing. to shutter: Refers to adding or closing shutters or ending operations, not specifically to loud closure. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes choose uncommon or unfamiliar words thinking they must be the correct answer. However, many one word substitution questions actually rely on common everyday verbs. Be sure to trust well known and natural sounding expressions when they match the definition exactly. Final Answer: The best one word substitute is to slam.

Question 7

Rearrange the parts of the sentence to form a correct statement about a "stock versus flow" problem.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This jumbled sentence question deals with an economic or analytical phrase "stock versus flow". The sentence explains that focusing only on one part of this stock flow distinction can distort the overall picture. Your task is to arrange the segments in a grammatically correct and logically coherent order. Given Data / Assumptions: The base sentence is: "This too, is a classic P-\"\"stock versus flow\"\" problem, where Q-focusing only on the latter R-completely distorts the picture". The parts are: P: "stock versus flow\"\" problem, where" Q: "focusing only on the latter" R: "completely distorts the picture" We must place these segments correctly after the fixed initial phrase "This too, is a classic". Concept / Approach: The aim of such rearrangement questions is to maintain: Correct clause and phrase order. Logical linking words such as "where". Smooth reading from subject through verb to object or complement. The central structure should introduce the type of problem and then describe what happens when we focus only on the latter element. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Start with the provided beginning: "This too, is a classic". After that, we need to introduce what kind of problem it is. Step 2: Part P does this: "stock versus flow\"\" problem, where". It directly names the type of problem and introduces a subordinate clause with "where". So P should come immediately after the opening. Step 3: The clause beginning with "where" must explain what happens in this type of problem. That explanation starts naturally with an -ing phrase Q: "focusing only on the latter". Step 4: This -ing phrase needs a verb to complete its effect. Part R provides that verb phrase: "completely distorts the picture." Step 5: Combining them gives: "This too, is a classic stock versus flow problem, where focusing only on the latter completely distorts the picture." Step 6: The order used is P, then Q, then R, which corresponds to option D (PQR). Verification / Alternative check: Test other orders: PRQ: Would produce "...problem, where completely distorts the picture focusing only on the latter", which is ungrammatical. QRP: Starts with "focusing only on the latter", losing the necessary reference to the kind of problem. RPQ: Begins the description with "completely distorts the picture", leaving "where" too late or disconnected. Only PQR gives both grammatical correctness and logical explanation of the phrase "stock versus flow" problem. Why Other Options Are Wrong: QRP: Places the explanation about focusing on the latter before naming the problem, leaving the reader confused. RPQ: Attempts to begin with the result "completely distorts the picture" but without a clear subject. PRQ: Breaks the link between "where" and the participle phrase, causing grammatical and stylistic problems. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes focus only on meaning fragments and ignore where subordinate conjunctions like "where" and participle phrases should appear. A good strategy is to locate such linking elements and then ensure the explanation they introduce follows immediately in a logically consistent way. Final Answer: The correct arrangement is PQR, giving: "This too, is a classic stock versus flow problem, where focusing only on the latter completely distorts the picture."

Question 8

Convert the sentence "Veer said, \"I was playing football\"" into indirect speech by choosing the correct option.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests reported speech, also called indirect speech. The original sentence is in the past continuous tense, and the reporting verb "said" is in the simple past. You must apply the rules for changing direct speech to indirect speech, including tense backshifting and removal of quotation marks. Given Data / Assumptions: Direct speech: "Veer said, \"I was playing football\"." Reporting verb: "said" (simple past). Reported clause: "I was playing football" (first person, past continuous). No specific time reference in the original, so standard backshift rules apply. Concept / Approach: The key rules are: When the reporting verb is in the past tense, the verb in the reported clause is usually shifted one step back in time. Past continuous often changes to past perfect continuous in indirect speech. First person pronouns like "I" change according to the subject of the reporting verb, here "Veer". Quotation marks are removed and a conjunction such as "that" is added. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the original tense: "was playing" is past continuous. Step 2: Because "said" is in the past and no time marker fixes the time, we apply tense backshift: past continuous becomes past perfect continuous. Step 3: Past perfect continuous form of "play" is "had been playing". Step 4: Change the pronoun "I" to "he", since the speaker Veer is male and is being referred to in the third person. Step 5: Introduce the reported clause with "that". The sentence becomes: "Veer said that he had been playing football." Verification / Alternative check: Now examine the options: Option A: "Veer said he had been playing football." This is almost correct but omits "that". In many contexts it is acceptable, but exam patterns usually prefer explicit "that". Option B: "Veer said he was playing football." This keeps the verb in past continuous, ignoring the standard backshift rule. Option C: "Veer said that, that he was playing football." This is grammatically incorrect and includes an extra "that". Option D: "Veer said that he had been playing football." This follows all the rules correctly. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A: Acceptable in informal usage but does not match the strict rule that the exam wants, especially the explicit use of "that". Option B: Fails to backshift the tense, which is usually required when the reporting verb is in past tense. Option C: Contains a punctuation and repetition error and is not idiomatic English. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes forget to change the continuous tense to the perfect continuous. Another typical error is to leave the pronoun unchanged ("I") instead of converting it to "he" or "she". Building a habit of checking person, tense, and word order in each reported speech question can help avoid these mistakes. Final Answer: The correct indirect speech form is Veer said that he had been playing football.

