Question 1

In Earth science, which internal layer of our planet is considered to be the hottest region in terms of temperature?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Understanding the internal structure of the Earth is a key part of basic geography and geology. School-level general knowledge often asks about the various layers of the Earth, such as the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. This question specifically tests whether you know which of these layers has the highest temperature and is therefore considered the hottest part of the Earth.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Names of different internal layers of the Earth as options.- The task is to identify which layer is the hottest.- We assume the standard four-layer model: crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.Concept / Approach:The Earth is structured in concentric layers. Starting from the outside, we have:- Crust: Thin, solid outermost layer where we live.- Mantle: Thick layer of semi-solid rock beneath the crust.- Outer core: A layer of molten (liquid) iron and nickel.- Inner core: A solid sphere mainly of iron and nickel at extremely high temperatures and pressure.The temperature increases as we go deeper. The inner core experiences the highest temperature and pressure, making it the hottest layer, even though it remains solid due to immense pressure.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall that the crust is the coolest and thinnest layer.Step 2: Remember that the mantle is hotter than the crust but cooler than the core layers.Step 3: Recognize that the outer core is very hot and in a liquid state.Step 4: Understand that the inner core, composed mainly of iron and nickel, is the hottest part of the Earth, with temperatures comparable to the surface of the Sun.Step 5: Therefore, select 'Inner Core' as the correct option.Verification / Alternative check:Geography and geology textbooks consistently show diagrams where temperature rises with depth and the inner core is marked as the hottest layer. Scientific estimates suggest temperatures in the inner core can reach several thousand degrees Celsius, higher than in the outer core or mantle.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Mantle: Hot, but not as hot as the core regions.- Crust: The coolest layer, exposed to outer space and atmospheric conditions.- Outer Core: Very hot and molten, but still cooler than the inner core.- Upper mantle: A subset of the mantle; again, not the hottest part of the Earth.Common Pitfalls:Some learners think the outer core is hottest because it is molten, while the inner core is solid. The solid state of the inner core is due to enormous pressure, not low temperature. Always remember that 'solid' does not automatically mean 'cooler' in this context. Look at temperature distribution, not the physical state alone.Final Answer:Correct option: Inner Core

Question 2

In Indian physical geography, which of the following rivers is commonly regarded as the smallest river in India by length?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Questions about the longest, largest, or smallest geographical features are common in general knowledge and competitive exams. In India, we frequently talk about long rivers such as the Ganga or the Godavari. However, this question tests your awareness of a much smaller river that is noteworthy for being considered one of the smallest rivers in India by length: the Arvari River in Rajasthan.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Names of major rivers like Indus, Godavari, Ganga, Narmada.- One small river, Arvari, among the options.- The question asks which is commonly regarded as the smallest river in India.Concept / Approach:The approach here is factual recall from Indian geography. While big rivers are famous for their length and basin size, some very short rivers gain attention for unique reasons such as conservation or local importance. The Arvari River in Rajasthan is often highlighted in environmental studies because it was revived from being seasonal to perennial through watershed management, and it is known for its very short length compared to other Indian rivers.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Note that Indus, Godavari, Ganga, and Narmada are all long, well-known rivers.Step 2: Recognize that Arvari is a relatively short river located in Rajasthan.Step 3: Recall that Arvari is frequently mentioned in GK books and environmental case studies as the smallest river of India by length.Step 4: Compare this with other options, which are clearly much longer rivers.Step 5: Choose 'Arvari' as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:Standard GK sources and environmental case study materials describe Arvari as a small river, about a few tens of kilometres long, revived by community efforts in the Alwar district of Rajasthan. In contrast, the other rivers listed are hundreds or even thousands of kilometres long, making them clearly not the smallest.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Indus: One of the longest rivers of Asia, flowing through multiple countries; not the smallest.- Godavari: Known as the 'Dakshin Ganga', it is the longest river of peninsular India.- Ganga: One of the major and longest rivers in India, sacred and geographically extensive.- Narmada: A major river in central India, flowing through a long westward course into the Arabian Sea.Common Pitfalls:A common mistake is assuming the question might be a trick and choosing a familiar big river. Another is to confuse Arvari with a canal or local stream. Remember that even a short watercourse can be classified as a river, and GK questions often highlight such unique facts, especially where environmental restoration efforts are involved.Final Answer:Correct option: Arvari

Question 3

In electrical engineering, a synchronous motor can be operated at which of the following power factors under normal conditions?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Synchronous motors are important machines in electrical engineering, widely used in industry for high-power applications and for power factor correction. This question checks your conceptual understanding of how a synchronous motor operates with respect to power factor. Knowing whether it can only run at one type of power factor, or can be adjusted, is crucial for both examinations and practical electrical system design.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Several possible power factor conditions: lagging, leading, unity, any power factor, or zero power factor only.- We consider a standard synchronous motor operating with appropriate excitation and load.Concept / Approach:A synchronous motor runs at constant synchronous speed determined by supply frequency and number of poles. Its power factor can be controlled by changing the field excitation:- Under-excitation usually leads to lagging power factor.- Normal excitation gives approximately unity power factor.- Over-excitation can make the motor draw a leading current and operate at a leading power factor, similar to a synchronous condenser.Therefore, by properly adjusting the field excitation, a synchronous motor can be made to operate at lagging, leading, or nearly unity power factor as required by the system.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall that the stator of a synchronous motor is connected to the AC supply, and the rotor is excited by DC.Step 2: Understand that changing the rotor (field) excitation changes the magnetising current drawn from the supply.Step 3: For under-excitation, the motor behaves like an inductive load and operates at lagging power factor.Step 4: For normal excitation, the motor operates close to unity power factor.Step 5: For over-excitation, the motor behaves like a capacitive load and operates at leading power factor.Step 6: Therefore, a synchronous motor can operate at any desired power factor (lagging, leading, or unity) within design limits.Verification / Alternative check:Electrical machines textbooks and laboratory experiments on synchronous motors clearly demonstrate V-curves, which show how stator current and power factor vary with field current. These curves confirm that the power factor can be varied from lagging through unity to leading by changing the field excitation, making the machine extremely flexible in reactive power management.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Lagging power factor only: Incorrect, because over-excitation can produce leading power factor.- Unity power factor only: Wrong; unity is only one operating condition among many possible.- Leading power factor only: Also incorrect; under-excited operation gives lagging power factor.- Zero power factor only: Not correct; the motor is not limited to purely reactive operation and normally supplies real power to mechanical loads.Common Pitfalls:Students often confuse synchronous motors with induction motors. Induction motors typically run at a lagging power factor, while synchronous motors are special because they can be tuned to the desired power factor. Another confusion is thinking that leading power factor is only for capacitors, but a synchronous motor with over-excitation can also behave like a synchronous condenser and supply reactive power, improving system power factor.Final Answer:Correct option: At any power factor (lagging, leading or unity)

