Question 1

Reading comprehension – mindfulness passage: what is the main benefit of the “mindful citizen” exercise described by the author?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The question is based on the same passage about mindfulness, community, and healing. The author introduces a specific activity called the “mindful citizen” exercise. This exercise requires participants to create a story about who they are as individuals within communities, and the passage explains how it affects their attitudes toward society and themselves. The exam asks you to identify the central benefit attributed to this exercise. Given Data / Assumptions: The passage states that: - Through the “mindful citizen” exercise, participants articulate who they are as individuals who are also part of communities. - This process helps them move beyond cynicism, complacency, and despair. - Instead, it infuses them with a sense of purpose. - The larger aim is to promote a sense of common humanity and social justice. Concept / Approach: The key phrase here is the sentence describing the emotional and motivational effect: the exercise helps us move beyond negative states and gives us a sense of purpose. The question asks what the exercise helps us in, so the correct answer should capture this positive transformation. The wrong options simply restate the negative states that the exercise is meant to overcome. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Find the sentence mentioning the “mindful citizen” exercise and its effects. Step 2: Notice that three negative qualities are listed: cynicism, complacency, and despair. Step 3: Observe that the exercise helps us move beyond those qualities and instead gives us a sense of purpose. Step 4: Choose the answer that directly describes this positive outcome, not the negative states. Verification / Alternative check: Ask yourself: If I summarise the effect of the exercise in one short phrase, what would it be? A concise summary is that it helps participants discover or deepen their sense of purpose as mindful citizens engaged in social justice. Option d expresses exactly this idea, which confirms the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option a) “To be cynical” is the opposite of what the passage says. The exercise is specifically meant to help people move beyond cynicism. Option b) “Live in despair” also contradicts the text, which clearly states that the exercise helps them move beyond despair. Option c) “Be complacent” is again one of the negative attitudes that the exercise helps to overcome, not a goal that it encourages. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes just pick a word they remember from the passage, such as “cynicism” or “despair”, without reading the full sentence that describes moving beyond these states. It is crucial to read the entire statement, paying attention to verbs like “move beyond” and “instead infusing”, which reverse the negative terms that come before them. Final Answer: It gives us a renewed sense of purpose in life.

Question 2

Reading comprehension – mindfulness passage: how can students replace their anger and distrust, according to the author?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question refers to a key claim in the passage about mindful communities and healing. The author describes how students like Shirley and Tiffany bridge their divides and transform anger and distrust. The main tool mentioned is the cultivation of compassionate connections, which emerge through mindful listening, story sharing, and acknowledging commonalities and wounds. Given Data / Assumptions: According to the passage: - Students practice seeing and listening to one another. - They share stories that, at first, highlight differences but ultimately reveal deep commonalities. - The author says that students can bridge divides and replace anger and distrust with compassionate connections. - These small groups are described as “healing communities”. Concept / Approach: The question centres on a direct phrase from the passage: replacing anger and distrust with compassionate connections. The correct option should reflect this exact transformation, not introduce unrelated strategies like meditation or physical exercise. Reading comprehension often demands that you distinguish between what you think might help in real life and what the author specifically states in the text. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the sentence that talks about bridging divides and changing anger and distrust into something positive. Step 2: Note that the author uses the expression “compassionate connections” as the positive opposite of anger and distrust. Step 3: Understand that these connections are created through mindful listening, story sharing, and recognising shared humanity. Step 4: Compare the options and select the one that explicitly refers to compassionate connections. Verification / Alternative check: Rephrasing the relevant line in your own words can help: “With this exercise, students can bridge their divides and replace anger and distrust with relationships grounded in compassion.” Option a is essentially this idea in a shorter form, confirming it as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option b) “By simply diverting their minds to other activities” is not supported by the passage. The author emphasizes deeper engagement and connection rather than distraction. Option c) “By going into deep meditation in isolation” does not align with the communal and relational focus of the text. The passage stresses shared exercises and group storytelling, not solitary retreat. Option d) “By doing intense physical exercise” is never mentioned. While exercise may help mood in real life, it is irrelevant to the author's specifically described process. Common Pitfalls: Students may project their own ideas about managing anger, such as meditation or exercise, onto the passage. However, reading comprehension questions are not about personal opinions but about what the text explicitly states. Keeping that distinction clear will prevent you from choosing attractive but incorrect options. Final Answer: By forming compassionate connections with others.

Question 3

Reading comprehension – mindfulness passage: what created the strong connection between Shirley and Tiffany in the “healing community” described?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Within the mindfulness passage, Shirley and Tiffany are used as a concrete example of how the “healing communities” model works. Initially, there is distance and uncertainty between them, but over time they develop a deep connection. The question asks you to identify exactly what led to that strong connection: was it merely different stories, or some deeper common ground that they discovered? Given Data / Assumptions: The passage explains that: - Shirley returned to class and kept some distance from Tiffany at first. - Over weeks, they practiced seeing and listening to each other. - They shared stories that were very different, which initially made them unsure how to bridge the gap. - Acknowledging their differences eventually helped them find deep connections in common experiences, such as being raised by grandmothers and shared childhood wounds. Concept / Approach: The author is illustrating how acknowledging both differences and commonalities can build authentic relationships. The question centres on the phrase “deep connection in commonalities”, which is crucial. While sharing different stories begins the process, it is the discovery of shared elements and similar wounds that truly creates a strong bond. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Reread the portion of the passage focusing on Shirley and Tiffany. Step 2: Notice that their stories are initially very different, which creates confusion about bridging the gap. Step 3: Pay attention to the turning point where the text says that acknowledging differences led them to discover deep connection in commonalities, including being raised by grandmothers and having similar traumatic experiences. Step 4: Select the option that highlights this discovery of shared experiences as the reason for their strong connection. Verification / Alternative check: Ask yourself: What is the “key moment” in their relationship development according to the passage? The answer is when they recognise that, beneath their different stories, they share similar backgrounds and emotional wounds. Only option b accurately summarises that key moment. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option a) “Simply sharing different stories without reflection” describes only the beginning. The text emphasises that at first the very difference of their stories made them unsure how to connect. The connection came later, through commonalities. Option c) “Discussion on fairy tale stories” is never mentioned and is therefore irrelevant. Option d) “Sharing their horror experience of past” is misleading: while they do acknowledge wounds and trauma, the passage mentions broader commonalities such as being raised by grandmothers. The focus is on shared life patterns, not just horror stories. Common Pitfalls: Students might latch onto the phrase “sharing stories so different” and choose an option that exaggerates difference instead of noticing that the text then moves on to commonalities. Reading the whole sequence of events, not just the first half of the sentence, is essential for correct comprehension. Final Answer: Discovering commonalities in their stories and experiences