Question 9

Identify the part of the sentence that contains an error in "At the party Rohit introduced me to his friend who is radio jockey."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Error spotting questions are designed to test your grasp of basic English grammar, especially articles, prepositions, verb forms, and sentence structure. In this sentence, you must identify which underlined part contains a grammatical mistake. The sentence talks about Rohit introducing the speaker to his friend at a party. Given Data / Assumptions: The sentence is divided into four parts: (A) At the party (B) Rohit introduced me to his friend (C) who is radio jockey. (D) No error You must find which part is incorrect or choose D if there is no error. Concept / Approach: The main grammar point here involves the use of articles (a, an, the) before singular countable nouns. Professions or designations usually require an article before them, for example "She is a teacher", "He is an engineer". The rest of the sentence structure appears standard and natural. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Examine part A: "At the party". This phrase correctly uses the article "the" and a preposition; it is grammatically fine. Step 2: Check part B: "Rohit introduced me to his friend". This is also correct: subject "Rohit", verb "introduced", indirect object "me", and object "his friend". Step 3: Look at part C: "who is radio jockey." The phrase describes the friend's profession. Standard English requires an article before a singular countable noun like "radio jockey". It should be "who is a radio jockey." Step 4: Therefore, the error lies in part C due to the missing article "a". Verification / Alternative check: Read the corrected full sentence: "At the party Rohit introduced me to his friend who is a radio jockey." This sounds natural and grammatically correct. If any other part had a serious error, the sentence would still feel wrong even after fixing part C, but that does not happen here. Parts A and B remain appropriate in grammar and meaning. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A: "At the party" is a correct prepositional phrase of time and place. Option B: "Rohit introduced me to his friend" has a correct verb and object structure. Option D: Cannot be chosen because we have already identified a clear error in part C. Common Pitfalls: Many students ignore article usage with professions and designations, especially in spoken English where people sometimes drop small words. Competitive exams, however, follow standard written grammar and expect forms like "a doctor", "an engineer", "a radio jockey". Make it a habit to mentally insert an article every time you see a singular countable noun used as a complement after "is" or "was". Final Answer: The error is in part C, because it should read "who is a radio jockey".