Question 4

Which of the following Indian states became the first state in the country to have four operational international airports?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Civil aviation infrastructure is a key indicator of a region's connectivity and economic activity. In India, most states have one or two international airports, but one state became notable for having four operational international airports, making it a popular exam question in current affairs and general knowledge.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Five Indian states as options: Telangana, Maharashtra, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat.- The question asks which state became the first to have four international airports operating within its territory.Concept / Approach:The state you need to remember here is Kerala. Kerala has four international airports: Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode, and Kannur. The opening of Kannur International Airport made Kerala the first Indian state with four international airports in operation, a popular fact in recent GK questions.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall major international airports in India and their locations.Step 2: Identify that Kerala has Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, Cochin International Airport (near Kochi), Calicut (Kozhikode) International Airport, and Kannur International Airport.Step 3: Recognize that this makes a total of four international airports within a single state.Step 4: Check other states like Maharashtra or Uttar Pradesh, which have multiple airports but fewer international ones at the time of this fact.Step 5: Conclude that Kerala is the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:Government aviation records and news reports around the inauguration of Kannur International Airport highlight that Kerala became the first Indian state with four international airports. This fact is widely circulated in competitive exam preparation material and newspapers.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Telangana: Primarily known for Rajiv Gandhi International Airport in Hyderabad, and not four international airports.- Maharashtra: Has major airports like Mumbai and Pune, but not four international airports at the time in question.- Uttar Pradesh: Developing its aviation network, but did not have four operational international airports then.- Gujarat: Important industrial state, but again, not the first with four international airports.Common Pitfalls:Students sometimes assume that larger states like Maharashtra or Uttar Pradesh would naturally have more airports. However, Kerala's high overseas migration, especially to the Gulf countries, and strong tourism industry created a large demand for international connectivity, which led to the development of four international airports. Always check specific facts instead of relying on assumptions about size or population.Final Answer:Correct option: Kerala

Question 5

In English vocabulary related to music and groups, a group of four people performing together is called what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Many general knowledge questions test your familiarity with specific English words used for groups, especially in music and performance. Words like 'duet', 'trio', and 'quartet' have precise meanings. This question focuses on the word used for a group of four performers, often singers or instrumentalists, who perform together as one unit.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Several group-related words: septet, quintet, hexet, quartet, trio.- The question asks specifically about a group of four people.Concept / Approach:In Western music terminology:- Duo or duet: 2 performers.- Trio: 3 performers.- Quartet: 4 performers.- Quintet: 5 performers.- Sextet (not 'hexet'): 6 performers.- Septet: 7 performers.Therefore, the correct word for a group of four performers is 'quartet'.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall standard musical group names: duet, trio, quartet, etc.Step 2: Match the number 4 with the correct term: quartet.Step 3: Confirm that 'trio' corresponds to 3, 'quintet' to 5, and 'septet' to 7, so they cannot be correct.Step 4: Note that 'hexet' in the options resembles 'sextet', which typically means 6, but the spelling is not standard.Step 5: Choose 'Quartet' as the answer because it is the precise and widely used term for four performers.Verification / Alternative check:Music dictionaries, English vocabulary books, and even common usage in films and shows confirm that 'string quartet', 'vocal quartet', or 'jazz quartet' refer to groups of four musicians. This is consistent across different music traditions influenced by Western terminology.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Septet: Used for a group of seven performers, not four.- Quintet: Correctly refers to a group of five performers.- Hexet: Not a standard term; the usual word is 'sextet' for six performers.- Trio: This is a group of three performers, not four.Common Pitfalls:Some learners confuse 'quartet' with 'quintet' because both start with 'qui' or 'qua' sounds, and the numbers 4 and 5 are close. Another mistake is thinking 'trio' might mean any small group. To avoid confusion, remember the sequence: duo (2), trio (3), quartet (4), quintet (5), sextet (6), septet (7), octet (8). Memorizing this pattern helps in many GK and language questions.Final Answer:Correct option: Quartet