Question 4

Reading comprehension – mindfulness passage: what is the meaning of the term “pedagogical practice” as used in the context of healing communities?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This vocabulary-based question appears in the same passage about mindfulness, community, and healing. Near the end, the author states that the described communities show a way of reducing prejudice and fostering inclusion “based in psychology research and pedagogical practice”. The term “pedagogical” comes from the field of education and teaching, and the question asks you to identify its correct meaning in this context. Given Data / Assumptions: The passage: - Describes small student groups as “healing communities”. - Mentions that these communities reduce prejudice and foster inclusion. - States that this approach is based on psychology research and pedagogical practice. - Uses the word “pedagogical” in connection with research and practice in a learning environment. Concept / Approach: Words ending in “-gogical” often relate to teaching. The root “pedagogue” historically refers to a teacher or tutor. In educational contexts, “pedagogical practice” refers to methods, strategies, and activities that teachers use to foster learning. Because the passage is about a classroom-based exercise, it makes sense that the author would refer to teaching practices here. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note the academic tone of the phrase “psychology research and pedagogical practice”. Both terms sound technical and are tied to education and social sciences. Step 2: Recall that the passage describes class exercises and student groups, which clearly situate the discussion in an educational setting. Step 3: Recognise that “pedagogical” is related to pedagogy, the art or science of teaching. Step 4: Choose the option that reflects teaching methods and educational practice. Verification / Alternative check: You can confirm your understanding by substituting “teaching practice” for “pedagogical practice” in the sentence: “These communities show a way of reducing prejudice and fostering inclusion based in psychology research and teaching practice.” The sentence still makes perfect sense and fits the context of education. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option a) “Going on foot rather than using any transport” is unrelated to the context and confuses “pedagogical” with words about foot travel, which is incorrect etymologically here. Option b) “Related to child behaviour” is too narrow and slightly misdirected. While pedagogy often involves children, the term itself specifically refers to teaching approaches, not just behaviour. Option c) “Mindful games” is not an accurate synonym. Although games might be part of some pedagogical strategies, the word encompasses much more than games and does not mean games by itself. Common Pitfalls: A common error is to guess based on surface associations, such as confusing “ped” with words about feet, or assuming that any word used near “psychology” must relate to mental states. Instead, building a habit of recognising common roots like “pedagogue” helps in handling academic vocabulary more confidently. Final Answer: Methods and activities relating to teaching and education

Question 5

Reading comprehension – Mahatma Gandhi passage: identifying the person referred to as “he” in the opening sentence of the passage.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is based on a passage about a well-known peaceful political dissident from Gujarat. The first sentence refers to a “wiry, bespectacled man from Gujarat” and uses the pronoun “he”. Shortly afterwards, the passage explicitly names this person as Mohandas Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi. The question asks you to identify who this “he” is. Given Data / Assumptions: The passage states: - “He wasn't the first, nor would he be the last, but the wiry, bespectacled man from Gujarat is certainly the most famous of the world's peaceful political dissidents.” - It then immediately adds that Mohandas Gandhi, affectionately called Mahatma, led India's independence movement. - The description includes details like leading India's independence in the 1930s and 1940s with non-violent protest. Concept / Approach: Pronoun reference questions test your attention to how a passage introduces and then names a character. Normally, a passage first describes a person and then reveals the name. When the name appears, it links back to the earlier pronoun. The test-taker should connect the descriptive clues (origin, actions, era) to the appropriate historical figure among the options. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Read the first sentence carefully and note the description: a wiry man from Gujarat, famous for peaceful political dissidence. Step 2: Immediately check the next sentence, where the passage openly names Mohandas Gandhi, also known as Mahatma. Step 3: Recognise that the pronoun “he” in the first sentence must refer to the person who is then identified as Gandhi. Step 4: Compare this with the options and confirm that Mahatma Gandhi is the only figure from Gujarat and the only one famous for leading India's independence by non-violent protest. Verification / Alternative check: Think about the biographies of the options: Narendra Modi is from Gujarat but is a contemporary political leader, not the central subject of non-violent independence struggles in the 1930s and 1940s; Dalai Lama is a Tibetan spiritual leader; Martin Luther King Jr. is an American civil rights leader. Only Mahatma Gandhi matches the specific time, place, and role described. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option a) Narendra Modi does not fit the time frame or the description of leading India's independence movement through non-violence. Option c) The Dalai Lama is not from Gujarat and is associated with Tibet, not India's freedom movement. Option d) Martin Luther King Jr. was inspired by Gandhi but was active in the United States and is not the “wiry man from Gujarat”. Common Pitfalls: Some students might see “Gujarat” and think of modern politics, but the passage clearly locates the events in the era of India's independence. Failing to match the description with historical context can lead to incorrect guesses. Always combine geographic clues with time period and achievements. Final Answer: Mahatma Gandhi

Question 6

Reading comprehension – Gandhi passage: what led to the growth of Mahatma Gandhi’s legend among the Indian people?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The passage traces Mahatma Gandhi's journey from a lawyer in South Africa to a central leader of India's independence movement. It mentions several stages of his life, including his legal work, his support for Indians in South Africa, his return to India, his role in the Indian National Congress, and his travels across the country. The question asks which factor, according to the passage, led to the growth of his legend among the Indian people. Given Data / Assumptions: The passage tells us that: - Gandhi began in South Africa supporting civil rights for Indians. - He returned to India in 1915 with a desire to improve the situation of the lower classes. - He became an important leader within the Indian National Congress. - He travelled widely with the party to learn about the local struggles of different communities. - It is explicitly stated that it was during those travels that his legend grew among the Indian people. Concept / Approach: This is a detail-based comprehension question. The crucial phrase is “it was during those travels that his legend grew among the Indian people”. You should recall that this sentence directly ties Gandhi's widespread travels and contact with local issues to his legendary status. Correctly answering requires you to match that sentence with the appropriate option and not be distracted by other historically important but differently emphasised details. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the sentence in the passage that describes when and how Gandhi's legend grew. Step 2: Notice that the passage links the growth of his legend specifically to his travels with the Indian National Congress to understand local struggles. Step 3: Evaluate each answer option to see which one restates this idea. Step 4: Select the option that mentions his extensive travel with the Congress and engagement with local Indian communities. Verification / Alternative check: If you restate the key sentence in your own words, it becomes something like, “As Gandhi moved around India with the Congress and learned about local problems, his fame and legend among ordinary Indians grew.” Option c closely mirrors this restatement and therefore passes the verification check. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option a) emphasises his status as a promising lawyer but the passage does not say that this alone made his legend grow in India. It was his later work within the country that mattered most for his legendary status there. Option b) speaks vaguely about his non-violent nature. While non-violence is central to his legacy, the passage is specific that the legend grew during his travels, not just because he was non-violent in the abstract. Option d) mentions his support for Indian communities in South Africa, which is significant but not identified by the passage as the moment when his legend spread among Indians in India. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes rely on general knowledge rather than the text and choose “non-violent nature” simply because it is strongly associated with Gandhi. However, questions of this sort must be answered using the explicit wording of the passage, which assigns the growth of his legend to his travels with the Congress. Final Answer: His extensive travels with the Indian National Congress to learn about local struggles