Question 10

Fill in the blank in the sentence "Expectant mothers are more ________ to lung damage due to smoking." with the most appropriate word.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This sentence completion question is about choosing a word that correctly describes the increased risk experienced by expectant mothers when exposed to smoking. The context is health, and the sentence states that these mothers are "more ________ to lung damage". You must pick a word that naturally fits with "to lung damage" and accurately conveys susceptibility. Given Data / Assumptions: The sentence is: "Expectant mothers are more ________ to lung damage due to smoking." The options are: vulnerable disposed sensitive affected We assume the sentence aims to highlight higher risk or susceptibility in pregnant women. Concept / Approach: The key phrase to recognise is "more ________ to lung damage". In health and safety contexts, English commonly uses adjectives like "vulnerable to", "prone to", or "susceptible to" when talking about likely harm. Other options might fit grammatically but do not create a standard collocation or do not express the same nuance. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Examine "vulnerable". It means exposed to the possibility of being harmed, physically or emotionally. The phrase "vulnerable to lung damage" is natural and clearly conveys that expectant mothers can be harmed more easily. Step 2: Check "disposed". The usual phrase is "disposed to" when referring to tendencies or attitudes, for example "disposed to help". It is not normally used for physical harm like lung damage. Step 3: Look at "sensitive". We often say "sensitive to smoke" or "sensitive to criticism", focusing on reactions. "Sensitive to lung damage" is not a standard phrase. Step 4: Consider "affected". We say "affected by lung damage", not "affected to lung damage". The preposition with "affected" would be wrong here. Step 5: Therefore, "vulnerable" is both semantically correct and collocationally strong. Verification / Alternative check: Substitute the options in the sentence: "Expectant mothers are more vulnerable to lung damage due to smoking." This sounds natural and precise. "More disposed to lung damage" is awkward and not idiomatic. "More sensitive to lung damage" is not the standard expression; we talk about sensitivity to smoke rather than to the damage itself. "More affected to lung damage" is grammatically incorrect; we would use "affected by". This confirms that "vulnerable" is the best choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: disposed: Typically followed by "to" in contexts of mental tendency, not physical injury. sensitive: Works well with stimuli like "light" or "smoke" but not with "damage" as the object. affected: Requires the preposition "by" and describes a state after harm, not susceptibility before harm. Common Pitfalls: Students may be tempted by "sensitive" because it is commonly used in healthcare contexts, but subtle collocation differences matter. When reading English health articles, notice that "vulnerable to" or "at risk of" are standard for describing groups more likely to suffer harm. Memorising such patterns will greatly improve your performance in similar questions. Final Answer: The correct word is vulnerable, giving "Expectant mothers are more vulnerable to lung damage due to smoking."

Question 11

Identify the part of the sentence that contains an error in "Sarah's father, died of heart attack at a very young age."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This error spotting question asks you to analyse a sentence about Sarah's father dying at a young age. The test checks whether you can identify incorrect or missing articles and other small but important grammar features. Mastery of such details is essential for scoring well in English usage sections of competitive examinations. Given Data / Assumptions: The sentence is divided into parts: (A) Sarah's father, died (B) of heart attack at (C) a very young age. (D) No error Your task is to choose the part containing the error. Punctuation (the comma) is not usually the focus in such questions; article use is more commonly tested. Concept / Approach: The key grammar rule here is that singular countable nouns like "heart attack" require an article when they are used in a general statement. Standard English expressions are "die of a heart attack" or "die of a heart disease". Without the article "a", the phrase sounds incomplete and non standard. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Look at part A: "Sarah's father, died". The comma is not ideal, but exam questions in this format generally focus on more obvious grammatical errors rather than minor punctuation. The phrase "Sarah's father died" is otherwise acceptable. Step 2: Examine part B: "of heart attack at". The expression "of heart attack" is missing the article "a". The natural phrase is "of a heart attack". Step 3: Check part C: "a very young age." This is grammatically correct; "at a very young age" is a standard phrase. Step 4: Conclusion: the clearest grammatical error that examiners want is in part B. Verification / Alternative check: Read the corrected full sentence: "Sarah's father died of a heart attack at a very young age." This sounds completely natural and follows standard English usage. If we only removed the comma but kept "of heart attack", the sentence would still feel off. This confirms that the missing article in part B is the primary tested error. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A: While the comma after "father" is stylistically unnecessary, such punctuation issues are rarely the target in this type of question. Option C: "At a very young age" is standard and correct. Option D: Cannot be chosen because we have identified a specific grammatical mistake in part B. Common Pitfalls: Candidates often overlook article usage in prepositional phrases following verbs like "died of", "suffered from", or "recovered from". Another pitfall is to treat punctuation as the main error even when a more fundamental grammar issue is present. In exam conditions, always prioritise clear grammatical rules about articles, tenses, and prepositions before focusing on commas and stylistic punctuation. Final Answer: The error is in part B, because the phrase should read "died of a heart attack at a very young age".