Question 6

Who has been appointed as the new President of the Film & Television Institute of India (FTII) Society?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The Film & Television Institute of India (FTII) in Pune is one of India's premier institutions for film and television education. High-profile appointments to positions such as Chairman or President of the FTII Society are frequently covered in current affairs, making them common topics in competitive exams. This question asks you to identify the individual appointed as the new President of the FTII Society at the time referred to in the question.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Names of four individuals and a 'None of the above' option.- The question refers to the appointment of a new President of the FTII Society.Concept / Approach:This is a straightforward current affairs question. You need to recall the specific appointment rather than apply a formula. Brijendra Pal Singh, a noted television producer and the creator of the popular TV series 'CID', was appointed as the President of the FTII Society and Chairman of the Governing Council, succeeding earlier appointees.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall recent news related to FTII leadership changes.Step 2: Identify the name associated with the role of President of the FTII Society.Step 3: Recognise that Brijendra Pal Singh, known for his work in Indian television, was appointed to this role.Step 4: Cross-check that the other names listed are not associated with this specific appointment.Step 5: Select 'Brijendra Pal Singh' as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:You can verify this fact by referring to official announcements from the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting or reliable news sources that reported on the appointment. They explicitly mention that Brijendra Pal Singh was appointed President of the FTII Society and Chairman of the Governing Council.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Manohar Raje: No widely reported appointment of this person as FTII Society President in this context.- Naini Singh: Not associated with this particular FTII leadership position in mainstream news.- Anupam Kher: He previously served as Chairman of FTII but is not the person referred to as the new President in this question.- None of the above: Incorrect because a correct name, Brijendra Pal Singh, is already present in the options.Common Pitfalls:One common mistake is to choose Anupam Kher simply because he is a well-known actor and was also linked with FTII leadership earlier. However, questions like this are time-specific, and you must recall the exact name associated with the most recent appointment mentioned in the study material. Always double-check the timeframe when revising current affairs so you do not confuse older and newer appointments.Final Answer:Correct option: Brijendra Pal Singh

Question 7

Which High Court in India ordered a nationwide ban on the online sale of medicines through unlicensed e-pharmacies?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The growth of online pharmacies has raised important questions about regulation, safety, and patient protection. Indian courts have occasionally stepped in to regulate or temporarily halt certain activities to ensure compliance with existing drug and pharmacy laws. This question tests whether you are aware of which High Court ordered a ban on the online sale of medicines through unlicensed platforms across India.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Names of five major High Courts in India.- The question refers to an order banning online sale of medicines without proper regulation.Concept / Approach:This is a current affairs and legal awareness question. The Delhi High Court passed an interim order directing the central and state governments to restrain unlicensed e-pharmacies from selling medicines online, citing concerns about misuse of prescription drugs, self-medication, and the need to strictly follow the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Pharmacy Act.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall news reports about judicial intervention in the online pharmacy sector.Step 2: Identify that the Delhi High Court was the court that issued directions to the central government and states.Step 3: Understand that the order emphasized patient safety and compliance with drug laws.Step 4: Discard other High Courts that did not issue such a nationwide directive.Step 5: Choose 'Delhi High Court' as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:Checking legal news archives or reputable newspapers confirms that a bench of the Delhi High Court directed the government to stop unlicensed online sale of medicines. The judgment highlighted the risk of dispensing prescription drugs without proper checks and called for regulatory clarity.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Hyderabad High Court: No landmark nationwide ban on online medicine sales is attributed to it in this context.- Calcutta High Court: Did not issue the particular all-India direction referred to in this question.- Bombay High Court: Also active in public interest litigations, but not the one connected with this specific ban.- Madras High Court: Not the court that passed the widely reported interim order on this issue at that time.Common Pitfalls:Students may guess Bombay or Madras High Court because these courts often handle major commercial or healthcare-related cases. However, for online medicine sales, it was specifically the Delhi High Court whose interim order was widely reported and later cited in discussions about e-pharmacy regulation. Always associate the correct court with the specific issue when revising current affairs.Final Answer:Correct option: Delhi High Court

Question 8

Following the 2018 Rajasthan Assembly elections, who was sworn in as the new Chief Minister of Rajasthan?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Chief Ministers of Indian states are important personalities frequently asked about in competitive exams, especially after major elections. Rajasthan, a large state in north-western India, saw a change of government after the 2018 Assembly elections. This question checks whether you know who took oath as the Chief Minister at that time.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Five names, including state-level and national-level politicians.- The question refers specifically to the Chief Minister of Rajasthan after the 2018 elections.Concept / Approach:This is a straightforward current affairs question. In the 2018 Rajasthan Assembly elections, the Indian National Congress formed the government, and senior Congress leader Ashok Gehlot was chosen as the Chief Minister. Sachin Pilot became the Deputy Chief Minister for a period. Other names in the options belong to different states or different roles.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall the outcome of the 2018 Rajasthan Assembly elections.Step 2: Remember that the Congress party formed the government, replacing the previous BJP government led by Vasundhara Raje.Step 3: Identify that Ashok Gehlot, a senior Congress leader and former Chief Minister, was again chosen to lead the state.Step 4: Note that Sachin Pilot served as Deputy Chief Minister, not the Chief Minister.Step 5: Therefore, select 'Ashok Gehlot' as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:Election Commission data and news archives from December 2018 confirm that Ashok Gehlot took oath as Chief Minister of Rajasthan, with Sachin Pilot as his deputy. This was widely covered in national media and has since been a frequently asked fact in GK examinations.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Sachin Pilot: Important Rajasthan leader and Deputy Chief Minister, but not the Chief Minister at that time.- Jyotiraditya Scindia: A prominent politician from Madhya Pradesh, not Chief Minister of Rajasthan.- Rakesh Asthana: A senior police officer, not a political leader of Rajasthan.- Vasundhara Raje: She was the previous Chief Minister from the BJP, but lost power after the 2018 elections.Common Pitfalls:Some candidates confuse the roles of Ashok Gehlot and Sachin Pilot because both names are closely linked with Rajasthan politics and were frequently mentioned together. Always distinguish between Chief Minister and Deputy Chief Minister posts. Another mistake is to rely on outdated information and think Vasundhara Raje still holds the post. Regularly updating your current affairs helps avoid such errors.Final Answer:Correct option: Ashok Gehlot