Question 7

Reading comprehension – Gandhi passage: for which qualities was Bapu (Mahatma Gandhi) known, according to the passage?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This vocabulary and detail-based question concerns the description of Mahatma Gandhi's personal qualities in the passage. The text explicitly comments on how Gandhi was perceived by historians and by the Indian people, and it identifies three traits for which he was especially known. Your task is to choose the option that correctly combines these traits. Given Data / Assumptions: The passage explains that: - Gandhi proved that one person could challenge an empire using ethics and intelligence. - He supported civil rights and later led India's independence movement. - It is said that Gandhi was known as much for his wit and intelligence as for his piety. Concept / Approach: The key phrase mentions three qualities: wit, intelligence, and piety. The expression “as much for his wit and intelligence as for his piety” shows that all three are important and equally highlighted. The correct answer must include all the traits together rather than isolating one of them. Questions of this sort test whether you can read beyond single words and understand the structure “as much for X and Y as for Z”. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Reread the sentence that describes Gandhi's personal qualities. Step 2: Identify the three traits referenced: wit, intelligence, and piety. Step 3: Note the comparative structure, which places wit and intelligence on the same level of importance as piety. Step 4: Select the option that includes all three traits rather than only one. Verification / Alternative check: Rephrase the statement as: “Gandhi was equally admired for being clever and intelligent and for being deeply spiritual and devout.” This clearly indicates that multiple qualities are involved. Option d captures this combination, while the other options artificially isolate single traits. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option a) “His intelligence alone” ignores the passage's explicit mention of wit and piety. Option b) “His sharp wit alone” omits intelligence and piety, which are clearly highlighted alongside wit. Option c) “His piety alone” also fails to acknowledge his mental quickness and intelligence, which are equally emphasised. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes learners fixate on one noble quality like piety and assume that must be the correct answer. Remember that good comprehension involves paying attention to the full list of traits, especially when they are connected by phrases like “as much as”. Do not reduce a multi-part description to a single adjective. Final Answer: All of these qualities together – wit, intelligence and piety

Question 8

Reading comprehension – Gandhi passage: according to the text, the British held a monopoly over the production of which product?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Toward the end of the Gandhi passage, the author describes one of Gandhi's most famous protests: the march to the sea to produce a basic commodity that the British controlled through a monopoly. This event is historically known as the Salt March or Dandi March, and the commodity involved was salt. The question asks you to identify that product from the options given. Given Data / Assumptions: The relevant lines from the passage tell us: - Gandhi led thousands of Indians on a 250-mile march to a coastal town. - The purpose of the march was to produce a certain product. - The British colonial government had a monopoly on this product. - Historically, this event is associated with the salt tax and the Salt March. Concept / Approach: This question requires you to recall a specific detail from the passage and, if needed, reinforce it with general knowledge. The text clearly mentions salt, a symbolic and everyday item that became a powerful symbol of resistance to unjust taxation and monopoly. The other options are all important agricultural or textile products in India's history, but they do not match the event described in the passage. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the description of Gandhi's most famous protest near the end of the passage. Step 2: Note that Gandhi led a long march to produce a specific commodity at the coast. Step 3: Remember that this protest is historically called the Salt March, which points directly to salt. Step 4: Choose “Salt” from the alternatives, as it is the only product that fits both the passage and known history. Verification / Alternative check: Verify by checking whether the other products in the options match any historical march described in the text. Indigo was associated with other movements, khadi with spinning and boycotting British cloth, and rice with general agriculture, but none of these is tied to a long march to produce the item at a coastal town under a British monopoly in this passage. Only salt matches perfectly. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option a) Indigo is not mentioned in this passage as the focus of a protest march, though it has its own separate historical relevance. Option b) Khadi cloth is linked with Gandhi's encouragement to spin and wear local cloth, but the passage specifically refers to marching to the sea to make a product; this matches salt, not cloth. Option d) Rice is a staple crop but does not correspond to the described coastal march or a British monopoly in this context. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes, students mix up different aspects of Gandhi's campaigns, such as boycotting British cloth, encouraging khadi, and fighting the salt tax. However, the long march to a coastal town is particularly associated with salt, and paying attention to this detail removes the confusion. Final Answer: Salt

Question 9

Reading comprehension – Under-19 Cricket World Cup passage: who was the captain of the Indian U-19 team described in the passage?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is drawn from a passage describing India's victory in the Under-19 Cricket World Cup. The text details the team's unbeaten run, mentions standout players, and highlights the role of Rahul Dravid as coach. It also refers repeatedly to “Prithvi Shaw's boys”, which indicates that Prithvi Shaw was the captain of the team. You must identify this captain from the options. Given Data / Assumptions: The passage states that: - India's Under-19 World Cup team is referred to as “Prithvi Shaw's boys”. - Rahul Dravid is described as the coach providing a calming presence. - Manjot Kalra is mentioned as an opener scoring an unbeaten century in the final. - Shubman Gill is named as part of the batting trio, but not as captain. Concept / Approach: In sports writing, the phrase “X's boys” or “X's side” typically refers to the team led or captained by X. Though the passage does not use the word “captain” explicitly, the repeated reference to “Prithvi Shaw's boys” functions as a strong contextual clue. You must distinguish between the captain, the coach, and other players based on these descriptions. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the first paragraph, where the team is introduced as “Prithvi Shaw's boys, astutely coached by Rahul Dravid”. Step 2: Recognise that Rahul Dravid is clearly identified as the coach, not the captain. Step 3: Note that Manjot Kalra is highlighted for his century, and Shubman Gill for being part of the batting trio, with no mention of captaincy. Step 4: Conclude from the phrase “Prithvi Shaw's boys” that Prithvi Shaw is the captain of the team. Verification / Alternative check: A quick cross-check: if Rahul Dravid were the captain, the passage would not describe him as the coach or refer to the team as “Prithvi Shaw's boys”. Similarly, if Kalra or Gill were captains, the text would typically mention that role when praising them. Instead, captaincy is implied through Shaw’s name attached to the team, confirming option a as correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option b) Rahul Dravid is the coach; the passage emphasises his calming presence in the dressing room and his guidance, not captaincy on the field. Option c) Manjot Kalra is celebrated for an unbeaten century in the final, but there is no mention of him as captain. Option d) Shubman Gill is one of the key batsmen in the trio, yet his role is not described as captain either. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes misinterpret the authority figure and choose the coach instead of the captain, especially when the coach is a famous former player like Dravid. Remember that in cricket, the captain is an active player on the field, while the coach provides strategic and psychological support from outside the playing eleven. Final Answer: Prithvi Shaw