Question 12

Select the correctly spelled English word from the following options.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is another spelling recognition question. You must identify which of the given options is spelled correctly in standard English. The ability to spot whether a commonly used word is spelled properly is important in formal writing and in objective English sections of competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: Options provided are: "circulate" "cordonned" "binommial" "fontannel" Exactly one is correct and the others contain spelling errors such as extra letters or incorrect vowel combinations. Concept / Approach: The method is similar to other spelling questions: Recall where you have seen the word in books or newspapers. Break the word into root and suffix, checking if that pattern is familiar. Be cautious about double letters, as they are frequently used to create distractors. "Circulate" is a very common verb used in many contexts: blood circulation, circulating information, circulating air, and so on. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Consider "circulate". This is a widely used and correctly spelled verb meaning to move around or to distribute. Step 2: Examine "cordonned". This seems to be a distorted form of "cordoned" (as in "cordoned off"), which is spelled with one "n" after the "o". Step 3: Look at "binommial". It closely resembles "binomial", a word from mathematics. The correct spelling is "binomial", not "binommial". Step 4: Review "fontannel". This appears related to "fontanelle", a term for the soft spot on a baby's skull. The given form is misspelled. Step 5: Thus, "circulate" stands out as the only correctly spelled word. Verification / Alternative check: You can also think about derivatives: "Circulation", "circular", and "circulatory" all share the root "circul-", confirming that "circulate" is consistent. "Cordoned off" is the correct phrase in reports about police or security; you will rarely see "cordonned" in standard writing. "Binomial theorem" is the standard term in algebra, not "binommial theorem". "Fontanelle" is the medical spelling, so "fontannel" is incorrect. Why Other Options Are Wrong: cordonned: Uses an extra "n" and alters the standard form "cordoned". binommial: Doubles the "m" which is not done in "binomial". fontannel: Misses the ending "le" and modifies the correct term "fontanelle". Common Pitfalls: Sometimes candidates doubt very familiar words like "circulate" and become suspicious of them simply because the other options look technical or medical. Remember that exam setters purposely create strange looking distractors, but the correct answer may be a very ordinary everyday word. Final Answer: The correctly spelled word is circulate.

Question 13

Improve the underlined part in the sentence "The footballers (has been) arguing with the coach since morning." by choosing the correct verb form.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This sentence improvement question tests subject verb agreement and correct use of present perfect continuous tense. The sentence describes an action that started in the past (since morning) and continues up to the present time. The subject "The footballers" is clearly plural, so the verb phrase must agree with that. Given Data / Assumptions: The original sentence is: "The footballers has been arguing with the coach since morning." The options for the underlined part "has been" are: was had been have been no improvement We assume the intended meaning is that the arguing started in the morning and is still going on or has very recently stopped. Concept / Approach: The important grammar points are: Plural subject "footballers" requires a plural auxiliary verb "have", not "has". The phrase "since morning" signals that present perfect or present perfect continuous is appropriate when the action extends to the present. "Has been arguing" is singular; "have been arguing" is plural. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the subject: "The footballers" is plural because it refers to more than one player. Step 2: Recognise that the action started in the morning and continues: "since morning" typically goes with perfect tenses. Step 3: The structure needed is plural present perfect continuous: "have been arguing". Step 4: Compare options: "was" (simple past, singular), "had been" (past perfect), and "no improvement" (retaining incorrect "has been"). Only "have been" fits both number and tense requirements. Verification / Alternative check: Try the corrected sentence: "The footballers have been arguing with the coach since morning." This clearly expresses that the group of players started arguing earlier and the arguing has lasted up to now. If we try "was arguing", the subject verb agreement fails. "Had been arguing" would place the entire activity before some other past reference point, which is not indicated in the sentence. Why Other Options Are Wrong: was: Singular and in simple past, so it disagrees with plural "footballers" and loses the continuation idea. had been: Past perfect continuous, which would require another past time marker ("before the match began") that is not present. no improvement: Keeps "has been", which is singular and therefore grammatically incorrect with a plural subject. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes focus only on the tense keyword "since" and forget to check the subject. Others overuse "had been" whenever they see "since" or "for", but that is only correct when the reference point is in the past. Build a habit of first matching the subject and auxiliary, then choosing the correct tense for the time context. Final Answer: The correct improvement is have been, giving "The footballers have been arguing with the coach since morning."

