Question 1

During the daytime in a coastal region, the direction of the local wind is usually from which place to which place?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests basic concepts from geography and environmental science related to local winds in coastal areas. Understanding how temperature differences between land and sea create pressure differences helps explain common phenomena such as sea breeze during the day and land breeze at night. Such questions appear frequently in school-level geography, competitive exams, and general awareness sections because they connect scientific principles with everyday experiences near the coast. Given Data / Assumptions: • The question explicitly mentions 'during the day'. • It refers to the direction of the wind in a coastal region. • Options include directions between sea and land, and between valleys and mountains. • We assume normal weather conditions without storms or unusual local effects. Concept / Approach: The key concept is differential heating. Land heats up and cools down faster than water. During the daytime, land surfaces become hotter than the adjacent sea. Warm air above land becomes lighter and rises, creating a region of relatively lower pressure over land and relatively higher pressure over the cooler sea. Air always moves from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas, so cooler, denser air from the sea flows towards the land, creating a 'sea breeze'. At night, the pattern reverses and a 'land breeze' may blow from land to sea. Confusing these two is a common exam mistake, so paying attention to the time of day is crucial. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note the phrase 'During the day', which is essential for deciding the wind pattern. Step 2: Recall that during daytime, land heats up faster than the sea and becomes hotter. Step 3: Warm air above the land rises, creating lower pressure over the land compared to the cooler sea surface. Step 4: Air moves from high-pressure area (over the sea) to low-pressure area (over the land) along the surface. Step 5: Therefore, the surface wind blows from the sea towards the land, which is called a sea breeze. The correct direction is 'sea to the land'. Verification / Alternative check: If you have ever visited a beach during the day, you may have noticed a pleasant cool wind blowing from the water towards the shore, especially in the afternoon. This real-life observation reinforces the textbook explanation. Many standard geography diagrams show arrows pointing from sea to land during day, labelled as 'sea breeze', and from land to sea at night, labelled as 'land breeze'. Referring to such diagrams or school textbooks is a reliable way to confirm this concept. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Land to the sea: This describes a land breeze, which typically occurs at night when land cools faster than the sea, not during the day. • Valleys to the mountains: These are related to anabatic winds (upslope winds) on sunny days in mountainous regions, not specifically coastal day winds. • Mountains to the valleys: This refers to katabatic winds (downslope winds), often occurring at night in hilly areas, again not the typical coastal daytime pattern asked here. Common Pitfalls: Many learners confuse sea breeze and land breeze because they focus only on the names instead of the underlying physics. A typical error is to think that 'land breeze' occurs during the day because land heats up, or to ignore the time-of-day clue given in the question. Another pitfall is mixing up coastal winds with mountain-valley winds, which are also driven by temperature differences but occur in entirely different terrain. To avoid these mistakes, always ask two questions: 'Which surface is hotter or cooler at that time of day?' and 'From which side does air move from high to low pressure?' This systematic approach gives you the correct direction every time. Final Answer: During the daytime in a coastal region, the local wind known as the sea breeze blows from the cooler sea towards the warmer land, so the correct direction is sea to the land.

Question 2

In December 2015, Indian Railways signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with which Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) for setting up Centres for Railway Research?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question focuses on the collaboration between Indian Railways and premier engineering institutes to promote research and innovation in the railway sector. Establishing Centres for Railway Research within Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) helps in developing new technologies for safety, infrastructure, rolling stock, signalling, and passenger comfort. Awareness of such partnerships is important for general knowledge, especially for aspirants of government and technical exams related to railways and infrastructure. Given Data / Assumptions: • The event took place in December 2015. • It involved Indian Railways signing an MoU with an IIT. • The purpose was setting up Centres for Railway Research. • Options list four IITs: IIT Madras, IIT Mandi, IIT Delhi and IIT Indore. Concept / Approach: The approach to such current affairs questions is to recall major government–institute collaborations and where they were established. Indian Railways has historically partnered with certain IITs with strong research capacities in transportation and structural engineering. In this case, the key is to remember that IIT Madras, which already had notable work in transportation systems and railway engineering, signed the MoU to host research centres focused on railway technologies. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the time frame: December 2015, an MoU between Indian Railways and an IIT. Step 2: Recall from current affairs that IIT Madras has been a major partner of Indian Railways on several initiatives, including a dedicated Centre for Railway Research. Step 3: Consider the other IITs listed: IIT Mandi and IIT Indore are relatively newer campuses, and IIT Delhi is more commonly associated with other types of collaborations, though it is also prestigious. Step 4: Link this specific MoU with news about IIT Madras being chosen as the primary institute for advanced railway research. Step 5: Conclude that the correct option is IIT Madras. Verification / Alternative check: Verification can be done by checking official press releases from the Ministry of Railways or IIT Madras around December 2015. News summaries on government websites and reputed exam-preparation portals also highlight that the MoU for setting up Centres for Railway Research was signed with IIT Madras. Cross-referencing multiple credible sources eliminates confusion with other IITs and confirms that IIT Madras is the correct partner institute mentioned in this question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • IIT Mandi: While it is a growing institute, it has not been prominently reported as the host of the main Centre for Railway Research linked to the December 2015 MoU. • IIT Delhi: Although highly reputed and involved in many collaborations, the specific MoU mentioned in the question is associated with IIT Madras rather than IIT Delhi. • IIT Indore: Similar to IIT Mandi, this is a newer IIT without the widely publicised railway research collaboration referred to here. Common Pitfalls: A common error is to choose an IIT based only on overall reputation and name recognition, such as IIT Delhi, instead of recalling the specific news item. Another pitfall is confusing different MoUs signed by Indian Railways with multiple institutions over the years and mixing up the details. To avoid these mistakes, it helps to maintain brief notes on major collaborations, sorted by sector (railways, energy, space, etc.), and periodically revise them before exams. Paying attention to dates and exact wording in the question, such as 'December 2015' and 'Centres for Railway Research', also prevents incorrect associations. Final Answer: The MoU signed in December 2015 for setting up Centres for Railway Research was between Indian Railways and IIT Madras.