Question 10

Reading comprehension – Under-19 Cricket World Cup passage: against which team was the semifinal especially hyped in India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The passage narrates India's path through the Under-19 Cricket World Cup, mentioning early wins, key matches, and the final. One particular match, the semifinal, is described as “much-hyped”, especially from an Indian perspective. The text also notes the margin of victory in that game. Your task is to identify the opponent in this high-profile semifinal. Given Data / Assumptions: As per the passage: - India beat Australia in the opening match by a large margin. - Papua New Guinea, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, and Pakistan were defeated in subsequent games. - The semifinal is described as “much-hyped”. - The passage states that in this much-hyped semifinal against Pakistan, India won by a margin of 203 runs. Concept / Approach: This is a detail recall question. The easiest way to answer is to visualise the tournament timeline as described and then focus on the sentence that explicitly names the semifinal opponent. National rivalries and media coverage often make matches against certain teams more hyped than others, and the passage uses that context to highlight the significance of the Pakistan game. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Revisit the section of the passage describing India's wins leading up to the final. Step 2: Identify the sentence that uses the phrase “much-hyped semifinal”. Step 3: Note that the opponent mentioned immediately after that phrase is Pakistan. Step 4: Select “Pakistan” as the answer from the alternatives. Verification / Alternative check: Cross-check by scanning the rest of the passage to see how other teams are described. Australia is prominent as a strong opponent in the first match and in the final, but the word “semifinal” paired with “much-hyped” appears only in connection with Pakistan. This confirms that Pakistan is the correct opponent in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option b) Australia appears as India's first opponent and in the final, not the semifinal in this narrative. Option c) Bangladesh is one of the teams that India defeated earlier in the tournament, but not in the much-hyped semifinal. Option d) Zimbabwe is also listed among earlier opponents but is not associated with the highlighted semifinal encounter. Common Pitfalls: Students might confuse the importance of opponents, assuming that any strong team such as Australia must have been the semifinal rival. However, the passage explicitly attaches the “much-hyped semifinal” label to Pakistan, so trusting the text rather than assumptions about cricket rivalries is crucial. Final Answer: Pakistan

Question 11

Reading comprehension – Under-19 Cricket World Cup passage: which personal quality of Rahul Dravid is highlighted in the text as coach of the team?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question focuses on how Rahul Dravid, the coach of the Under-19 team, is portrayed in the passage. While his technical knowledge and fame as a former player are well known in general, the passage chooses to emphasise one particular trait that supports the young players emotionally and mentally as they deal with success and attention. Given Data / Assumptions: From the passage we learn that: - Rahul Dravid is the coach of the Under-19 World Cup team. - The text describes his presence in the dressing room as “calming”. - His guidance helps the players handle the double-edged sword of success and early celebrity. - He urges them not to treat this victory as the defining memory of their lives, but as a beginning. Concept / Approach: The question asks for the particular quality mentioned, not for every quality Dravid might possess. The key phrase is “calming presence of Dravid in the dressing room”. That phrase explicitly associates him with calmness, reassurance, and grounded advice. Options that describe dominance, aggressiveness, or physical traits do not appear in the passage and therefore cannot be correct. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Locate the sentence that mentions Rahul Dravid in the dressing room. Step 2: Identify the adjective used in that context, which is “calming”. Step 3: Understand that this word refers to his ability to keep the team grounded and focused amid hype. Step 4: Choose the option that best captures this quality, namely calmness and a steady presence. Verification / Alternative check: Rephrase the key idea: “The constant supportive calm of Dravid in the dressing room helped the teenagers manage the pressures of success.” Only option a aligns with this description. The other choices suggest behaviours or traits that are not mentioned anywhere in the passage. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option b) “A dominating personality” does not fit the idea of calming presence, which suggests gentle guidance rather than domination. Option c) “Extreme aggressiveness” contradicts the calm, reflective tone explicitly attributed to him in the passage. Option d) “Sheer physical strength and stamina” is irrelevant: the passage focuses on psychological and moral leadership, not physical prowess. Common Pitfalls: Students might project Dravid's reputation as a gritty batsman or coach and assume aggressiveness or dominance is being praised. However, comprehension questions must be answered from the words on the page, not from outside knowledge. The passage clearly singles out calmness as his defining quality in this context. Final Answer: Calmness and a steady presence

Question 12

Reading comprehension – Under-19 Cricket World Cup passage: what did Rahul Dravid mean when he said the World Cup win should not be the team’s “defining memory”?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In the passage, after India wins the Under-19 Cricket World Cup, Rahul Dravid addresses the young players. While they are celebrating, he reminds them that this victory should not be the defining memory of their lives. Instead, he emphasises that every individual cricketer has a long career ahead and many more goals to pursue. This question asks you to interpret the deeper meaning of his advice. Given Data / Assumptions: The passage notes that: - Players are ecstatic and celebrating the World Cup win. - Dravid, as coach, “cuts through the hype” and tells them this win should not be their defining memory. - He explains that each cricketer has much more to achieve in his career. - The passage later illustrates that only a few Under-19 stars in earlier batches reached the highest level, making Dravid's advice realistic and wise. Concept / Approach: The phrase “defining memory” suggests a single event that shapes a person's identity. Dravid is warning the players not to become satisfied with one early success. He wants them to stay grounded, continue working hard, and look at this trophy as a beginning, not an end. The correct option must capture this message of long-term growth and higher aspirations, rather than short-term rest or recruitment campaigns. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Re-read the section where Dravid's statement is mentioned and summarised. Step 2: Notice that immediately after the quote, the passage explains that each cricketer has much more to achieve in his career. Step 3: Connect “not defining memory” with “much more to achieve”, seeing the win as an early milestone rather than a final goal. Step 4: Select the option that best summarises this long-term, career-oriented perspective. Verification / Alternative check: Imagine how a mentor would speak to young champions: “This is wonderful, but do not stop here; there is a long career ahead.” Option a closely matches that tone and content. Options about rest or promoting cricket generally do not appear in the passage and do not fit with Dravid's specific message. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option b) misinterprets his words as only a call to rest, which is not the central idea in the text. The emphasis is on perspective, not on immediate physical recovery. Option c) introduces a motive about encouraging more Indian children to take up cricket. While cricket may inspire many youth, this idea is not stated or implied in Dravid's comment as presented in the passage. Option d) “None of these” is incorrect because option a accurately reflects the author's explanation of Dravid's point. Common Pitfalls: Students might over-simplify the phrase “not defining memory” and assume it simply means “forget this win”. In reality, Dravid is not asking them to ignore the achievement but to put it in perspective as one step on a longer journey. Understanding nuance is essential in such interpretive questions. Final Answer: He meant it is only the start of their careers and they should aim to achieve much more.