Question 14

Decide whether the phrase "(for the past)" in the sentence "She has not been well for the past few months" needs improvement, and choose the correct option.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This sentence improvement question tests your understanding of time expressions used with the present perfect continuous tense. The sentence reports a health condition that has lasted over a period of months. You must decide whether the phrase "for the past" is correct in that context or whether one of the suggested alternatives is better. Given Data / Assumptions: The sentence is: "She has not been well for the past few months." The bracketed phrase to be checked is "(for the past)". The options are: since the past for past since the last no improvement We assume the speaker wants to refer to a period of some months that extends up to now. Concept / Approach: The key grammar rules are: Use "for" with a duration, such as "for two hours", "for several years", "for the past few months". Use "since" with a starting point in time, such as "since 2010", "since last week". The phrase "the past few months" is itself a duration phrase that already implies a continuous stretch of time up to the present. Therefore, "for the past few months" is a standard and correct expression. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the tense: "has not been well" is present perfect continuous in sense (even though "been" looks like perfect) because it describes a continuing state. Step 2: Recognise that "the past few months" is a duration phrase, not a specific starting date. Step 3: The preposition "for" is correctly used with durations; thus "for the past few months" is grammatically fine. Step 4: Check alternatives: "since the past few months" is incorrect because "since" does not go with a duration phrase of this type. Step 5: "for past few months" removes the article "the" and sounds incomplete; the natural phrase includes "the". Step 6: "since the last few months" is also awkward; usually we say "for the last few months" or "for the past few months". Step 7: Therefore, no change is needed. Verification / Alternative check: Compare these correct model sentences: "She has been ill for the past few days." "He has worked here for the last ten years." Both follow the pattern "has/have + past participle + for the past/last + duration". The question sentence fits exactly into this model. Substituting any suggested alternative makes the sentence sound unnatural and grammatically doubtful. Why Other Options Are Wrong: since the past: Incomplete and incorrect; "since" needs a specific point in time such as "since Monday". for past: Missing the definite article "the" and thus unidiomatic. since the last: Would require an additional noun ("since the last summer") and still would not match the original meaning exactly. Common Pitfalls: Many learners get confused between "for" and "since" whenever they see a reference to time. A safe rule is: if what follows is a clear duration (few months, two years, several weeks), use "for". If what follows is a specific calendar point (2015, last Monday, Diwali), use "since". Remembering this distinction will help you quickly solve many similar questions. Final Answer: The phrase is already correct, so the answer is no improvement, and the sentence should remain "She has not been well for the past few months."

Question 15

In the following question, choose the one-word substitute for the phrase: sums of money expressed in a specified monetary unit.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This English vocabulary question tests your knowledge of one-word substitutes. The phrase given is sums of money expressed in a specified monetary unit, and you must identify the single word that captures this idea accurately and concisely. Questions of this type are common in competitive exams because they check precision of language and your familiarity with formal banking and financial terminology. Given Data / Assumptions: The phrase describes sums of money. These sums are expressed in a particular monetary unit, such as rupees or dollars. We need a standard English noun used in finance or everyday usage. Only one option should fully match the meaning of the phrase. Concept / Approach: The key idea is that each individual amount of money, when expressed in a particular currency, is called a denomination. For example, ten rupees, fifty rupees, or one hundred rupees are different denominations of currency. The phrase sums of money expressed in a specified monetary unit clearly refers to such denominations. The correct option must therefore be closely linked to this technical usage, rather than a general word for money or income. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the core concept in the phrase: specific sums of money related to a monetary unit.Step 2: Recall that the standard word for different fixed values in a currency is denominations.Step 3: Compare each option with this meaning and remove those that refer to general income or transfers.Step 4: Confirm that denominations precisely fits sums of money expressed in a specified monetary unit.Step 5: Select denominations as the correct one-word substitute. Verification / Alternative check: Think of how we talk about currencies in daily life. We say that a currency note is of a particular denomination, such as a ten rupee note or a fifty rupee note. We do not call it a deposit, revenue, or investment. Standard dictionaries also define denomination in finance as a named or stated value of a currency or bond, which matches the phrase in the question. This confirms that denominations is the most accurate and conventional choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: deposits: This refers to money placed in a bank account, not to the units of currency in which the money is expressed. remittances: This means money sent from one place to another, usually across regions or countries, and does not mean sums expressed in particular units. revenues: This refers to income, especially of a government or business, and is about earnings, not currency values. investments: This means money put into assets to gain profit and is not about the face value of the money itself. Common Pitfalls: Candidates sometimes get distracted by general money related words like revenue or deposits because they sound financial. However, the question is not asking about income or savings, but about how money is expressed in terms of units like rupees or dollars. Another common error is to ignore the phrase expressed in a specified monetary unit, which is the exact clue pointing to denominations. Final Answer: The correct one-word substitute for the phrase sums of money expressed in a specified monetary unit is denominations.