Question 3

Which of the following is the official mascot of Indian Railways used in safety and public-awareness campaigns?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your knowledge of important symbols and mascots used by major Indian institutions. Indian Railways, one of the largest railway networks in the world, uses an official mascot in its publicity material to spread awareness about safety, punctuality and passenger discipline. Knowing the name and appearance of this mascot is a simple but commonly asked general knowledge point, especially in exams connected with railways and government services. Given Data / Assumptions: • The question asks for the official mascot of Indian Railways. • Four character–animal combinations are provided as options. • Only one of these has actually been adopted and used in official communication and campaigns. • We assume the symbol in question is the widely used cartoon figure in Indian Railways posters and advertisements. Concept / Approach: The approach involves straightforward recall of a specific fact: the mascot of Indian Railways is 'Bholu', a friendly-looking cartoon elephant dressed as a guard, holding a signal lamp. Elephants historically symbolise strength and reliability in Indian culture, and the guard’s attire represents safety and order on trains. Carefully reading the options and matching this memory to the correct choice leads directly to the answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Remember that Indian Railways introduced an official mascot named 'Bholu'. Step 2: Recall the visual: a cartoon elephant in a railway guard’s uniform holding a signal lamp, used in safety posters and promotional materials. Step 3: Look at the options and identify which one mentions an elephant: 'Bholu, the elephant' in option D. Step 4: Confirm that none of the other options correspond to known Indian Railways mascots. Step 5: Choose 'Bholu, the elephant' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this information by checking official Indian Railways posters, safety campaigns displayed at railway stations, or the Ministry of Railways website, where Bholu is often used as a symbol of rail safety and discipline. Standard static GK books and railway exam guides also mention Bholu explicitly as the mascot of Indian Railways. An image search for 'Bholu Indian Railways mascot' will clearly show the cartoon elephant in uniform, reinforcing this fact for long-term memory. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Morris, the cat: This is not associated with Indian Railways and appears to be a distractor with no official role in Indian government branding. • Murugan, the peacock: Peacocks are India’s national bird, but 'Murugan, the peacock' is not the mascot of Indian Railways; it is simply a misleading pairing of a popular name with a common symbol. • Nandi, the bull: Nandi is mythologically associated with Lord Shiva, but there is no official use of 'Nandi, the bull' as a mascot for Indian Railways. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to confuse different national symbols—such as the national animal, national bird, or mythological figures—with specific organisational mascots. Another pitfall is guessing based on which animal seems more 'Indian' without recalling the actual name Bholu. To avoid such errors, it helps to memorise a short list of mascots for key organisations (for example, Indian Railways, national conservation campaigns, and major sporting events) and review them periodically, especially before competitive exams. Final Answer: The official mascot of Indian Railways used in safety and public-awareness campaigns is Bholu, the elephant.

Question 4

In 2015, which of the following banks became the first bank to tie up with Indian Railways to sell rail tickets directly through its own website?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests knowledge of innovative collaborations between banks and Indian Railways that make ticket booking more convenient for customers. In 2015, a significant step was taken when a private bank integrated railway ticket booking into its own online banking platform, allowing users to purchase tickets directly without visiting the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation (IRCTC) site separately. This sort of technology-led tie-up is a common topic in banking and railways-related general knowledge questions. Given Data / Assumptions: • The year is 2015. • The tie-up is about selling rail tickets through the bank’s own website. • The partner is specifically Indian Railways (via its ticketing system). • Options list four major Indian banks: ICICI Bank, State Bank of India (SBI), Axis Bank and HDFC Bank. Concept / Approach: The approach is to recall which bank was highlighted in current affairs as the first to offer direct railway ticket booking from its internet banking portal. Among the given options, ICICI Bank made news for integrating IRCTC's ticketing service with its net banking, marketing it as a value-added digital convenience for its customers. While other banks also offer similar services, the question is about the first such tie-up in 2015, which is associated with ICICI Bank. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the question refers to an online service innovation involving rail tickets and bank websites. Step 2: Recall from news and exam materials that ICICI Bank was promoted as the first bank to collaborate with Indian Railways for selling tickets directly through its internet banking interface. Step 3: Consider that SBI, Axis Bank and HDFC Bank also have strong digital platforms, but they were not reported as the earliest to provide this specific integration in 2015. Step 4: Match this recollection with the options and select ICICI Bank. Step 5: Confirm mentally that no other listed bank was credited with being “the first” in this context during that year. Verification / Alternative check: Verification can be done by checking 2015–2016 banking awareness notes and official press releases from ICICI Bank and IRCTC. They clearly describe the arrangement allowing ICICI customers to log in to internet banking, choose the rail ticket booking option, and complete reservations without a separate IRCTC login process. Questions in earlier banking and railway exams have also repeatedly referenced ICICI Bank as the first bank to provide this facility, confirming the accuracy of the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • SBI: Although State Bank of India has extensive online services, it was not the first bank highlighted for selling rail tickets directly through its own website in 2015. • Axis Bank: This bank offers many digital innovations but is not associated with being the first in this particular collaboration with Indian Railways. • HDFC Bank: Similarly, HDFC Bank is well-known for its digital offerings but was not reported as the first bank to integrate railway ticket booking on its portal in 2015. Common Pitfalls: Many candidates might choose SBI or HDFC Bank based purely on size or familiarity, assuming that the largest or most well-known bank must have been the first mover. Another pitfall is confusing later tie-ups or mobile app features with this initial web-based integration. To avoid such errors, aspiring candidates should create brief timelines of major banking innovations—such as the first bank to launch mobile wallets, contactless cards or integrated ticketing services—and revise them before exams, rather than relying on vague impressions. Final Answer: The first bank to tie up with Indian Railways in 2015 to sell rail tickets directly through its own website was ICICI Bank.

Question 5

India hosted the 8th BRICS Summit during its chairmanship, which took place on 15–16 October 2016 in which Indian city?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question examines knowledge of important international summits and India's role as a host nation. BRICS is a grouping of five major emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. When India held the BRICS chairmanship in 2016, it hosted the 8th BRICS Summit, an event that attracted global attention. Remembering the host city and dates of such high-level summits is a recurring theme in general knowledge and current affairs sections of competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: • The summit in question is the 8th BRICS Summit. • It was hosted by India during its BRICS chairmanship. • The dates were 15–16 October 2016. • The options list four major Indian cities: Goa, Bangalore, New Delhi and Mumbai. Concept / Approach: To answer, you must recall which Indian city was selected as the venue for the 8th BRICS Summit in 2016. Unlike many international summits that are held in New Delhi, this particular summit was organised in Goa, reflecting the trend of using diverse cities as global meeting points. Keeping track of where key summits—BRICS, G20, SCO and others—are held is vital for candidates preparing for government, banking and civil services examinations. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the summit: the 8th BRICS Summit in 2016 under India’s chairmanship. Step 2: Recall that India decided to host the 2016 BRICS Summit in Goa, a coastal state known for its tourism infrastructure and convention facilities. Step 3: Compare this memory with the options given and spot 'Goa' in option A. Step 4: Recognise that other cities—New Delhi, Mumbai and Bangalore—are often used for events, but not for this particular BRICS Summit. Step 5: Select 'Goa' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify the location of the 8th BRICS Summit by consulting Ministry of External Affairs press releases or reputable news summaries from October 2016. They clearly state that the summit was held in Goa on 15–16 October 2016. Many exam-oriented current affairs compilations also list '8th BRICS Summit – Goa, 2016' as a key fact, making it easy to cross-check. Some summaries also note that Goa hosted both the BRICS Summit and the BIMSTEC Outreach Summit around the same time. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Bangalore: While it is a major IT hub, it was not the venue for the 8th BRICS Summit in 2016. • New Delhi: Frequently hosts international meetings, but in this special case, the BRICS Summit was consciously taken to Goa. • Mumbai: India’s financial capital, but not the chosen host city for this particular summit. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to automatically choose New Delhi for any international summit in India because it is the national capital. Some candidates may also confuse the 2016 BRICS Summit with other conferences held in different cities or with later BRICS summits held in other countries. To avoid confusion, it is helpful to maintain a simple list pairing summit names with their host cities and years, and to review this periodically. Paying close attention to the specific year and edition of the summit reduces the risk of mixing up details. Final Answer: The 8th BRICS Summit held on 15–16 October 2016 during India’s chairmanship took place in Goa.