Question 13

Reading comprehension – Under-19 Cricket World Cup passage: who captained India’s U-19 team that won the 2012 World Cup, according to the passage?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The passage briefly compares several Under-19 World Cup–winning teams from different years. It notes that only a few players from those teams went on to become major stars for the senior Indian side. In this context, it mentions a specific player who captained the 2012 Under-19 World Cup team, then appeared in a soft drink advertisement and wrote a book, but did not make it to the senior team. The question asks you to recall his name. Given Data / Assumptions: From the passage we know: - India has previously won the Under-19 World Cup in 2000, 2008, and 2012. - Yuvraj Singh and Virat Kohli came up through Under-19 ranks and became senior stars. - Unmukt Chand is specifically named as the player who led the team to the Cup in 2012. - It is further noted that despite his early fame and off-field visibility, he has not been able to break into the Indian senior team. Concept / Approach: This question is another detail recall task. Although popular players like Virat Kohli are mentioned, you must pay attention to the year and the specific role of captaincy in 2012. The passage clearly distinguishes between Under-19 graduates who succeeded at the senior level and those who did not, using Unmukt Chand's case as an example of the latter. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the portion of the passage where previous Under-19 title wins are discussed. Step 2: Note the names associated with those wins, particularly the team that won in 2012. Step 3: See that Unmukt Chand is described as the person who led the 2012 team to the Cup. Step 4: Select Unmukt Chand as the correct answer from the options given. Verification / Alternative check: Check each option against the passage: Virat Kohli is linked to an earlier Under-19 success and then senior team stardom; Anukul Roy and Prithvi Shaw belong to the more recent World Cup squad discussed earlier in the passage. Only Unmukt Chand is explicitly said to have captained the 2012 champion side and then struggled to reach the senior national team. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option a) Virat Kohli did captain an Under-19 team in a different year, but not the 2012 side mentioned here. The passage associates him with graduating successfully to the senior team, not with the 2012 example of unfulfilled potential. Option b) Anukul Roy is a spinner from the more recent tournament and not mentioned as a 2012 captain. Option c) Prithvi Shaw captains the contemporary Under-19 team described earlier in the passage, not the 2012 unit. Common Pitfalls: Students might quickly choose the most famous name, such as Virat Kohli, without noting the year or the specific narrative about failing to reach the senior team. Careful reading of the timeline and details prevents such missteps, especially in questions that contrast different generations of players. Final Answer: Unmukt Chand

Question 14

Cloze test – select the correct noun to complete the phrase “For me the ________ and the chill of those nights…” in a passage about childhood memories and firelight.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a cloze test question taken from a nostalgic passage describing childhood nights, the chill in the air, and the comforting glow of small flames or fireflies. You are given a sentence with a missing word and four options. The phrase in question is “For me the ________ and the chill of those nights…”. You need to choose the word that best completes this phrase both grammatically and in terms of meaning. Given Data / Assumptions: We know that: - The sentence pairs two experiences: something about the absence of light and “the chill of those nights”. - The structure is “the ________ and the chill”, so the blank must be a noun that fits after “the”. - The passage later describes “little flames of fire” that transform the mood of these nights. - The choices include forms of the word “dark” in different grammatical categories (adverb, adjective, noun, comparative adjective). Concept / Approach: In English, when you use the article “the” followed by a word and then join it with another noun using “and”, the word after “the” is usually a noun as well. For example, “the silence and the chill”, “the beauty and the calm”. Among the options, “darkness” is the noun form, while “dark” can function as an adjective, “darkly” as an adverb, and “darker” as a comparative adjective. We want a noun that can stand parallel to “chill”. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Examine the grammatical structure: “For me the ________ and the chill of those nights…” Step 2: Identify that “the chill” is a noun phrase, suggesting that the blank should also be a noun for parallelism. Step 3: Classify the options: “darkly” is an adverb, “dark” is mostly used as an adjective here, “darkness” is a noun, and “darker” is a comparative adjective. Step 4: Choose “darkness” because it forms the natural pair “the darkness and the chill”, which is grammatically correct and semantically vivid. Verification / Alternative check: Substitute each option into the sentence: “the darkly and the chill” is clearly incorrect; “the dark and the chill” is possible but clumsy, because “dark” would typically modify a noun such as “night”; “the darker and the chill” is ungrammatical without a second term to complete the comparison. “The darkness and the chill of those nights” sounds natural and expresses the idea of cold, dark evenings before the flames brought warmth and wonder. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option a) “darkly” is an adverb and cannot directly follow “the” to name a thing or condition in this sentence. Option b) “dark” is usually an adjective and would need a noun (“the dark night”) to make full sense; standing alone after “the” is not as idiomatic here as “darkness”. Option d) “darker” is a comparative adjective and requires a point of comparison (“darker than before”), which is missing in the sentence, making it unsuitable. Common Pitfalls: Some learners quickly pick “dark” because it is a familiar word, without considering its grammatical role. Cloze tests often check whether you can distinguish between noun, adjective, and adverb forms of similar words. Always analyze the structure around the blank: articles like “the” usually signal a noun or a noun phrase, which in this case directs you to “darkness”. Final Answer: darkness