Question 9

According to the Constitution of India, what is the minimum age required to be eligible for appointment as the Chief Minister of any state?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Questions about age qualifications for various constitutional posts are very common in Indian polity sections of competitive exams. The Chief Minister is the head of the government in a state, and the minimum age requirement is linked to eligibility to become a member of the State Legislative Assembly or Council. This question tests whether you know the specific minimum age required for someone to become a Chief Minister in India.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Five different age options: 21, 25, 30, 35, and 45 years.- The question refers to the minimum age for the post of Chief Minister of any state.Concept / Approach:Under the Constitution of India, to be appointed as Chief Minister, a person must be a member of the state legislature (Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council) or must get elected within six months of appointment. The minimum age to be a member of the Legislative Assembly or Lok Sabha is 25 years. Therefore, effectively, the minimum age to become Chief Minister is also 25 years.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall the constitutional age requirements for different offices.Step 2: Note that for membership of a Legislative Assembly or Lok Sabha, the minimum age is 25 years.Step 3: Understand that the Chief Minister must be a member of the state legislature or become one within six months.Step 4: Therefore, the minimum age to become a Chief Minister is the same as that of an MLA, i.e., 25 years.Step 5: Select '25 years' as the correct option.Verification / Alternative check:Polity textbooks and the Representation of the People Act confirm that the minimum age for contesting Legislative Assembly elections is 25 years. Constitutional provisions relating to the Chief Minister refer to legislative membership, not a separate higher age threshold.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- 21 years: This is the minimum age to become a member of a Municipal body or Panchayat (in many states) or to vote, but not to become an MLA or Chief Minister.- 30 years: This age applies to membership of the Legislative Council or Rajya Sabha in some contexts, but not specifically for the Chief Minister post as such.- 35 years and 45 years: These are not the constitutional minimum ages for MLAs or Chief Ministers; they are distractor values and sometimes associated with other offices in different countries, not India.Common Pitfalls:A frequent error is to assume that because the Chief Minister is a very high office, the minimum age should be higher, such as 30 or 35. However, in India the crucial requirement is eligibility to be a legislator, not a separate age category. Always link the Chief Minister's eligibility to the age required for MLAs in your mind: 25 years.Final Answer:Correct option: 25 years

Question 10

Who was the first woman in the world to successfully reach the summit of Mount Everest?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Mount Everest, the world's highest peak, has been a symbol of human endurance and adventure. Many general knowledge questions focus on 'firsts' related to Everest, such as the first man, first Indian, and first woman to reach the summit. This question asks about the first woman in the world to successfully climb Mount Everest, a landmark achievement in mountaineering history.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Names of several well-known mountaineers, both Indian and foreign.- The question clearly asks for the first woman in the world to summit Everest.Concept / Approach:The key is to distinguish between global and Indian achievements. Junko Tabei from Japan became the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest in 1975. Bachendri Pal and Santosh Yadav are famous Indian women mountaineers associated with Everest, but they achieved their feats later and in the Indian context.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall famous names in women's mountaineering history.Step 2: Distinguish between the first woman in the world and the first Indian woman.Step 3: Remember that Junko Tabei, a Japanese mountaineer, summited Everest in 1975, becoming the first woman in the world to do so.Step 4: Note that Bachendri Pal is the first Indian woman to climb Everest (1984), not the first in the world.Step 5: Therefore, select 'Junko Tabei' as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:Mountaineering records, books, and reliable online sources on Everest expeditions all confirm that Junko Tabei was the first woman to reach the summit. She has been widely honoured and her achievement is part of standard GK for exams related to sports and adventure.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Santosh Yadav: A celebrated Indian climber and the first woman in the world to climb Everest twice, but not the first woman overall.- Sungdare Sherpa: A famous mountaineer from Nepal, but not the first woman to climb Everest.- Lhakpa Sherpa: Another accomplished female climber with multiple Everest summits, but not the first woman in history.- Bachendri Pal: The first Indian woman to climb Everest, not the first woman in the world.Common Pitfalls:Many students confuse 'first Indian woman' with 'first woman in the world' because Bachendri Pal is heavily emphasised in Indian textbooks. Always read the wording of the question carefully. If it says 'in the world', look for the global record holder (Junko Tabei). If it emphasises 'Indian', then Bachendri Pal is the key name to remember.Final Answer:Correct option: Junko Tabei

Question 11

In basic electricity and materials science, the resistivity of a conducting wire depends primarily on which of the following factors?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:In physics and electrical engineering, it is important to distinguish between resistance and resistivity. Resistance depends on dimensions such as length and cross-sectional area, while resistivity is a fundamental property of the material itself. This question tests whether you understand what resistivity depends on, which is a basic but frequently examined concept.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Several possible factors: length, cross-sectional area, material, shape, and colour of the wire.- The question specifically refers to 'resistivity' and not simple resistance.Concept / Approach:The resistance R of a uniform conductor is given by:R = ρ * (L / A)where ρ (rho) is the resistivity of the material, L is the length and A is the cross-sectional area. From this formula, resistivity is a constant for a given material at a given temperature. It does not change with length or area; instead, those quantities affect the resistance. Therefore, resistivity depends only on the nature (material) of the conductor and on temperature, not on its dimensions or shape.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall the formula R = ρ * (L / A).Step 2: Recognize that ρ is a material-dependent constant for a particular temperature.Step 3: Understand that changing length L or cross-sectional area A changes R, but ρ remains the same if the material and temperature remain unchanged.Step 4: Identify that the material of the wire (e.g., copper, aluminium, nichrome) determines its resistivity.Step 5: Therefore, choose 'Material of the wire' as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:Physics textbooks clearly list tables of resistivity values for different materials (metals, alloys, semiconductors, insulators). These values do not depend on how long or thick the wire is, confirming that resistivity is an intrinsic property of the material, not of its size or shape.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Length of the wire: Affects resistance (R), not the intrinsic resistivity ρ.- Area of cross-section of the wire: Also affects resistance but not ρ itself.- Shape of the wire: Changing shape or bending does not change the material's intrinsic resistivity.- Colour of the wire: Colour has no direct relation to electrical resistivity; it is irrelevant here.Common Pitfalls:A very common error is to confuse resistance and resistivity. Students who see formulae involving length and area may mistakenly think resistivity also depends on those. Always remember the distinction: resistivity (ρ) is a property of the material and temperature; resistance (R) is what depends on the geometry (L and A) and the material's resistivity. Clarifying this difference avoids many conceptual mistakes in electricity problems.Final Answer:Correct option: Material of the wire