Question 6

As per the Horticulture Statistics Report 2015, which Indian state was the largest producer of mango in terms of total production?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your knowledge of Indian agriculture and horticulture statistics, specifically about mango production. Mango is often called the 'king of fruits' in India, and many states cultivate it extensively. However, production levels differ significantly across states, and competitive exams often ask which state leads in production of a particular crop. Here, the focus is on the state that emerged as the largest producer of mango according to the Horticulture Statistics Report 2015. Given Data / Assumptions: • The data source mentioned is the Horticulture Statistics Report 2015. • The crop in question is mango. • The criterion is total production, not area under cultivation or productivity. • Options are four Indian states: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka. Concept / Approach: To answer, you must recall which state leads in mango production over the years. Historically, Uttar Pradesh has consistently ranked as the largest producer of mango in India in terms of total production, thanks to extensive cultivation in districts like Malihabad and others along the Indo-Gangetic plains. Although states like Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are also major producers, they usually follow Uttar Pradesh in production rankings. Therefore, matching this knowledge with the given options leads to the correct response. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Horticulture Statistics Report 2015 provides crop-wise production data for each state. Step 2: For mango, remember that Uttar Pradesh is widely recognised as the top producer in absolute terms based on multiple official datasets. Step 3: Compare this recollection with the options: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka. Step 4: Note that while Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are important mango-producing states, they are typically ranked below Uttar Pradesh in total output. Step 5: Select 'Uttar Pradesh' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Verification can be done by consulting horticulture statistics issued by the Government of India, particularly tables showing state-wise production of major fruits. Several exam-preparation resources summarise that Uttar Pradesh is the largest producer of mango, followed by states like Andhra Pradesh. Cross-checking these tables confirms that for the 2014–2015 period, Uttar Pradesh led in total mango production, making it the correct answer for this question based on the 2015 report. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Andhra Pradesh: A major mango-producing state, especially known for certain export varieties, but generally ranked below Uttar Pradesh in total production volumes. • Telangana: Also produces mango on a large scale, yet does not surpass Uttar Pradesh in overall production figures for the period mentioned. • Karnataka: While agriculturally important, it is not the top mango producer when compared to Uttar Pradesh in the 2015 horticulture statistics. Common Pitfalls: A frequent error is to confuse rankings based on area under cultivation with rankings based on total production, or to assume that southern states dominate all fruit production categories. Another pitfall is relying on regional perception (for example, associating mangoes strongly with Andhra Pradesh) instead of checking the actual statistics. To avoid such mistakes, candidates should make concise notes from authentic sources about which state leads in major crops like rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, mango, banana and so on, and review them regularly before exams. Final Answer: According to the Horticulture Statistics Report 2015, the state that produced the highest total quantity of mango was Uttar Pradesh.

Question 7

The Mariana Trench is the deepest known point in Earth's oceans. In which of the following oceans is this trench located?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question focuses on basic world geography and oceanography. The Mariana Trench is famous for being the deepest known part of Earth's oceans, often highlighted in maps, documentaries and general knowledge books. Knowing which ocean it lies in helps you understand the layout of major landforms and underwater features across the globe, a common topic in competitive exams and academic quizzes. Given Data / Assumptions: • The feature named is the Mariana Trench. • It is described as the deepest known point in Earth's oceans. • Four major oceans are given as options: Atlantic, Arctic, Indian and Pacific. • We assume standard geographical definitions and positions as used in school and exam textbooks. Concept / Approach: The essential fact to recall is that the Mariana Trench lies in the western Pacific Ocean, east of the Mariana Islands. The deepest point, known as the Challenger Deep, reaches a depth of around 11,000 metres below sea level. When such famous natural features are mentioned—like the Dead Sea (lowest land point), Mount Everest (highest mountain above sea level), or the Mariana Trench—it is important to remember both their superlative status and their approximate location on the globe. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the feature as the Mariana Trench, recognised as the deepest part of the world’s oceans. Step 2: Recall that the trench is located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, near the Mariana Islands. Step 3: Examine the options: Atlantic, Arctic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Step 4: Connect your geographical memory to the correct ocean—this trench is not in the Atlantic, Arctic or Indian Oceans. Step 5: Select 'Pacific Ocean' as the correct option. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by looking at any standard world map or atlas showing ocean trenches. The Mariana Trench is clearly labelled in the North Pacific, east of the Philippines and south of Japan. Many educational resources, documentaries and websites about deep-sea exploration also state that expeditions to the Challenger Deep are journeys into the deepest part of the Pacific Ocean. Cross-checking these sources removes any doubt about the trench’s location. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Atlantic Ocean: While it contains deep trenches like the Puerto Rico Trench, it does not host the Mariana Trench or the very deepest ocean point. • Arctic Ocean: This is the smallest and shallowest of the world’s major oceans, and does not contain the Mariana Trench. • Indian Ocean: It has its own deep trenches, such as the Java Trench, but again, the Mariana Trench is not found here. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse different trenches or simply guess among the oceans, especially if they have only a vague recollection of the name. Another common mistake is to link 'Mariana' with a specific region incorrectly, such as the Atlantic or Indian Ocean. To avoid these errors, it helps to familiarise yourself with a small set of key superlatives: highest mountain, longest river, largest ocean, deepest trench and so on, along with their locations. Visualising them on a world map or repeatedly testing yourself using flashcards can significantly improve retention. Final Answer: The Mariana Trench, the deepest known point in Earth's oceans, is located in the Pacific Ocean.

Question 8

The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh launched a medical health-insurance scheme for Above Poverty Line (APL) families. What is the name of this scheme?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is based on a state-level health insurance initiative in Andhra Pradesh targeting Above Poverty Line (APL) families. While many schemes in India focus on Below Poverty Line (BPL) beneficiaries, this particular programme aimed to extend financial protection against medical expenses to APL families as well. Knowing the names of such schemes and their target groups is important for competitive exams, especially those dealing with public policy and government initiatives. Given Data / Assumptions: • The scheme was launched by the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. • It is a medical insurance scheme for APL families. • Four possible scheme names are listed: Haritha Kalyanam, Arogya Raksha, Kalyanamsurvay and Swasthya Raksha. • We assume the question refers to the widely discussed state health insurance programme covering APL households. Concept / Approach: The approach is straightforward recall of the scheme’s name. Andhra Pradesh launched the 'Arogya Raksha' health insurance scheme to provide medical coverage to APL families for a range of hospital treatments. It involved a fixed annual premium per individual and offered cashless treatment in empanelled hospitals. The other names in the options either do not refer to this scheme or are distractors that sound similar but are incorrect. Identifying the correct name requires familiarity with state government welfare programmes. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note that the question specifically mentions APL (Above Poverty Line) families in Andhra Pradesh and a medical scheme. Step 2: Recall that the Andhra Pradesh government launched a scheme called 'Arogya Raksha' to provide health insurance to APL families for a wide range of diseases. Step 3: Compare the given options and identify 'Arogya Raksha' as the name that matches this description. Step 4: Confirm that other options like 'Haritha Kalyanam' relate to entirely different themes or are distractors. Step 5: Choose 'Arogya Raksha' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by referring to state government press releases, current affairs summaries or scheme-specific articles. They clearly describe 'NTR Arogya Raksha Scheme' as a health insurance programme aimed at APL families, with a specified annual premium and coverage up to a certain limit in empanelled hospitals. Exam-focused resources often highlight this scheme as a key example of a state-level health initiative for families above the poverty line, confirming that 'Arogya Raksha' is the correct name among the options provided. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Haritha Kalyanam: This name does not correspond to the APL health insurance scheme launched by Andhra Pradesh; it appears as a distractor with no direct link to health insurance for APL families in this context. • Kalyanamsurvay: This term is not recognised as the official name of the medical scheme in question and is likely a misspelt or invented distractor. • Swasthya Raksha: Although the phrase literally means 'health protection', it is not the formal title of the specific APL health insurance scheme launched by the Andhra Pradesh government. Common Pitfalls: Candidates often get confused by similar-sounding names and may choose an option that loosely translates to a health-related phrase without being the actual scheme name. Another common mistake is mixing up schemes from different states or confusing APL-focused schemes with BPL-focused ones. To avoid such errors, maintain a short, organised list of major schemes with three key details: state or centre, target group (APL/BPL/farmers/women/youth) and main objective (health, education, housing etc.). Periodic revision of this list helps in memorising scheme names accurately. Final Answer: The medical health-insurance scheme launched by the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh for Above Poverty Line families is called Arogya Raksha.