Question 15

In the following passage about childhood memories and fireflies, choose the correct form of the word 'magnificent' to complete the blank in the phrase: 'in a ______ fair of fireflies'.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In this English cloze test item, you are given a short extract about childhood memories, winter chill and a magical scene filled with fireflies. The task is to pick the grammatically correct and most meaningful word from the four alternatives to complete the phrase “in a ______ fair of fireflies”. Such questions test your understanding of parts of speech, especially whether an adjective, adverb, noun or another related form fits naturally in a particular position in a sentence. They also test your sense of collocation, that is, which words typically go together in standard English. The key to scoring well is to read the entire sentence, imagine how it would sound in natural speech, and then decide which form expresses the correct idea without disturbing grammar or meaning. Given Data / Assumptions: • The sentence fragment is: “in a ______ fair of fireflies”. • The options are: magnificent, magnificently, magnificence, magnification. • The missing word comes after the article “a” and directly before the noun “fair”. • The overall description is poetic, evoking a magical fair made of fireflies. Concept / Approach: The article “a” is normally followed by either an adjective plus a noun (“a beautiful fair”) or by a singular countable noun (“a fair”). In this phrase, “fair” is clearly the noun, so the blank position is most naturally filled by an adjective that describes the fair. Among the options, “magnificent” is an adjective meaning “very beautiful or impressive”. “Magnificently” is an adverb, “magnificence” is a noun, and “magnification” is also a noun referring to the act of enlarging an image. Only the correct part of speech, which is an adjective, will sound natural here. Additionally, “a magnificent fair” is a very common and natural collocation in English and fits the poetic tone of the passage. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Identify the grammatical environment: the blank comes after “a” and before “fair”. 2. Recognise that “fair” is a noun, so the blank should preferably be filled by an adjective describing this noun. 3. Classify options by part of speech: “magnificent” (adjective), “magnificently” (adverb), “magnificence” (noun), “magnification” (noun). 4. Test each option in the phrase: “a magnificent fair” (sounds natural), “a magnificently fair” (ungrammatical), “a magnificence fair” (incorrect), “a magnification fair” (unnatural here). 5. Conclude that “magnificent” is the only option that is grammatically correct and semantically appropriate in the poetic description of a fair of fireflies. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, read the full passage fragment with the chosen word: “For me the darkness and the chill of those nights dissolved into those little flames of fire that for hours made us live in a wonderland, in a magnificent fair of fireflies…” This sounds fluent, highly descriptive and fully matches the nostalgic, dreamy tone. Any other word would either break the grammatical structure or damage the aesthetic quality of the sentence. Therefore, substituting the other options quickly exposes their unsuitability, confirming that “magnificent” is the correct answer and that the phrase “a magnificent fair of fireflies” is both grammatically and stylistically ideal. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • “magnificently” is an adverb and cannot directly modify the noun “fair” after the article “a”. • “magnificence” is a noun, so “a magnificence fair” is incorrect and awkward; we would normally say “a fair of magnificence” if using this noun. • “magnification” refers to the process of enlarging something, often in optics, and does not make sense in the poetic context of a fair of fireflies. Common Pitfalls: Many learners confuse related word families and may think that any word linked to “magnificent” will fit. However, in cloze tests, both meaning and grammar must be correct. Another common error is to ignore the article “a”, which is a clear hint that an adjective is required. Some students may be attracted to “magnificence” because it looks impressive or seems poetic, but part-of-speech usage must always come first. Remember to test the phrase out loud; if it does not sound like natural English, it is probably wrong. Final Answer: The correct word to complete the blank is magnificent, giving the phrase “in a magnificent fair of fireflies”.

Question 16

In the following passage about childhood memories and fireflies, choose the correct verb form to complete the line “and made us ______ there is nothing that can blow those divine lights ...”.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This cloze test item comes from a nostalgic passage describing winter nights, tiny flames of fire and a fair of fireflies. The sentence in focus is “... and made us ______ there is nothing that can blow those divine lights ...”. The examiner wants to test your knowledge of verb patterns, especially the structure “make somebody do something”. Understanding how causative verbs like “make” work is crucial in English grammar. By analysing the sentence structure and the typical usage after “made us”, you can accurately choose the correct word from the given options and avoid confusing verb forms with nouns or adverbs that look similar but function differently in a sentence. Given Data / Assumptions: • The key fragment is: “made us ______ there is nothing that can blow those divine lights ...”. • Options: belief, believe, believably, beliefs. • The verb “made” is followed by the object “us”. • Standard English structures include “make somebody do something”, not “make somebody to do” in this context. Concept / Approach: The verb “make” when used as a causative verb normally follows the pattern “make + object + bare infinitive” (base form of the verb without “to”). For example, “The story made me cry” or “The news made them think”. In the question, “made us” is the subject and object, and we need the bare infinitive of a verb expressing the mental act that follows. Among the choices, “believe” is the base verb form, “belief” and “beliefs” are nouns, and “believably” is an adverb. Only “believe” fits the required pattern and meaning: the magical scene “made us believe there is nothing that can blow those divine lights ...”. This expresses the idea that the experience caused a strong, almost childlike faith in the permanence of the lights. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Identify the structure: “made us ______ there is nothing ...”. 2. Recall the causative verb pattern: “make + object + bare infinitive” (for example, “made us think”). 3. Classify options: “belief” (noun), “believe” (verb), “believably” (adverb), “beliefs” (plural noun). 4. Insert each option into the sentence: “made us belief”, “made us believe”, “made us believably”, “made us beliefs”. 5. Recognise that only “made us believe there is nothing ...” is grammatically correct and semantically meaningful. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, read the full sentence mentally: “For me the darkness and the chill of those nights dissolved into those little flames of fire that for hours made us live in a wonderland, in a magnificent fair of fireflies, and made us believe there is nothing that can blow those divine lights off.” The phrase “made us believe” clearly expresses an emotional conclusion and maintains smooth, natural English. Trying the other options reveals immediate errors. “Made us belief” is wrong because “belief” is a noun, not a verb. “Made us believably” is ungrammatical because an adverb cannot fill this slot. “Made us beliefs” is also incorrect because it attempts to use a plural noun where a verb is required. This confirms “believe” as the only correct choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • “belief” is a noun (for example, “a strong belief”), and cannot directly follow “made us” to introduce a clause. • “believably” is an adverb and does not fit the structure “made us ______ there is nothing ...”. • “beliefs” is a plural noun, again unsuitable after “made us” when we need a verb to introduce a clause. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse “believe” (verb) and “belief” (noun), especially in cloze tests where the surrounding words may not be fully shown. Another pitfall is ignoring the causative verb pattern and simply choosing the word that seems most sophisticated. Always check which part of speech is needed. When a verb like “make” is followed by a pronoun such as “us”, it is very likely that a bare infinitive verb will come next. Keeping these structures in mind will help you avoid errors in similar questions. Final Answer: The correct word to complete the blank is believe, giving the natural expression “and made us believe there is nothing that can blow those divine lights ...”.