Question 12

In the context of vision and eye defects, farsightedness is more properly known by which medical term?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Human eye defects are very common topics in biology and general science sections of competitive exams. Terms like myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism describe different refractive errors. This question asks you to recall the correct medical term for 'farsightedness', a condition in which distant objects can be seen more clearly than nearby objects.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Several medical terms, some related to vision and some unrelated.- The common name 'farsightedness' and we must match it with the appropriate technical term.Concept / Approach:Farsightedness means a person can see far objects clearly but has difficulty seeing nearby objects. This happens when the image of a near object is formed behind the retina, often due to a shorter eyeball or insufficient curvature of the lens. The medical term for this condition is hyperopia (or hypermetropia). Myopia, on the other hand, is nearsightedness, where near objects are clear but distant ones are blurred.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Understand that farsightedness corresponds to difficulty seeing near objects clearly.Step 2: Recall the main refractive errors: myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism (unequal curvature leading to distorted vision).Step 3: Match 'farsightedness' with 'hyperopia' or 'hypermetropia' from standard biology texts.Step 4: Confirm that myopia refers to nearsightedness, which is the opposite problem.Step 5: Therefore, select 'Hyperopia' as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:Ophthalmology references and school-level biology books define:- Myopia: Nearsightedness.- Hyperopia/Hypermetropia: Farsightedness.- Astigmatism: Blurred or distorted vision due to irregular curvature of the cornea or lens.This confirms that hyperopia is the correct technical term for farsightedness.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Myopia: This refers to nearsightedness, where near objects are clear and distant objects appear blurred.- Retinal detachment: A serious condition where the retina peels away from its underlying tissue; not a simple refractive error.- Diabetes mellitus: A metabolic disease affecting blood sugar levels, not a specific eye refractive error (though it can cause eye complications).- Astigmatism: A refractive error causing distorted or blurred vision due to uneven curvature, not specifically farsightedness.Common Pitfalls:Students sometimes confuse myopia and hyperopia because both involve blurred vision. An easy memory trick is: 'myopia' starts with 'my', so 'my near things are clear for me' (nearsighted), while hyperopia suggests 'hyper' or 'beyond', hinting that you see far things better than near ones. Also, remember that diabetes mellitus is not an eye defect itself, even though diabetic patients can develop eye diseases like retinopathy.Final Answer:Correct option: Hyperopia

Question 13

Which of the following is recognised as a national party of India by the Election Commission of India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:In Indian politics, the Election Commission of India (ECI) classifies political parties as national or state (regional) parties based on their performance in elections and vote share. Knowing which parties hold national status is a common requirement for civil services and other competitive examinations. This question asks you to identify which among the listed parties is recognised as a national party of India.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Names of various well-known Indian political parties.- Only one of them is to be treated as a national party for the purpose of this question.- We assume the recognition status as described in standard GK references covering recent updates.Concept / Approach:A national party is one that meets certain criteria laid down by the ECI, such as a specific percentage of votes or number of seats across multiple states. Over time, the list changes as parties gain or lose recognition. The Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) has been consistently recognised as a national party, whereas parties like Shiv Sena, Asom Gana Parishad, Shiromani Akali Dal, and Jammu & Kashmir National Conference are typically recognised as state or regional parties, not national parties.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall which parties are currently or historically recognised as national parties by the ECI.Step 2: Note that BSP has had national party status in India, along with parties such as BJP, Congress, and some others.Step 3: Recognise that Shiv Sena, Asom Gana Parishad, Shiromani Akali Dal, and J&K National Conference are based primarily in specific states and are generally classified as state parties.Step 4: Therefore, identify 'Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)' as the national party among the given options.Step 5: Choose BSP as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:Lists of national parties published by the Election Commission and summarised in standard GK sources include BSP as one of the recognised national parties. The other options are most often described as regional or state parties with influence concentrated in particular states like Maharashtra, Assam, Punjab, or Jammu & Kashmir.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Shiv Sena: Primarily a Maharashtra-based party; historically classified as a state party, not a national party.- Asom Gana Parishad: A regional party from Assam; it does not satisfy the criteria for national party status.- Shiromani Akali Dal: A major party in Punjab, but recognised as a state party.- Jammu & Kashmir National Conference: Dominant in Jammu & Kashmir, yet not recognised as a national party.Common Pitfalls:Students may think that high visibility or strong media coverage automatically means 'national party' status. In reality, the ECI uses technical criteria related to vote share and seats across multiple states. Another common mistake is to choose Shiv Sena or Shiromani Akali Dal, since they have played roles in national coalitions, but coalition participation does not equal national party recognition. Always rely on the official classification rather than perceived importance.Final Answer:Correct option: Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)