Question 9

‘India by the Nile’ was a cultural festival showcasing Indian art, music and cinema. This festival was celebrated jointly by India and which of the following countries?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to international cultural diplomacy and India’s efforts to showcase its soft power abroad. 'India by the Nile' is the name given to a major cultural festival organised outside India, featuring Indian classical and contemporary music, dance, cinema, food and art exhibitions. Such festivals help strengthen bilateral relations and people-to-people contacts. Knowing where these events are held is useful for exams that cover international relations and cultural exchanges. Given Data / Assumptions: • The festival is titled 'India by the Nile'. • It highlights Indian culture abroad. • The options list Sudan, Kampala, Egypt and Kenya. • 'Nile' in the festival’s name hints at a connection with the Nile River. Concept / Approach: The key clue is the word 'Nile', referring to the river Nile, which flows primarily through northeastern Africa. Among the given options, Egypt is the country most famously associated with the Nile and frequently hosts cultural events along its banks. 'India by the Nile' is, in fact, a cultural festival organised in Egypt to showcase Indian culture to Egyptian audiences. Recognising this geographical and cultural link points directly to the correct answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the festival's name: 'India by the Nile'. Step 2: Recall which country is strongly associated with the river Nile and often linked with pyramids, pharaohs and the ancient Nile civilisation—this is Egypt. Step 3: Look at the options: Sudan, Kampala, Egypt and Kenya. Note that Kampala is actually a city (capital of Uganda), not a country. Step 4: Match the name of the festival and your knowledge of cultural ties: the festival is known to have been organised in Egypt as a celebration of Indian culture. Step 5: Select 'Egypt' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, you can check press releases from the Embassy of India in Egypt or the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR). These sources describe 'India by the Nile' as an annual or periodic cultural festival held in cities like Cairo and Alexandria, featuring Indian artists and performers. News articles and cultural event listings also highlight that the festival takes place in Egypt along the Nile River, confirming that the collaboration is between India and Egypt, not the other listed options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Sudan: While the Nile flows through Sudan as well, the specific festival 'India by the Nile' has not been identified as a Sudan-based event. • Kampala: Kampala is the capital city of Uganda, not a country, and the festival name refers to the Nile as a broader symbol rather than a specific African city. • Kenya: Kenya lies in East Africa and is not directly associated with the main course of the Nile River in the popular imagination or in the context of this festival. Common Pitfalls: One common error is to be misled by the presence of multiple African locations in the options and to guess randomly without using the strong clue provided by the word 'Nile'. Another pitfall is overlooking that Kampala is a city, not a country, and that the festival name is more globally associated with Egypt. To avoid such mistakes, candidates should not only memorise names of cultural festivals, but also connect them with distinctive geographical or cultural features—such as rivers, monuments or host cities—that make recall easier and more accurate. Final Answer: The cultural festival 'India by the Nile' was celebrated jointly by India and Egypt.

Question 10

Sheikh Hasina Wazed is the Prime Minister of which neighbouring country of India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question checks your knowledge of leaders in India’s immediate neighbourhood, which is a recurring theme in general awareness and current affairs sections. Sheikh Hasina Wazed is a prominent political figure in South Asia, known for serving multiple terms as Prime Minister of her country. Identifying the country she leads is important for understanding regional politics, international relations and India’s foreign policy environment. Given Data / Assumptions: • The leader named is Sheikh Hasina Wazed. • The question asks which neighbouring country of India she serves as Prime Minister. • Options include Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Nepal. • All four are either neighbours or close regional states, so careful recall is needed. Concept / Approach: The key concept is familiarity with current heads of government in South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) countries and India’s other neighbours. Sheikh Hasina is well known as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the founding leader of Bangladesh. Recognising this association allows you to choose the correct country among the options provided. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the name 'Sheikh Hasina Wazed' and recall her political profile. Step 2: Remember that she has been repeatedly elected as Prime Minister of Bangladesh and leads the Awami League party. Step 3: Look at the options: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Nepal. Step 4: Match your knowledge that Sheikh Hasina is associated with Bangladesh, not with Pakistan, Afghanistan or Nepal. Step 5: Select 'Bangladesh' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Verification is easy using current affairs books, reputable news sources or official government websites. Profiles of world leaders and lists of current heads of government clearly identify Sheikh Hasina as Prime Minister of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. India–Bangladesh bilateral news items also frequently mention meetings between India’s Prime Minister and Sheikh Hasina, reinforcing her role and nationality. Cross-checking even one reliable source is enough to confirm this fact. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Pakistan: Pakistan has its own separate political leadership. Sheikh Hasina is not associated with Pakistani politics. • Afghanistan: Afghanistan has its own leadership and political structure; Sheikh Hasina does not hold any office there. • Nepal: Nepal is a neighbouring Himalayan nation with its own prime ministers and political parties that are distinct from Bangladesh's leadership. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates confuse leaders from the South Asian region, especially if they only vaguely remember names or associate them incorrectly with countries. Another pitfall is not staying updated on changes in leadership, although Sheikh Hasina has been a prominent figure for a long time, making this particular fact more stable. To avoid errors, keep a simple list of heads of state and heads of government for all neighbouring countries and revise it regularly. Associating each leader with a visual cue, such as their national flag or a key diplomatic event, can also improve memory retention. Final Answer: Sheikh Hasina Wazed serves as the Prime Minister of India’s neighbouring country Bangladesh.