Question 17

In the same passage about childhood nights and fireflies, choose the correct preposition to complete the phrase “blow those divine lights ______” so that the sentence is idiomatic and meaningful.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question continues the same poetic passage describing winter nights, tiny flames and a fair of fireflies. The specific fragment now is “there is nothing that can blow those divine lights ______”. The aim is to test your knowledge of common phrasal verbs and prepositions used with “blow” when speaking about extinguishing a light, flame or candle. Even in a descriptive and literary context, English still relies on standard phrasal patterns. By picking the correct preposition, you ensure that the sentence sounds natural and that the intended meaning, namely putting out or extinguishing the lights, is clearly conveyed. Given Data / Assumptions: • The important clause is: “nothing that can blow those divine lights ______”. • Options: from, of, for, off. • The context is about lights or flames that might be extinguished. • The writer is expressing that nothing can put out those lights. Concept / Approach: In English, when we talk about extinguishing a light or flame by blowing, we usually use the phrasal verb “blow out” (for example, “blow out the candle”). However, within the given options, “out” is not available. Another closely related and acceptable construction is “blow off” when used in an extended or slightly creative way to mean “blow away” or “remove by blowing”. Among the available prepositions, “off” is therefore the best match to convey the idea that the lights might be removed or extinguished by a blowing action. The other prepositions “from”, “of”, and “for” do not form a meaningful phrasal verb with “blow” in this context and would sound unnatural in the sentence. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Understand the intended meaning: the writer is saying that nothing can extinguish or put out the divine lights. 2. Recall phrasal verbs with “blow”: “blow out”, “blow off”, “blow away”, etc. 3. Examine the options: “from”, “of”, “for”, “off”. Only “off” combines with “blow” to make a familiar phrasal idea. 4. Insert each option into the sentence mentally: “blow those divine lights from”, “of”, “for”, “off”. 5. Recognise that “blow those divine lights off” is the only version that can reasonably express removal or extinguishing, given the limited choices. Verification / Alternative check: Read the entire line with the chosen preposition: “... and made us believe there is nothing that can blow those divine lights off.” Although many speakers would prefer “blow those divine lights out” in everyday English, the exam question restricts the choices. Within that restriction, “off” still communicates the idea of being blown away or removed, and thus works better than the other options. Trying “from”, “of” or “for” shows that they do not complete a standard expression: “blow lights from” is incomplete, “blow lights of” is incorrect, and “blow lights for” radically changes the meaning in an illogical way. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • “from” usually indicates origin or separation but, without additional words, “blow lights from” is ungrammatical and incomplete here. • “of” is typically used to show possession or relation and does not form a meaningful phrase “blow lights of” in English. • “for” generally expresses purpose or benefit and does not collocate with “blow lights” to convey extinguishing or removal. Common Pitfalls: A common trap in cloze tests is that students may focus entirely on literal meaning and overlook idiomatic usage. Some may overthink the phrase and try to force “from” or “of” into a pattern that does not exist. Remember that phrasal verbs are often fixed combinations and that, when a more ideal word like “out” is missing, you must choose the closest acceptable alternative. Always test each option by reading the full sentence in your head and checking whether it sounds like natural English. Final Answer: Given the options provided, the best preposition is off, resulting in the expression “blow those divine lights off”.

Question 18

In the same nostalgic passage about winter nights and puja, choose the correct demonstrative pronoun to complete the phrase “the jingling sounds of ______ tiny bells that grandma used to ring during the puja”.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This cloze test sentence continues the same passage about childhood memories, fireflies and family rituals. The narrator recalls hearing “the jingling sounds of ______ tiny bells that grandma used to ring during the puja.” The blank requires a demonstrative word that fits both grammatically and contextually. Such questions examine your understanding of demonstrative pronouns and determiners (this, that, these, those) and how they relate to time, distance and number. The correct choice must agree in number with “tiny bells” and sound natural in a reflective, past-oriented narrative about memories. Given Data / Assumptions: • Key fragment: “the jingling sounds of ______ tiny bells that grandma used to ring during the puja”. • Options: these, this, those, that. • The noun phrase “tiny bells” is plural. • The speaker is recalling events from the past and picturing them in memory. Concept / Approach: Demonstratives must match the number of the noun: “this” and “that” are singular; “these” and “those” are plural. Since “tiny bells” is clearly plural, the choice is between “these” and “those”. The next consideration is distance in time or space. “These” suggests closeness, usually to objects that are present or immediate; “those” typically refers to things that are more distant in space or in memory. Because the narrator is reminiscing about bells that were used in the past by their grandmother, the bells are not physically present but remembered. In such reflective contexts, English speakers naturally prefer “those tiny bells”, aligning with the idea of distant yet vivid memories. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Observe that “tiny bells” is plural, so the demonstrative must also be plural. 2. Eliminate singular options: “this” and “that” cannot modify the plural noun “bells”. 3. Compare “these tiny bells” with “those tiny bells” in the full sentence. 4. Note that the sentence is set in the past, describing memories of grandma’s puja rituals, which suggests psychological distance. 5. Conclude that “those tiny bells” is the most natural choice in a nostalgic, memory-based narrative. Verification / Alternative check: Read the completed line: “In my mind I can still hear the jingling sounds of those tiny bells that grandma used to ring during the puja.” This version sounds like authentic, idiomatic English and clearly conveys the emotional distance and affection in the narrator’s memory. If we replace “those” with “these”, the phrase “these tiny bells” would imply that the bells are present and near the speaker, which contradicts the context that they belong to a past scene. The singular forms “this tiny bells” or “that tiny bells” are ungrammatical because they mismatch the plural noun. Therefore, “those” is the only option that is both grammatically correct and contextually appropriate. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • “these” matches the plural noun but usually indicates physical or temporal closeness, which does not fit a distant childhood memory as naturally as “those”. • “this” is singular and cannot grammatically modify the plural noun “bells”. • “that” is also singular and ungrammatical when used before “tiny bells”. Common Pitfalls: Learners often confuse “these” and “those”, focusing only on number and ignoring the nuance of distance. While both can technically be used with plural nouns, context matters: “these” for near, current or emphasised items; “those” for distant or remembered items. Another pitfall is not noticing agreement between the demonstrative and the noun. Quickly checking whether the noun is singular or plural will often allow you to eliminate half of the options immediately. In narrative passages about earlier phases of life, “those days”, “those moments” and “those tiny bells” are common patterns that can guide your intuition. Final Answer: The best demonstrative to complete the phrase is those, giving the natural expression “the jingling sounds of those tiny bells that grandma used to ring during the puja”.

Question 19

In the following passage about checklists and education, choose the correct noun form to complete the sentence “Is the _______________ implication equally clear? Perhaps not.”