Question 14

Which state government in India has recently decided to rename its Child Care Institutes (CCIs) as 'Jagannath Ashrams'?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:State governments in India sometimes rename institutions to reflect cultural, spiritual, or social values. Child Care Institutes (CCIs) provide shelter and support to children in need of care and protection. A recent decision by a state government to rename its CCIs as 'Jagannath Ashrams' became a notable current affairs topic and, therefore, a common exam question.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- A list of Indian states: Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan, and Odisha.- The information that one of these states decided to rename Child Care Institutes as 'Jagannath Ashrams'.Concept / Approach:This question is based on factual current affairs. The Government of Haryana decided to rename all Child Care Institutes (CCIs) in the state as 'Jagannath Ashrams' to give them a more dignified and culturally rooted identity. The other states listed have not been associated with this specific naming decision in the same way.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall reading about a northern Indian state renaming CCIs as 'Jagannath Ashrams'.Step 2: Identify that the decision was reported from Haryana, not from Uttar Pradesh, Telangana, Rajasthan, or Odisha.Step 3: Confirm that Haryana's government specifically used the name 'Jagannath Ashrams' for these institutes.Step 4: Exclude other states that may have different schemes or naming conventions.Step 5: Choose 'Haryana' as the correct option.Verification / Alternative check:Official press releases from the Haryana government and national news agencies report the decision to rename all Child Care Institutes as 'Jagannath Ashrams'. Cross-checking with news from other states shows different welfare schemes but not this specific renaming pattern.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Uttar Pradesh: Has numerous social welfare schemes but is not the state that renamed CCIs as 'Jagannath Ashrams' in this context.- Telangana: A southern state with its own child welfare programmes, but not associated with this particular decision.- Rajasthan: Also runs various welfare institutions, but the 'Jagannath Ashram' naming was not reported from here.- Odisha: The name 'Jagannath' is culturally important in Odisha due to the Puri Jagannath Temple, which may mislead candidates, but the specific renaming of CCIs as 'Jagannath Ashrams' was done by Haryana.Common Pitfalls:The main trap in this question is the presence of Odisha among the options. Because Lord Jagannath is strongly associated with Odisha, many candidates instinctively choose that state. However, current affairs questions must be answered based on actual government decisions, not on associations or guesswork. Always ensure you link the fact to its correct state instead of relying on cultural clues alone.Final Answer:Correct option: Haryana

Question 15

Who was the founder and also the first Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) when it was established in 1969?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is one of the world's leading space agencies and a source of national pride. Questions about its origin, founders, and key personalities are very popular in competitive exams. This question focuses on the founder and first Chairman of ISRO at the time of its establishment in 1969.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Names of several prominent Indian scientists associated with space and atomic energy.- The question asks for the founder and first Chairman of ISRO.Concept / Approach:Vikram Sarabhai, often called the 'father of the Indian space programme', was instrumental in establishing ISRO. He envisioned the peaceful use of space technology for national development. While Homi J Bhabha is associated with India's atomic energy programme and A P J Abdul Kalam with missile and satellite launch vehicle development, it was Vikram Sarabhai who founded ISRO and became its first Chairman.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall that ISRO was formed in 1969, evolving from the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR).Step 2: Recognise Vikram Sarabhai as the key visionary behind India's space programme.Step 3: Remember that he served as the first Chairman of ISRO.Step 4: Distinguish his role from that of Homi J Bhabha (atomic energy), Satish Dhawan (later ISRO Chairman), and A P J Abdul Kalam (missiles and launch vehicles).Step 5: Choose 'Vikram Sarabhai' as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:ISRO's official history and standard science textbooks describe Vikram Sarabhai as the founder of the Indian space programme and the first Chairman of ISRO. Later chairmen include Satish Dhawan, U R Rao, K. Sivan, and others, but none were the founding Chairman.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- A P J Abdul Kalam: A leading aerospace scientist, involved in satellite launch vehicles and missiles, later President of India, but not the founder or first Chairman of ISRO.- Homi J Bhabha: Father of India's nuclear programme, associated with the Atomic Energy Commission, not directly with founding ISRO.- Satish Dhawan: A very important later Chairman of ISRO who took charge after Sarabhai's death; not the first Chairman.- K. Sivan: One of the recent Chairmen of ISRO, far later than the founding period of 1969.Common Pitfalls:Students sometimes confuse Vikram Sarabhai and Homi J Bhabha because both are called 'fathers' of major Indian scientific programmes (space and nuclear respectively). Another common mistake is to choose A P J Abdul Kalam because of his high public profile. Always associate: Vikram Sarabhai – space programme and ISRO; Homi J Bhabha – atomic energy; Abdul Kalam – missiles and launch vehicles; Satish Dhawan – later strengthening ISRO as Chairman.Final Answer:Correct option: Vikram Sarabhai