Question 11

Which of the following institutions was not founded by Mahatma Gandhi?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question explores your knowledge of important institutions and ashrams associated with India’s freedom struggle and key national leaders. Mahatma Gandhi established several ashrams that served as centres of constructive work, satyagraha and spiritual discipline. At the same time, other great figures like Rabindranath Tagore founded their own institutions. Recognising which institution was founded by whom is a classic topic in Indian history and general knowledge exams. Given Data / Assumptions: • Four institutions are listed: Sabarmati Ashram, Sevagram Ashram, Vishwa Bharti and Phoenix Ashram. • The question asks which was not founded by Mahatma Gandhi. • We assume standard historical accounts of the freedom struggle and national institutions. Concept / Approach: The key is to recall the founding figures of each institution: Sabarmati Ashram in Gujarat and Sevagram Ashram in Maharashtra are closely associated with Gandhi's life and work. Phoenix Ashram (Phoenix Settlement) in South Africa was also founded by Gandhi as a community based on his ideals. Vishwa Bharti (often written as Visva-Bharati) at Santiniketan, however, was founded by Rabindranath Tagore as a centre for global learning and culture. Therefore, Visva-Bharati is the institution not founded by Gandhi. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify Sabarmati Ashram as Gandhi’s well-known ashram near Ahmedabad, used as his base for many years. Step 2: Recall that Sevagram Ashram near Wardha was also established by Gandhi and became his residence in later years. Step 3: Remember that Phoenix Ashram (Phoenix Settlement) in South Africa was founded by Gandhi as an experimental community before his return to India. Step 4: Recognise that Vishwa Bharti (Visva-Bharati University) at Santiniketan was founded by Rabindranath Tagore, not by Gandhi. Step 5: Therefore, select 'Vishwa Bharti' as the institution not founded by Mahatma Gandhi. Verification / Alternative check: Standard history textbooks and biographies of Gandhi describe his founding of Sabarmati Ashram and Sevagram Ashram in India, as well as Phoenix Settlement and Tolstoy Farm in South Africa. Meanwhile, art and literature histories emphasise that Visva-Bharati was conceived and established by Rabindranath Tagore as a place where the world would meet India. Checking the official websites of these institutions or respected historical references confirms these founding figures and removes any ambiguity. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Sabarmati Ashram: Gandhi established this ashram on the banks of the Sabarmati River, and it served as a major centre of his activities, including the Dandi March. • Sevagram Ashram: Founded by Gandhi near Wardha, it became his main residence from 1936 onwards and a hub for constructive programmes. • Phoenix Ashram: This refers to the Phoenix Settlement in South Africa, created by Gandhi as one of his earliest experimental communities based on his ideals. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates may misread the question and look for the institution that was founded by Gandhi instead of the one that was not, leading to careless mistakes. Others might confuse Vishwa Bharti with institutions named after Gandhi. To avoid such errors, always underline or mentally emphasise words like 'not' in the question stem, and clearly recall which visionary is associated with each institution. Keeping a short list of founders of key universities, ashrams and organisations—Gandhi, Tagore, Ambedkar and others—can be very helpful for quick revision. Final Answer: The institution among the options that was not founded by Mahatma Gandhi is Vishwa Bharti (Visva-Bharati, founded by Rabindranath Tagore).

Question 12

In Rail Budget 2015, what was the name given to the ‘‘Innovative Council’’ proposed to promote innovation and technological upgradation in Indian Railways?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is based on Rail Budget 2015, where several initiatives were announced to modernise Indian Railways, improve passenger facilities and encourage innovation. One of the proposals was to create an 'Innovative Council' aimed at generating new ideas and driving technological upgradation. The name given to this council has become a popular static GK point frequently asked in exams related to banking, railways and other government services. Given Data / Assumptions: • The context is Rail Budget 2015. • The body in question is an 'Innovative Council' for Indian Railways. • Four possible names are provided: Rail Tech, Sankalp, Kayakalp and Navachar. • We assume standard budget announcements as recorded in government documents and reputable current affairs sources. Concept / Approach: The key is to recall the exact name used in the Rail Budget. The proposed council to promote innovation in Indian Railways was called 'Kayakalp', a Hindi term meaning 'transformation' or 'rejuvenation'. This name symbolically conveyed the intention to transform the railways’ systems, infrastructure and services through new ideas and technologies. Recognising this association helps you select the correct choice among similar-sounding names that also imply change or innovation. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Rail Budget 2015 included the proposal for an Innovative Council for Indian Railways. Step 2: Remember that this council was specifically named 'Kayakalp', indicating a complete transformation or rejuvenation. Step 3: Examine the options: Rail Tech, Sankalp, Kayakalp and Navachar. Step 4: Match your memory of the official name with 'Kayakalp', which appears as option C. Step 5: Select 'Kayakalp' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by reviewing Rail Budget 2015 highlights in government documents, PIB releases, or respected exam-preparation books. These clearly mention 'Kayakalp' as the name of the innovative council proposed for Indian Railways. Many GK summaries list this fact specifically because the term is distinctive and encapsulates the idea of transformation that the budget sought to convey. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Rail Tech: This sounds like a plausible name but was not the term officially used in Rail Budget 2015 for the innovation council. • Sankalp: A Hindi word meaning 'resolution' or 'determination', but it is not the designated name of this particular council. • Navachar: While it literally means 'innovation', the official council name chosen in the budget speech was 'Kayakalp', not 'Navachar'. Common Pitfalls: The main pitfall is getting confused by similar Hindi words that all sound related to change and innovation. Exam setters often include such distractors deliberately. Another common error is not paying enough attention when reading or revising budget highlights, leading to vague recollection like 'something with kalp or nav' and then guessing incorrectly. To avoid this, make a concise list of unique names announced in various budgets—such as Kayakalp, Sagarmala, Bharatmala, Ujjwala and others—and periodically revise the exact spellings and meanings. Final Answer: In Rail Budget 2015, the 'Innovative Council' proposed to promote innovation in Indian Railways was named Kayakalp.

Question 13

Which among the following comes under the elements of the Basic Structure of the Constitution of India? I. Supremacy of the Constitution II. Free and fair elections III. Judicial review

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question deals with constitutional law and the landmark doctrine of the 'Basic Structure' of the Constitution of India. The basic structure doctrine, evolved through Supreme Court judgements such as Kesavananda Bharati and subsequent cases, holds that Parliament cannot alter certain fundamental features of the Constitution through amendments. Understanding what counts as part of the basic structure is essential for law students, aspirants of civil services and anyone studying Indian polity. Given Data / Assumptions: • Three features are listed: I. Supremacy of the Constitution II. Free and fair elections III. Judicial review • The options combine these features in different ways. • The question asks which of these are included in the basic structure of the Constitution as recognised by the Supreme Court. Concept / Approach: The basic structure doctrine does not exist as a fixed list in the Constitution itself. Instead, various Supreme Court judgements have identified certain features as part of the basic structure. Among these are the supremacy of the Constitution, the republican and democratic form of government, secularism, separation of powers, and the power of judicial review. Free and fair elections are considered integral to democracy, and democracy itself is part of the basic structure. Likewise, judicial review is explicitly mentioned as a basic feature because it allows courts to check unconstitutional amendments or laws. Therefore, all three given features are part of, or closely tied to, the recognised basic structure. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Consider statement I: Supremacy of the Constitution. The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that the Constitution is supreme and that this supremacy forms a core part of the basic structure. Step 2: Consider statement II: Free and fair elections. Free and fair elections are essential to a democratic, republican form of government, which is recognised as part of the basic structure; hence, this feature is also protected. Step 3: Consider statement III: Judicial review. The power of judicial review, especially in the context of reviewing constitutional amendments, has been explicitly declared a basic feature in several judgements. Step 4: Note that all three features have been recognised either directly or through their essential connection to democracy and constitutional supremacy as elements of the basic structure. Step 5: Therefore, choose the option that includes I, II and III together, which is 'All I, II and III'. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, you can refer to summaries of key Supreme Court cases such as Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain, and Minerva Mills v. Union of India. These judgements discuss the basic structure doctrine and mention features like the supremacy of the Constitution, democratic form of government, rule of law, and judicial review as unamendable essentials. Commentaries on Indian polity, especially standard reference books used for UPSC preparation, also list free and fair elections, judicial review, and constitutional supremacy within the set of basic structure elements recognised over time. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Only I: This suggests that only supremacy of the Constitution is part of the basic structure and ignores the equally important roles of free and fair elections and judicial review. • Only II: This would incorrectly claim that the doctrine protects only free and fair elections while leaving out supremacy of the Constitution and judicial review, which is not supported by case law. • Both I and II: Although I and II are indeed part of the basic structure, this option mistakenly excludes judicial review, which has been explicitly upheld as a basic feature. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is assuming that only those features explicitly listed in a single judgement count as basic structure elements, rather than understanding that the list has evolved across multiple decisions. Another pitfall is underestimating the importance of judicial review, thinking it is just a procedural power instead of a core safeguard of constitutional supremacy. To avoid these errors, students should study a consolidated list of commonly accepted basic structure features and understand how each supports the integrity of the constitutional system, rather than memorising isolated points in a fragmented way. Final Answer: All three features—supremacy of the Constitution, free and fair elections, and judicial review—are recognised as part of the Basic Structure of the Constitution of India, so the correct option is 'All I, II and III'.