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This cloze test is taken from a passage that explains what a checklist is and how it differs from the usual, subjective approach in education. The specific sentence reads, “This is clear. Is the _______________ implication equally clear? Perhaps not.” The aim is to examine your sensitivity to collocation and correct use of adjective and noun forms. Here, the writer is talking about the implications or the consequences that arise from the earlier statement, and the phrase must sound natural in formal written English. Understanding how “consequence” and “consequential” are used is essential to choosing the correct option. Given Data / Assumptions: • The key fragment is: “Is the _______________ implication equally clear? Perhaps not.” • Options: consequences, consequence, consequential, consequentially. • The noun “implication” is already present in the sentence. • The passage is formal, analytical prose about checklists and objectivity. Concept / Approach: “Implication” is a noun that often takes an adjective before it, such as “moral implication”, “legal implication” or “practical implication”. The sense of the sentence is that the implication in terms of consequences or effects may not be equally clear. Therefore, the blank should be filled with an adjective modifying “implication”. Among the options, “consequences” is a plural noun, “consequence” is a singular noun, “consequential” is an adjective meaning “significant” or “resulting from something”, and “consequentially” is an adverb. The only adjective is “consequential”, and the phrase “consequential implication” is a natural way to express “implication in terms of consequences or resulting effects”. Thus, “consequential” best fits both grammar and meaning. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Identify “implication” as the head noun in the phrase, with a descriptive word needed before it. 2. Recognise that the blank must be filled by an adjective that can modify “implication”. 3. Classify each option: “consequences” (noun), “consequence” (noun), “consequential” (adjective), “consequentially” (adverb). 4. Test possible pairings: “consequential implication” is valid; “consequence implication” or “consequences implication” are awkward and grammatically unsound; “consequentially implication” is wrong because an adverb cannot directly modify a noun. 5. Conclude that “consequential” is the correct word to express the idea of implications in terms of consequences. Verification / Alternative check: Read the full sentence in context: “Very simply, a checklist is a list of items required, things to be done or points to be considered, used as a reminder. This is clear. Is the consequential implication equally clear? Perhaps not.” The phrase “consequential implication” suggests that there are important, result-oriented implications of viewing tasks through a checklist. This fits the author’s intention, which is to explore a deeper, perhaps less obvious impact of checklists on teaching and evaluation. Trying “consequence implication” or “consequences implication” sounds clumsy and is not standard English usage. “Consequentially implication” is clearly ungrammatical because adverbs cannot directly modify nouns. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • “consequences” is a plural noun; the phrase “consequences implication” is incorrect and would normally be phrased as “implication in terms of consequences”. • “consequence” is a singular noun that again does not naturally appear before “implication” in this way; we would say “implication of this consequence”, not “consequence implication”. • “consequentially” is an adverb, which modifies verbs, adjectives or other adverbs, not the noun “implication”. Common Pitfalls: Candidates often choose nouns instead of adjectives in such phrases because they focus only on meaning, not on part-of-speech function. Another mistake is assuming that adding “-s” makes a word more formal or better suited to academic writing. In fact, correctness depends entirely on grammar and collocation. When you see a blank directly before a noun, first decide whether you need an adjective, an adverb, or another noun in a specific compound pattern. Here, once you recognise that you need an adjective, “consequential” stands out as the only suitable choice. Final Answer: The correct word to complete the sentence is consequential, giving the phrase “Is the consequential implication equally clear? Perhaps not.”

Question 20

In the checklist passage, choose the correct noun form to complete the sentence “A checklist is purely objective, no _______________ is involved.”

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This cloze test item continues the discussion of checklists and their objectivity. The sentence reads, “A checklist is purely objective, no _______________ is involved.” The idea is that a checklist avoids personal opinions or feelings. The question tests your understanding of how we express the opposite of objectivity, and which noun naturally completes the sentence. You must be able to distinguish between the adjective “subjective”, the abstract noun “subjectivity” and other related forms, and then fit the correct form into the sentence so that both grammar and meaning are accurate. Given Data / Assumptions: • Sentence fragment: “A checklist is purely objective, no _______________ is involved.” • Options: subjectiveness, subjective, subjectivity, subjects. • “Objective” is used as an adjective describing the nature of the checklist. • The structure “no ______ is involved” calls for a singular, uncountable noun describing a quality or concept. Concept / Approach: The opposite of “objectivity” is “subjectivity”. When we want to say that personal opinions do not influence something, we say “no subjectivity is involved” or “without subjectivity”. The blank comes after “no”, which in this construction is followed by a noun phrase. Among the options, “subjectiveness” is a rarely used noun and sounds awkward in formal writing, “subjective” is an adjective, “subjectivity” is the standard abstract noun, and “subjects” refers to people or topics. Because the sentence contrasts “objective” with its opposite quality, “subjectivity” is the most appropriate and natural choice. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Note the structure “no ______ is involved”, which requires a noun representing a quality or concept. 2. Observe that the previous clause uses “purely objective”, so the missing concept is the opposite of objectivity. 3. Classify options: “subjective” (adjective), “subjectivity” (abstract noun), “subjectiveness” (unusual noun), “subjects” (plural countable noun). 4. Test the best candidate: “no subjectivity is involved” is idiomatic and widely used in English. 5. Conclude that “subjectivity” fits both grammatically and semantically as the exact opposite of “objectivity”. Verification / Alternative check: Read the full sentence with the selected answer: “A checklist is purely objective, no subjectivity is involved.” This clearly expresses that checklists exclude personal bias and are based only on factual, binary answers. Trying “no subjective is involved” sounds wrong because “subjective” cannot act as a noun here. “No subjectiveness is involved” is understandable but awkward and non-standard. “No subjects is involved” is ungrammatical and changes the meaning to talk about people or topics rather than a quality of judgement. Therefore, “subjectivity” is the only standard, precise and natural choice in this explanatory context. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • “subjectiveness” is technically a noun but is rarely used and sounds clumsy; “subjectivity” is the accepted, standard term. • “subjective” is an adjective and cannot directly follow “no” with the singular verb “is”; we need a noun, not a describing word. • “subjects” refers to people or study topics and does not express the intended idea of personal bias or individual opinion. Common Pitfalls: Many learners see the familiar adjective “subjective” and mistakenly insert it into the blank without checking the grammar of the full sentence. It is vital to look at the entire structure, especially the verb that follows. The pattern “no + noun + is involved” is very common in formal writing, and it nearly always uses an abstract noun, not an adjective. Remember also that exam setters often pair “objectivity” with “subjectivity” and “objective” with “subjective”, so you should be comfortable switching between these related word forms depending on sentence structure. Final Answer: The correct word to complete the sentence is subjectivity, giving “A checklist is purely objective, no subjectivity is involved.”

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