Question 16

Change the voice of the following sentence. Choose the correct passive form of the sentence: The storm destroyed several huts in the village.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This grammar question tests your understanding of how to transform a sentence from Active voice to Passive voice without changing the basic meaning or tense. The original sentence is The storm destroyed several huts in the village. You must choose the passive form that correctly preserves the simple past tense and the relationship between the subject, verb, and object. Given Data / Assumptions: Active sentence: The storm destroyed several huts in the village. Subject in the active sentence: the storm. Object in the active sentence: several huts in the village. Tense: simple past (destroyed). We need a passive sentence with the object in subject position and the agent introduced by by. Concept / Approach: In English, to convert an active sentence in simple past tense to passive, we generally follow the pattern: object + was or were + past participle of the verb + by + subject. The verb destroyed is in the simple past and its past participle is also destroyed. The plural noun huts requires the auxiliary verb were in the passive form. The phrase in the village must stay with huts to preserve the original meaning. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the object in the active sentence: several huts in the village.Step 2: Bring this object to the beginning of the passive sentence: Several huts in the village.Step 3: Choose the correct auxiliary verb for plural subject in simple past passive: were.Step 4: Use the past participle of destroy, which is destroyed.Step 5: Add the agent with by and keep the subject the storm at the end: by the storm. The full sentence becomes Several huts in the village were destroyed by the storm. Verification / Alternative check: Check tense first. The original verb destroyed is simple past, so the passive must use was or were. Because huts is plural, we need were. Next, confirm that the meaning is preserved: the same storm causes the same action on the same huts, and the place in the village is still clear. Option D satisfies all these conditions. Reading the sentence aloud also confirms that it sounds natural and grammatically correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The storm in the village had destroyed several huts: This remains active voice and changes the tense to past perfect, so it does not answer the question. Several huts in the village have been destroyed by the storm: This changes the tense to present perfect, which is incorrect for a past event already completed. The storm was destructive for the several huts in the village: This is not a proper passive structure and sounds awkward because it uses an adjective instead of a passive verb phrase. Several huts in the village are destroyed by the storm: This uses present tense are destroyed, which does not match the original past tense destroyed. Common Pitfalls: Students often forget to match the tense of the passive sentence with that of the active sentence, or they choose the wrong auxiliary verb for singular and plural subjects. Another frequent mistake is selecting an answer that rewrites the sentence but remains in active voice. Always check tense, subject verb agreement, and the correct passive pattern object + be + past participle + by + subject. Final Answer: The correct passive form of the sentence is Several huts in the village were destroyed by the storm.

Question 17

In the following passage about voting behaviour, select the word that best completes the blank in the sentence: "But what does this enthusiasm for voting actually _________?"