Question 14

On 5 September 2017, which ministry of the Government of India launched an online quiz competition named ‘‘Prakriti Khoj’’ to promote environmental awareness among students?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question pertains to a government initiative aimed at spreading environmental awareness through an online quiz competition. 'Prakriti Khoj' literally means 'Search for Nature' and was designed to engage school students in learning about environmental conservation and sustainable practices. Knowing which ministry launched this quiz helps you connect ministries with their subject domains, an important skill for general awareness and government exam questions. Given Data / Assumptions: • The event took place on 5 September 2017. • The initiative is an online quiz named 'Prakriti Khoj'. • Its purpose is to promote environmental awareness. • Options list four ministries: Health, Commerce, Environment and Home. Concept / Approach: The central idea is to match the theme of the initiative with the ministry’s core responsibilities. Since 'Prakriti Khoj' focuses on nature and environmental protection, it logically falls under the Ministry responsible for environment, forests and climate-related issues. In India, this is the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, often shortened to the Environment Ministry. The other ministries deal with health, trade and internal security, which are not directly aligned with the quiz’s theme. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note the name of the quiz – 'Prakriti Khoj' – and its purpose: promoting environmental awareness. Step 2: Associate environmental protection and awareness campaigns with the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Environment Ministry). Step 3: Review the options: Health, Commerce, Environment and Home Ministries. Step 4: Clearly see that the Environment Ministry is the most appropriate and correct choice for launching an environment-themed quiz for students. Step 5: Choose 'Environment Ministry' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Verification can be done by reading the official press release from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change dated early September 2017, which describes the launch of the 'Prakriti Khoj' online quiz by the Environment Minister. Exam-preparation magazines and current affairs digests also summarise this event and consistently attribute it to the Environment Ministry, confirming this as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Health Ministry: Primarily concerned with human health and disease control; it does not typically launch environment-themed student quizzes named 'Prakriti Khoj'. • Commerce Ministry: Deals with trade, industry and commerce; it is not the ministry responsible for environmental awareness programmes. • Home Ministry: Focused on internal security, law and order, and related areas, making it an unlikely originator of an environment-focused quiz for students. Common Pitfalls: A common error is to choose the Health Ministry simply because environmental issues can indirectly affect health, or to guess randomly if one is unfamiliar with the exact initiative. Another mistake is not reading the question carefully and ignoring the obvious clue provided by the quiz name and its focus on nature. To avoid such mistakes, always align the subject matter of a scheme or campaign with the typical portfolio of the ministry in question, and maintain a short list of important ministry-wise schemes for revision. Final Answer: The online quiz competition 'Prakriti Khoj' launched on 5 September 2017 to promote environmental awareness among students was started by the Environment Ministry (Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change).

Question 15

On 22 November 2017, the Union Cabinet approved the expansion of which mission for pan-India coverage in all 640 districts of the country?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question concerns a flagship social initiative of the Government of India aimed at improving the status of girls in society. Many national missions initially begin as pilot projects in selected districts and later get expanded nationwide. On 22 November 2017, the Union Cabinet approved such an expansion for one important mission, extending it to all 640 districts of the country. Remembering which mission was expanded in this way is a key current affairs point. Given Data / Assumptions: • The date of the Cabinet decision is 22 November 2017. • The decision was to expand a mission for pan-India coverage in all 640 districts. • The options list: Make in India, Swachh Bharat, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, and Skill India. • We assume standard official records of the Cabinet decision. Concept / Approach: The mission being referred to is 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' (BBBP), which aims to address declining child sex ratio, prevent gender-biased sex selection and promote education of the girl child. Initially launched in selected districts with low child sex ratios, its scope was later expanded to cover all districts nationwide. The Cabinet decision on 22 November 2017 formalised this expansion, making BBBP a truly pan-India campaign. Recognising this timeline and the mission’s focus helps you identify the correct answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note that the question is about a mission expanded to all 640 districts on 22 November 2017. Step 2: Recall that 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' was initially implemented in selected districts and was later extended to all districts as a pan-India programme. Step 3: Examine the options: Make in India, Swachh Bharat, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao and Skill India. Step 4: Recognise that while other missions are national in character, the specific Cabinet decision about covering exactly 640 districts is strongly associated with the expansion of BBBP. Step 5: Choose 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Verification is possible by consulting Press Information Bureau (PIB) releases or official Cabinet decisions from November 2017, which explicitly mention the expansion of the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme to all 640 districts. Many competitive exam magazines and government exam notes summarise this decision under social welfare and women-and-child development sections, confirming that BBBP is the mission in question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Make in India: A broad initiative to promote manufacturing, not specifically described as being expanded to all 640 districts through a November 2017 Cabinet decision. • Swachh Bharat: A nationwide cleanliness mission that was launched from the beginning with national coverage rather than being described via the '640 districts' expansion phrasing. • Skill India: An umbrella campaign with many sub-schemes, but the specific pan-India district expansion phrasing aligns with BBBP, not Skill India. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates may confuse different flagship schemes or assume that any mission can be associated with an 'all-district' expansion. Another pitfall is overlooking the date and the specific numeric clue of '640 districts'. To minimise such confusion, it helps to link each major social mission with a small set of key facts—launch year, nodal ministry, primary objective and major expansion milestones—so that when you see a clue like '640 districts', you immediately recall Beti Bachao Beti Padhao. Final Answer: On 22 November 2017, the Union Cabinet approved the expansion of the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao mission to cover all 640 districts of India.