Question 16

Who was appointed as the first Chief Justice of the newly formed Telangana High Court?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:When new states or separate High Courts are formed in India, the appointment of the first Chief Justice becomes an important event and a favourite topic in current affairs questions. Telangana, which became a separate state, later got its own High Court distinct from the combined High Court of Judicature at Hyderabad. This question asks you to identify the first Chief Justice of the newly formed Telangana High Court.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- Names of several judges, including some former Chief Justices of India and senior High Court judges.- The question specifically refers to the first Chief Justice of the Telangana High Court.Concept / Approach:This is a factual question based on judicial appointments. Justice T.B.N. Radhakrishnan was appointed as the first Chief Justice of the Telangana High Court when it was created as a separate institution. Other names in the options are associated with different roles in the Supreme Court or other High Courts, not with this specific first appointment for Telangana.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall the creation of the separate Telangana High Court after the bifurcation of the combined Andhra Pradesh and Telangana jurisdiction.Step 2: Remember that Justice T.B.N. Radhakrishnan was sworn in as the first Chief Justice of the Telangana High Court.Step 3: Distinguish him from other judges listed, such as Ranjan Gogoi and Dipak Misra, who served as Chief Justices of India.Step 4: Confirm that neither Praveen Kumar nor V.K. Tahilramani hold the distinction of being the first Chief Justice of this High Court.Step 5: Select 'T.B.N Radhakrishnan' as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:Judicial appointment notifications and news reports at the time of the Telangana High Court's establishment clearly state that Justice T.B.N. Radhakrishnan took oath as its first Chief Justice. Cross-referencing with biographies of the judges listed confirms their other roles and postings.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Praveen Kumar: A senior judge, but not the first Chief Justice of the Telangana High Court.- Ranjan Gogoi: Former Chief Justice of India, associated with the Supreme Court, not specifically with Telangana High Court's first Chief Justice role.- V.K. Tahilramani: Former Chief Justice of another High Court, but not of Telangana as its first Chief Justice.- Dipak Misra: Also a former Chief Justice of India, not the first Chief Justice of Telangana High Court.Common Pitfalls:A major source of confusion is that aspirants sometimes pick well-known names like Ranjan Gogoi or Dipak Misra simply because they remember them from the news. However, high profile does not automatically make them correct for every question about Chief Justices. Always focus on the specific High Court and the context: first Chief Justice of the Telangana High Court is Justice T.B.N. Radhakrishnan.Final Answer:Correct option: T.B.N Radhakrishnan

Question 17

Which Asian country has recently launched its first home-grown messaging app called 'BizBarde'?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Technology-related current affairs often include questions about new apps, platforms, and digital initiatives launched by different countries. These developments highlight efforts to create local alternatives to global social media and messaging services. This question asks about 'BizBarde', a messaging app launched as a domestic product by an Asian country.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- A set of Asian countries: Japan, Indonesia, Israel, Turkmenistan, and Thailand.- The information that one of these countries launched its first home-grown messaging app called 'BizBarde'.Concept / Approach:This is a straightforward current affairs fact. Turkmenistan, a Central Asian country, launched BizBarde as its first local messaging app to provide a national platform for communication. The other listed countries have many home-grown apps too, but BizBarde is specifically associated with Turkmenistan in news reports.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall the news report about BizBarde, described as Turkmenistan's first messaging app.Step 2: Note that Japan, Indonesia, Israel, and Thailand already have other popular domestic or international apps and are not linked with this specific name.Step 3: Identify Turkmenistan as the country that launched BizBarde to encourage local digital communication tools.Step 4: Exclude other options based on this association.Step 5: Choose 'Turkmenistan' as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:International technology and news outlets reporting on Central Asia note BizBarde as a state-backed messaging service introduced in Turkmenistan. There is no similar association of this exact app name with Japan, Indonesia, Israel, or Thailand in standard current affairs references.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Japan: Known for various tech products and apps, but BizBarde is not identified as a Japanese app.- Indonesia: Has a large digital economy but is not linked to this specific messaging app name.- Israel: Renowned for high-tech startups, but BizBarde is not among its flagship products.- Thailand: Also developing in the digital space, but not reported as the origin of BizBarde.Common Pitfalls:Because Japan and Israel are well-known for technology, many students may be tempted to choose them without carefully recalling the actual news. Competitive exams frequently include such traps where technologically advanced countries are listed alongside the correct but less obvious answer. Always rely on specific memory of the article or headline rather than general impressions about which country is 'more high-tech'.Final Answer:Correct option: Turkmenistan

Question 18

Which Indian airline became the first in India to receive and operate the Airbus A321neo aircraft?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The Indian aviation sector has seen rapid growth, with airlines inducting new-generation aircraft to improve fuel efficiency and passenger comfort. The Airbus A321neo is a popular narrow-body aircraft with advanced engines and better fuel economy. This question tests your knowledge of which Indian airline first received and began operating the A321neo in India.Given Data / Assumptions:We are given:- A list of Indian airlines: Indian Airlines, SpiceJet, IndiGo, Air India, and GoAir.- The question is specifically about the first airline in India to get the Airbus A321neo.Concept / Approach:This is a specific current affairs and industry knowledge question. IndiGo, India's largest low-cost carrier by market share, has been one of the biggest customers for Airbus A320 family aircraft, including the A320neo and A321neo variants. IndiGo was the first Indian airline to induct and operate the A321neo aircraft in its fleet, using it on high-density domestic and international routes.Step-by-Step Solution:Step 1: Recall which airline in India is closely associated with large Airbus A320 family orders.Step 2: Recognise that IndiGo has a long-standing relationship with Airbus for the A320neo family, including the A321neo.Step 3: Remember news reports highlighting IndiGo as the first Indian carrier to put the A321neo into commercial service in India.Step 4: Compare with other airlines: SpiceJet, GoAir, and Air India also operate Airbus or Boeing aircraft, but were not the first to induct the A321neo in India.Step 5: Select 'IndiGo' as the correct answer.Verification / Alternative check:Aviation news portals, Airbus press releases, and IndiGo's own announcements confirm that IndiGo became the first Indian airline to operate the Airbus A321neo, using the aircraft to increase capacity and reduce per-seat cost on busy routes.Why Other Options Are Wrong:- Indian Airlines: This carrier has been merged with Air India and did not separately induct the A321neo as a first mover.- SpiceJet: Known more for operating Boeing 737 aircraft and some Q400 turboprops; not the first operator of A321neo in India.- Air India: A full-service carrier operating various Airbus and Boeing models, but not the first Indian airline to introduce the A321neo in commercial service.- GoAir: A low-cost carrier that operates A320 family aircraft, including A320neo, but not the first to induct the A321neo.Common Pitfalls:Some candidates may guess Air India due to its long history and mixed fleet, or GoAir because of its early adoption of A320neo aircraft. However, the distinction here is the specific A321neo variant and being the first Indian operator. IndiGo's aggressive fleet expansion and large Airbus orders make it the correct choice. When dealing with aircraft-related questions, always pay attention to the exact model mentioned and cross-connect it with airlines known for that specific type.Final Answer:Correct option: IndiGo