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This reading comprehension and vocabulary question is based on a passage about voting behaviour. You are asked to choose the word that best fits the blank in the sentence But what does this enthusiasm for voting actually _________? The task checks your sense of context, collocation, and meaning, especially with verbs commonly used in analytical or argumentative writing. Given Data / Assumptions: The sentence is part of a discussion about enthusiasm for voting. The writer is trying to explore what this enthusiasm means or represents. The blank requires a verb that fits grammatically and semantically. We must choose from the options answer, signify, ponder, suppose, question. The overall tone is formal and analytical. Concept / Approach: In analytical writing, when we ask what something actually means or represents, we commonly use verbs like signify, indicate, or represent. The verb signify means to mean, to be a sign of, or to represent something. The other options either do not fit grammatically with the object this enthusiasm for voting or do not convey the intended idea of what it stands for. Therefore, we must look for the verb that naturally collocates with what does this X actually and smoothly continues the author's reasoning. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Rewrite the sentence mentally with each option: what does this enthusiasm for voting actually answer, signify, ponder, suppose, or question.Step 2: Notice that answer usually needs a direct question or problem, and ponder means to think deeply, which does not fit as a direct object here.Step 3: Suppose usually takes a clause, as in suppose that, and question is typically used as a verb with an object that is a fact or statement.Step 4: Signify, on the other hand, naturally fits an abstract object such as enthusiasm and directly expresses the idea of what it means or indicates.Step 5: Conclude that signify best captures the writer's intention and fits the grammatical structure of the sentence. Verification / Alternative check: You can test the answer by replacing the blank in the full sentence: But what does this enthusiasm for voting actually signify. This sounds natural, formal, and logically consistent with someone analysing voter behaviour. If you try answer or ponder, the sentence becomes awkward and does not express the idea of meaning or representation. Therefore, signify is the only choice that maintains both meaning and grammatical correctness. Why Other Options Are Wrong: answer: This verb would usually take a direct object such as a question or a need. Enthusiasm cannot literally answer something in this context. ponder: Meaning to think about something deeply, ponder is not used as a verb that directly describes what enthusiasm does. suppose: This normally introduces an assumption or clause, such as suppose that, and does not fit after what does this enthusiasm actually. question: To question means to doubt or challenge. Enthusiasm for voting does not question something here, it is being questioned by the author. Common Pitfalls: Many learners ignore collocation and simply pick any verb that seems vaguely academic. Another common mistake is to choose answer because the sentence is itself a question, but grammatically and semantically that does not make sense. Always read the whole sentence aloud and ask whether the subject and verb together form a natural and meaningful unit in the context. Final Answer: The word that best completes the blank is signify.

Question 18

In the same passage on voting behaviour, select the word that correctly completes the sentence: "One popular theory _________ that poor people vote because they are intimidated into doing so."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question continues the passage on voting behaviour and focuses on the correct verb to describe what a theory does. The sentence is One popular theory _________ that poor people vote because they are intimidated into doing so. In formal English, theories do something specific: they suggest, advance, or propose explanations. The question tests your understanding of such academic collocations and your ability to choose the verb that best fits both meaning and grammar. Given Data / Assumptions: The subject is One popular theory. We need a verb that takes a that clause. The clause following the verb is that poor people vote because they are intimidated into doing so. Options are poses, supposes, disposes, proposes, composes. The passage is about political and social analysis, so the style is formal and academic. Concept / Approach: In academic writing, theories usually propose explanations or hypotheses. The verb propose is commonly followed by a that clause, such as the theory proposes that. Other verbs in the list have different meanings: pose is used for problems or questions, suppose is about assuming something, dispose is about getting rid of or arranging, and compose is about creating or forming something. Only propose naturally fits the context of a theory and the grammar of a that clause. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the phrase One popular theory and recall typical verbs used with theory, such as states, suggests, proposes.Step 2: Check which given option can logically introduce a that clause describing an explanation.Step 3: Test each option: theory poses that, supposes that, disposes that, proposes that, composes that.Step 4: Notice that only proposes that sounds natural and commonly appears in formal writing.Step 5: Choose proposes as the verb that best fits both the meaning and the grammatical structure. Verification / Alternative check: If you replace the blank with proposes, the sentence reads smoothly: One popular theory proposes that poor people vote because they are intimidated into doing so. This is a standard academic phrasing. None of the other verbs are used with theory in this way. For example, a theory does not usually pose that something is true; it might pose a question, but not a statement. This confirms that proposes is the only fully correct option. Why Other Options Are Wrong: poses: We say pose a question or pose a problem, not pose that. It does not collocate with theory in this structure. supposes: This verb is more about an individual assuming something and is rarely used with theory as the subject in formal writing. disposes: This means gets rid of or arranges and has no connection to a theory giving an explanation. composes: This means creates or writes, as in compose music, and does not fit the idea of what a theory does. Common Pitfalls: Students often pick poses by confusing it with proposes, especially because they look similar. Another mistake is to choose supposes because of the that clause, but theory supposes that is not idiomatic academic English. Always consider typical collocations and not just whether a verb can grammatically precede that. Final Answer: The correct word to complete the sentence is proposes.