Question 16

Why is sea water generally saltier than rain water?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests a basic concept in geography and earth science: the origin of the salt in sea water. While it is widely known that oceans are salty and rain water is fresh, understanding why this difference exists helps explain broader processes like the water cycle, weathering and erosion of rocks, and the long-term chemistry of the oceans. Such questions are common at school level and in general science sections of competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: • The comparison is between sea water and rain water. • We need to identify why sea water is saltier. • Four possible explanations are offered, involving sea animals, salty air, river action, and salt mines on the seabed. • We assume a basic understanding of the water cycle and rock weathering. Concept / Approach: The key concept is that the water cycle is a closed system for water but not for dissolved minerals. Rain water is formed from evaporation, which leaves salts behind and condenses into relatively pure water. As this water falls as rain and flows over land, it gradually dissolves small amounts of minerals and salts from rocks and soil. Rivers and streams then carry these dissolved substances into the oceans. Over millions of years, salts accumulate in the sea faster than they are removed, leading to the high salinity of sea water compared to fresh rain water. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that rain water comes from evaporation of surface water, mainly from oceans, lakes and rivers. Evaporation leaves salts behind, so the water vapour that forms clouds is almost pure. Step 2: Understand that when this fresh rain water flows over land, it slowly dissolves minerals and salts from rocks and soil, a process known as weathering and erosion. Step 3: Note that rivers and streams carry this mineral-rich water back to the seas and oceans, continuously delivering dissolved salts. Step 4: Over geological time, more and more salt accumulates in the oceans, making sea water salty, while rain water remains relatively fresh at the time it falls. Step 5: Therefore, the correct explanation is that rivers wash away salts from land and carry them into the sea, which corresponds to option C. Verification / Alternative check: Standard geography and science textbooks explain that the salinity of oceans is primarily due to dissolved minerals delivered by rivers over long periods, combined with some contributions from undersea volcanic activity and hydrothermal vents. The water cycle diagram, showing evaporation, condensation, precipitation and runoff, supports this view. Scientific explanations emphasise that evaporation does not carry salt into the clouds, so rain falls nearly salt-free, while the oceans remain salty because the salts largely stay behind when water evaporates. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Sea animals are salt-producing: Marine organisms do not produce enough salt to account for ocean salinity; they mostly live in the existing saline environment rather than creating it. • The air around the sea is salty: Although sea spray can carry tiny salt particles into the air locally, this is an effect of ocean salinity, not the main cause of it. • Sea beds contain salt-producing mines: While there are salt deposits under the sea, they are not the primary reason why all ocean water is salty; dissolved salts primarily come from weathering of rocks on land and subsequent transport by rivers. Common Pitfalls: A common error is to think that because seawater splashes and creates salty spray, the air around the sea must be the main source of salt, reversing cause and effect. Another pitfall is imagining that sea animals somehow create salt, which is not supported by geochemical evidence. To avoid confusion, remember the sequence: fresh rain falls, weathering dissolves minerals, rivers transport dissolved salts, and oceans accumulate these salts over long timescales. Anchoring this explanation in the water cycle helps solidify the concept. Final Answer: Sea water is saltier than rain water mainly because rivers wash away salts and minerals from rocks and soil on land and carry them into the sea, where these dissolved salts gradually accumulate over time.

Question 17

The ‘‘Rio Summit’’ (Earth Summit) is primarily associated with which of the following global environmental concerns?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question refers to the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, commonly known as the Rio Summit, which took place in 1992. It was a landmark United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) that produced several key international agreements and conventions. One of the most important outcomes was the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which focuses on conserving biodiversity, using it sustainably and sharing its benefits fairly. Recognising the main association of the Rio Summit helps in answering many environment and ecology questions in competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: • The event is the Rio Summit (Earth Summit) of 1992. • The question asks what it is primarily associated with. • Options include: Convention on Biological Diversity, greenhouse gases, ozone depletion and wetlands. • We assume standard historical accounts of UN environmental conferences. Concept / Approach: The Rio Summit addressed several major environmental issues and led to multiple international instruments, including: an agreement to establish the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Framework Convention on Climate Change, and Agenda 21. Among the options given, the one that most directly and specifically captures a key Rio outcome is the Convention on Biological Diversity. While greenhouse gases and climate change were also discussed (leading to the UNFCCC), the question’s options are crafted so that the most precise and widely recognised match for 'Rio Summit' is the CBD. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Earth Summit was held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 as a UN Conference on Environment and Development. Step 2: Remember that one of its most important outcomes was the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), focusing on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Step 3: Examine the given options: Convention on Biological Diversity, greenhouse gases, ozone depletion, and wetlands. Step 4: Note that although greenhouse gases were discussed, the specific term 'Convention on Biological Diversity' directly names a major treaty adopted in connection with the Rio Summit. Step 5: Choose 'Convention on Biological Diversity' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by consulting UN documentation or reliable environment textbooks that summarise the outcomes of the Rio Earth Summit. They consistently highlight three key outcomes: the Rio Declaration, Agenda 21, and the opening for signature of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Framework Convention on Climate Change. Exam-oriented environment notes often directly link the phrase 'Rio Summit' to the Convention on Biological Diversity as a main takeaway, confirming the correctness of this option among the choices provided. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Greenhouse gases: While climate change and greenhouse gas emissions were indeed addressed at the Rio Summit through the UNFCCC, the option given is too generic compared to the specific treaty name provided in option A. • Ozone depletion: Ozone layer protection is mainly associated with the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol, which predate the 1992 Earth Summit. • Wetlands: Wetland conservation is specifically covered under the Ramsar Convention, which is a separate international agreement, not the primary focus of the Rio Summit. Common Pitfalls: Candidates sometimes confuse different environmental conferences and treaties, such as mixing up the Montreal Protocol (ozone layer) with the Rio Summit outcomes or thinking that all environmental issues must be linked to climate change and greenhouse gases. Another pitfall is selecting a broad topic like 'greenhouse gases' instead of the precise name of a convention when one is provided. To avoid such mistakes, it is useful to build a small map linking major conferences (Stockholm 1972, Rio 1992, Kyoto 1997, Paris 2015) with their flagship outcomes or treaties. Final Answer: The Rio Summit (Earth Summit) is most closely and specifically associated with the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity.

Question 18

The aim of the Differentiated Interest Scheme (DIS) introduced by banks in India was to provide concessional loans primarily to which of the following groups?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question focuses on a social banking initiative in India known as the Differentiated Interest Scheme (DIS). The idea behind such schemes is to support vulnerable groups by offering loans at interest rates lower than the normal commercial rates. Understanding the target beneficiaries of DIS is important in banking awareness and economic policy questions, especially those related to financial inclusion and priority sector lending. Given Data / Assumptions: • The scheme mentioned is the Differentiated Interest Scheme (DIS). • The aim is to provide concessional loans. • The options list the potential beneficiaries: weaker section of the society, Public Sector Industries, Public Limited Companies and big exports. • We assume standard policy descriptions of DIS as implemented by Indian banks. Concept / Approach: The core idea of DIS is social justice in credit distribution. Under the scheme, banks were encouraged to lend at lower interest rates to economically weaker sections who would otherwise struggle to access affordable credit. These include small farmers, landless labourers, artisans and other low-income groups. The scheme was not designed to subsidise big exporters, large public sector industries or public limited companies, which generally have better access to formal finance at market rates. Therefore, the answer must point to the weaker sections of society as the primary beneficiaries. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the question is about the purpose of the Differentiated Interest Scheme (DIS). Step 2: Recall that DIS was introduced to provide loans at lower-than-normal interest rates to economically weaker sections. Step 3: Review the options: weaker section of society, public sector industries, public limited companies and big exports. Step 4: Recognise that public sector industries, large companies and big exporters are not the intended beneficiaries of concessional interest under DIS. Step 5: Conclude that 'weaker section of the society' is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Verification can be done by checking banking history summaries or RBI policy notes which explain that DIS was meant to ease the credit burden on small borrowers, particularly in rural and semi-urban areas. Exam-oriented banking awareness books also clearly state that concessional interest under DIS is directed towards weaker sections, rather than big business or exporters. This consistent explanation across multiple reputable sources confirms the correct target group. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Public Sector Industries: These are generally large entities with access to institutional finance at market-linked rates; they are not the focus of DIS concessional lending. • Public Limited Companies: Large companies can raise capital from markets or banks under normal commercial terms, and DIS is not designed for their benefit. • Big exports: While exporters may receive other incentives and credit facilities, they are not the primary beneficiaries of the Differentiated Interest Scheme aimed at weaker sections. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates may overthink the question and assume that concessional schemes must be tied to export promotion or industrial growth, leading them to pick big exports or public sector industries. Another mistake is not remembering the specific reservation concept behind DIS, which is focused on equity and inclusion rather than growth of large enterprises. To avoid such errors, it helps to categorise financial schemes into those for development of the poor and those for industry or exports, and to associate each scheme with its primary target group in your notes. Final Answer: The Differentiated Interest Scheme was introduced to extend concessional loans mainly to the weaker section of the society.