Question 19

Which country decided to withdraw from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) with effect from January 2019?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests current affairs awareness about developments in the global oil market and the role of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, commonly called OPEC. Knowing which country decided to withdraw from OPEC with effect from January 2019 helps candidates link news events with their impact on energy politics, oil prices, and international economic relations. Such questions are very common in banking, civil services, and other competitive examinations where recent international events are important. Given Data / Assumptions: - The question specifically asks about a decision to withdraw from OPEC that came into effect in January 2019. - The answer options list four countries that have been associated with oil production and OPEC membership at different times: Gabon, Angola, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. - We assume the question refers to the widely reported decision announced in late 2018 and implemented from 1 January 2019. Concept / Approach: To answer this, we must recall which OPEC member publicly announced that it would leave the cartel from January 2019. The relevant concept is basic international economic organization knowledge. OPEC is a group of oil producing countries that coordinate production policies. A member leaving OPEC is a significant news event. The correct approach is to connect the year 2018 announcements with the effective withdrawal date of January 2019 and identify the relevant country from the options. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall which country publicly declared its intention to leave OPEC around late 2018. Step 2: News reports at that time clearly stated that Qatar announced it would exit OPEC to focus more on natural gas production and its long term strategy in liquefied natural gas. Step 3: The withdrawal was scheduled to take effect from 1 January 2019, meaning that from that date the country would no longer be counted as an OPEC member. Step 4: Compare this information with the options. Saudi Arabia remains a core and influential OPEC member. Angola and Gabon have had membership changes but did not announce withdrawal at that specific time. Qatar, however, matches the description exactly. Step 5: Therefore, the only option that fits the given time frame and fact pattern is Qatar. Verification / Alternative check: As an additional check, remember that Qatar is a relatively small crude oil producer compared to its natural gas dominance. The decision was widely interpreted as a strategic move to concentrate on gas, where Qatar is a leading global exporter. News headlines at the end of 2018 repeatedly mentioned that Qatar would leave OPEC from January 2019. No similar headlines appeared for the other listed countries at that time, which confirms that Qatar is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Gabon: Although Gabon has had changes in OPEC membership historically, it was not the country that publicly announced a withdrawal effective in January 2019, so this option is incorrect. Angola: Angola continued as an OPEC member and did not make a high profile announcement of leaving in that period, so it does not match the question details. Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia is one of the founding and leading members of OPEC and has never withdrawn. It continues to play a central role, so this option is clearly incorrect. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to confuse this fact with general information about which countries are major crude oil producers. Another error is to assume that a country with disputes over oil output may have left OPEC, without remembering the specific year and event. Candidates may also mix this up with older membership changes of smaller producers. To avoid such confusion, always connect the event to the exact time reference given in the question and recall that the news story about withdrawal effective January 2019 was specifically about Qatar. Final Answer: The country that decided to withdraw from OPEC with effect from January 2019 was Qatar.

Question 20

Who was appointed to head the Reserve Bank of India expert committee on revival of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question checks awareness of important committees set up by the Reserve Bank of India related to the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises sector. MSMEs are a critical part of the Indian economy, contributing significantly to employment and exports. When the sector faces stress, the central bank sometimes forms expert groups to study issues and recommend solutions. Knowing the name of the chairperson of such a committee is a standard feature of banking and general awareness sections in many exams. Given Data / Assumptions: - The question refers to an expert committee set up by the Reserve Bank of India to look into MSME revival and related issues. - The task is to identify who headed this panel. - The options include Manoj Das, U K Sinha, a clearly fictitious option named Simba, and None of the above. Concept / Approach: The approach here is pure factual recall from recent economic and banking news. The relevant concept is that RBI often appoints experienced administrators, former regulators, or senior bankers to head high level committees. In this case, the committee on MSMEs was chaired by a former chairman of the Securities and Exchange Board of India, which is a strong clue. Remembering that name is the key to answering the question correctly. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall which committee the question is talking about. It is the RBI expert committee on issues and revival of the MSME sector. Step 2: Remember from news that this committee was headed by a former SEBI chairman known for his regulatory experience. Step 3: The former SEBI chairman associated with this MSME committee is U K Sinha, who served as SEBI chief earlier. Step 4: Compare this information with the options. Option B lists U K Sinha, which matches the person identified from current affairs. Step 5: Therefore, U K Sinha is the correct answer to the question. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this fact by remembering that the RBI press release on the committee clearly mentioned the name of U K Sinha as chairperson, with other members drawn from banks, industry, and academia. Study material from banking exams and yearbooks that summarise committees and their heads also list U K Sinha against the MSME revival committee, confirming that this match is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Manoj Das: This name does not correspond to the head of the RBI MSME committee and is included only to distract those who guess without recalling the news correctly. Simba: This is clearly a fictitious or non official name in this context and has no connection with RBI committees, so it is incorrect. None of the above: This option would be correct only if none of the listed names matched the actual chairperson. Since U K Sinha is correctly given in option B, None of the above is wrong. Common Pitfalls: Many candidates confuse different committees and their heads, especially when several panels are formed around the same time. Another pitfall is ignoring the clue that the person was a former SEBI chairman and instead guessing based only on which name sounds familiar. To avoid these mistakes, it is useful to maintain a personal list of key committees and chairpersons and revise it regularly before the exam. Final Answer: The RBI committee on revival of the MSME sector was headed by U K Sinha.

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