Question 19

In the passage on voting behaviour, choose the correct verb form to complete the sentence: "One popular theory proposes that poor people ________ because they are intimidated into doing so."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This grammar and usage question is based on the same passage about voting. The sentence is One popular theory proposes that poor people ________ because they are intimidated into doing so. You must select the correct verb form to maintain tense agreement and express a general truth about voting behaviour. Given Data / Assumptions: Reporting verb: proposes, which is in simple present. Subordinate clause: that poor people ________ because they are intimidated. The statement describes a general pattern or tendency, not a single completed event. Options: vote, are voting, have voted, voted, will vote. Concept / Approach: When we use a verb like proposes to introduce a general theory about human behaviour, the clause following that usually uses the simple present to express a habitual or general action. Poor people vote because they are intimidated describes a supposed regular pattern. Progressive, perfect, or future tenses would distort this meaning and suggest a specific time frame, which is not intended in a theory statement. Therefore, the verb form must be vote in simple present. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the main verb proposes and note that it presents a general theory.Step 2: Understand that the clause about poor people is describing a regular tendency, not a single incident.Step 3: Recall that general truths and habits are expressed in simple present.Step 4: Test each option in the sentence: poor people vote, are voting, have voted, voted, will vote.Step 5: Confirm that only vote in simple present conveys a general habit that matches the meaning of a theory. Verification / Alternative check: Read the full sentence using vote: One popular theory proposes that poor people vote because they are intimidated into doing so. This sounds natural and reflects a general claim about behaviour. Using are voting or have voted makes it sound like a temporary or completed action tied to a particular election, while the passage is clearly discussing voting patterns in general. This confirms that vote is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: are voting: Present continuous suggests an action happening now or around now, which does not fit a long term theory. have voted: Present perfect indicates completed actions up to now and does not express a general tendency. voted: Simple past would refer to a particular election or time in the past, which is not the focus here. will vote: Future tense suggests prediction about a coming election, not a general explanation offered by a theory. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes choose continuous or perfect tenses because they sound more complex or formal. However, in academic writing, simple present is the standard tense for general truths, theories, and regularly observed patterns. Always match the tense to the type of statement being made: specific events versus general behaviour. Final Answer: The correct verb form is vote.

Question 20

In the passage on voting behaviour, select the word that best completes the sentence: "Another theory is that people vote in return for ___________."

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question again refers to the passage on voting and asks you to select the most suitable noun to complete the phrase people vote in return for ___________. The passage is explaining different theories about why people vote, including one that connects voting behaviour to material benefits or temptations offered before elections. The correct choice must express this idea accurately and formally. Given Data / Assumptions: The sentence says Another theory is that people vote in return for something. The context is election campaigns and voter behaviour. The options are bribes, favours, inducements, help, services. The passage is written in a formal analytical tone. Concept / Approach: In political science and election studies, inducements is a common term used for benefits, gifts, or incentives offered to persuade people to act in a particular way, such as voting for a candidate. It is more formal and neutral than bribes and matches the style of an academic passage. The correct word must cover both material benefits and other persuasive offers, without necessarily implying an illegal act. Inducements therefore fits best. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand that the sentence describes a theory that links voting to receiving benefits.Step 2: Recognise that we need a noun that refers broadly to incentives or benefits offered to voters.Step 3: Compare bribes, favours, inducements, help, and services in terms of meaning and tone.Step 4: Notice that inducements refers exactly to offers that are designed to persuade someone to do something.Step 5: Choose inducements because it fits both the political context and the formal style of the passage. Verification / Alternative check: Insert inducements into the sentence: Another theory is that people vote in return for inducements. This is a standard expression in discussions of clientelism and vote buying. If you substitute bribes the sentence becomes more specific and legally charged, while the original passage is describing theories calmly and neutrally. Favours, help, and services are too vague or informal to capture the precise idea of deliberate incentives offered before an election. Why Other Options Are Wrong: bribes: This word is very strong and specifically refers to illegal or corrupt payments. The passage uses a more neutral, academic term. favours: Favours can be personal or social, not specifically linked to systematic electoral benefits. help: This is too general and does not necessarily imply a transactional motive linked to voting behaviour. services: This might refer to work or assistance provided, but it does not clearly indicate persuasive offers before voting. Common Pitfalls: Many candidates jump to bribes because they associate elections with corruption. However, exam passages often prefer neutral terms and may be talking about both legal and illegal benefits. It is important to read the tone and style of the passage and choose words like inducements that match that tone while still conveying the idea of incentives. Final Answer: The correct word to complete the sentence is inducements.

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