Question 19

In world geography, which European city is famously known by the traditional nickname "Queen of the Adriatic"?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This general knowledge question checks a learner's awareness of famous geographical nicknames that are frequently used in school textbooks, competitive examinations, and travel literature. The expression "Queen of the Adriatic" is a classic nickname that has been applied to one particular European city for centuries because of its location, maritime history, and cultural beauty. Knowing such nicknames helps candidates quickly identify cities and regions in map based questions and in questions on world history and culture. Given Data / Assumptions: The question works with a few simple facts and assumptions: - The Adriatic refers to the Adriatic Sea that lies between the Italian Peninsula and parts of the Balkan region in Europe. - Four options are given: Venice, Rome, Flanders, and Lisbon, and only one of them is historically called the "Queen of the Adriatic". - No numerical data or calculation is required; the question purely tests factual and conceptual recall from geography and history. Concept / Approach: To answer correctly, the learner must connect the nickname "Queen of the Adriatic" with the coastal city that historically dominated trade and culture on the Adriatic Sea. Venice is a city built on islands and canals in a lagoon on the north eastern coast of Italy, opening into the Adriatic Sea. Because of its powerful navy, prosperous trade routes, and stunning architecture, Venice gained great prestige during the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Authors, travellers, and historians started referring to Venice as the "Queen of the Adriatic" to capture this combination of maritime power and beauty. The other options are not located on the Adriatic Sea or are not cities at all, so they do not match this famous nickname. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Adriatic Sea lies along the eastern coast of Italy and the western coasts of several Balkan countries. Step 2: Identify which of the options is a major historic city near or on the Adriatic Sea. Venice is located on a lagoon connected to the Adriatic, whereas Rome is inland, Lisbon lies on the Atlantic, and Flanders is a region in north western Europe rather than a single city. Step 3: Remember that Venice was historically an important maritime republic, controlling trade routes and naval power across the Adriatic and beyond. Step 4: Because of its maritime dominance and its unique canal based cityscape, Venice was popularly nicknamed the "Queen of the Adriatic" by writers and travellers. Step 5: On the basis of location and historical nickname usage, select Venice as the only correct option. Verification / Alternative check: A quick mental cross check can be done using maps and common nicknames. Lisbon is known more as a major Atlantic port and as the capital of Portugal, not by the Adriatic nickname. Rome is situated away from the Adriatic coastline and is associated with titles such as the Eternal City, not "Queen of the Adriatic". Flanders is a region that spans parts of modern Belgium and does not lie on the Adriatic Sea. Venice alone is both geographically adjacent to the Adriatic and historically described in literature with this exact phrase. Therefore the match between Venice and the nickname is consistent in geography books, travel guides, and general knowledge references. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Rome: This is the capital of Italy but it is not on the Adriatic coast and is not traditionally given this nickname; it is more commonly known as the Eternal City. Flanders: This is a region in north western Europe, mainly in Belgium and parts of neighbouring countries, and does not border the Adriatic Sea. Lisbon: This is the capital of Portugal located on the Atlantic Ocean, and it has its own maritime history but is not associated with the Adriatic Sea or this particular title. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes select Rome simply because it is the best known Italian city, without thinking carefully about its coastal location. Another common mistake is confusion between different poetic nicknames for European cities such as the Eternal City, City of Canals, or City of Light. Some candidates also overlook the fact that Flanders is a region, not a single port city. To avoid such errors, always connect the nickname to both the sea or river mentioned and the city that historically depended on that water body for trade and power. Final Answer: The European city traditionally known as the "Queen of the Adriatic" is Venice.

Question 20

In economics and current affairs, which one of the following sectors is most commonly described as a modern "sunrise industry" because of its rapid growth potential?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests basic economic vocabulary that often appears in newspapers, competitive examinations, and policy discussions. The term "sunrise industry" is a metaphor that compares a rapidly growing and promising sector to the rising sun. Such an industry is at an early stage of its life cycle but shows strong potential for expansion, innovation, and job creation. Understanding why certain sectors are called sunrise industries helps students interpret government policies, budget speeches, and business news more accurately. Given Data / Assumptions: The question presents four broad sectors and asks which one is generally regarded as a sunrise industry: - Iron and Steel - Cotton Textile - Information Technology - Tea and Coffee It is assumed that the learner is aware that the term refers to new or rapidly expanding sectors rather than old, mature industries. No numerical calculation is involved; this is a conceptual and factual recall item from basic economics and business awareness. Concept / Approach: A sunrise industry is typically characterised by new technology, high growth rates, strong innovation, and the potential to transform how people live and work. Information Technology (IT) fits this description very well. Over the past few decades, IT services, software development, and digital technologies have grown rapidly in countries like India, creating large numbers of jobs, export earnings, and new business models. By contrast, iron and steel, cotton textiles, and tea and coffee are older, more mature industries that have existed for a very long time, often called traditional or even sunset sectors when they face stagnation. The key approach is to pick the sector that is relatively new and technology driven with strong growth prospects. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the definition of a sunrise industry as a new or emerging industry that shows rapid growth and high potential for future expansion. Step 2: Examine each option and identify which ones are long established and relatively mature. Iron and steel, cotton textiles, and tea and coffee are all traditional sectors that have been part of the economy for many decades or even centuries. Step 3: Consider how Information Technology has expanded in recent decades through computers, software, internet services, mobile applications, and digital platforms. Step 4: Notice that IT is strongly associated with innovation, start ups, venture capital, and new types of employment such as software engineering and digital marketing. Step 5: Conclude that Information Technology is the correct example of a sunrise industry among the given options. Verification / Alternative check: A quick verification can be done by remembering how policymakers and business magazines use the term. In many economic surveys and reports, Information Technology, biotechnology, and renewable energy are highlighted as sunrise sectors, while basic manufacturing such as iron and steel is treated as a core but mature industry. Cotton textile mills and tea or coffee plantations are often associated with the early industrial period and colonial trade, not with cutting edge innovation. Therefore, when comparing the nature and growth pattern of the four options, Information Technology stands out as the only one that matches the concept of a sunrise industry. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Iron and Steel: This is a fundamental heavy industry that has existed for many decades and is not considered an emerging sector, even though it remains important. Cotton Textile: One of the earliest modern industries, especially in countries like Britain and India; it is traditional rather than new. Tea and Coffee: These are agricultural and plantation based products that have a long history in global trade and are not described as sunrise sectors. Common Pitfalls: Some learners assume that any important industry can be called a sunrise industry, which is not correct. The term refers specifically to sectors that are relatively new and expanding quickly. Another mistake is to confuse importance with novelty; iron and steel are crucial for infrastructure but not new. To avoid such errors, always associate the term sunrise with high growth, new technology, and emerging opportunities rather than with age old basic industries. Final Answer: Among the given options, the sector commonly described as a modern sunrise industry is Information Technology.

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