Question 1

Select the related word: Donkey is to Brays as Monkey is to which sound from the options?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy tests your knowledge of characteristic animal sounds. A donkey is associated with the sound braying. You must now choose the sound that best matches a monkey. Animal sound analogies like this are standard in verbal reasoning and general awareness questions. Given Data / Assumptions: 1) Donkey is an animal that makes a loud, harsh sound called a bray. 2) The word Brays is the verb describing the sound made by a donkey. 3) Monkey is another animal commonly seen in examples and stories. 4) The options are Chatters, Trumpets, Bellows, and Grunts. 5) Each option names a sound that some animals make, and we must select the most typical sound word used for monkeys. Concept / Approach: The relationship here is Animal to Characteristic Sound. To solve the analogy, we need to recall which sound verb is most commonly used to describe the vocalisations of monkeys. In standard English usage, monkeys are said to chatter. The other sound words are associated with different animals, for example trumpeting for elephants and bellowing for bulls or cattle. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Restate the model pair. Donkeys bray, so Donkey : Brays is an animal to sound relation. Step 2: Consider Monkey and the typical descriptions of monkey noises. Monkeys usually make a series of quick, excited, high pitched calls. Step 3: Examine option a, Chatters. Chatters describes rapid, continuous talking or noise and is commonly used to describe monkeys. Step 4: Examine option b, Trumpets. Trumpets refers to the sound made by elephants using their trunks. Step 5: Examine option c, Bellows. Bellows is a deep loud roar often associated with bulls or large animals like cattle. Step 6: Examine option d, Grunts. Grunts are short, low sounds typically associated with pigs or sometimes humans. Step 7: Conclude that Chatters is the only option that accurately reflects the characteristic sound of monkeys. Verification / Alternative check: Try forming natural phrases: a monkey chatters is a familiar and correct expression. By contrast, saying a monkey trumpets, a monkey bellows, or a monkey grunts sounds unusual or wrong in normal English usage. This confirms Chatters as the best and most idiomatic match. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Trumpets is for elephants, Bellows for large animals such as bulls, and Grunts for pigs or boars. These sound words belong to different animals and therefore do not parallel the donkey brays relationship. Using them for monkeys would break the clear animal sound mapping required by the question. Common Pitfalls: Learners who do not recall the exact sound word may guess based on familiarity. To avoid such guesswork, it helps to remember standard animal sound pairs often used in school level general knowledge: dogs bark, cats mew, cows moo, lions roar, elephants trumpet, monkeys chatter, and so on. Final Answer: The correct completion of the analogy is Monkey : Chatters, just as Donkey : Brays.

Question 2

Select the related word: Paw is to Cat as Hoof is to which animal from the options?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy is about naming the correct type of foot for different living beings. The pair Paw : Cat is given, and you must find which animal corresponds similarly to Hoof. Such questions test basic biological and general knowledge about animals and their body parts. Given Data / Assumptions: 1) A paw is the soft foot of certain animals, especially cats, dogs, and similar mammals. 2) A cat is a domestic animal whose feet are called paws. 3) A hoof is the hard covering on the foot of certain animals such as horses, cows, and deer. 4) The options are Man, Elephant, Lion, and Horse. 5) We must select the animal whose typical foot type is a hoof in the same way that the cat has a paw. Concept / Approach: The model pair is Foot Type to Animal. Paw describes the foot of a cat. Similarly, we need an animal whose standard foot is a hoof. Among the options, Horse is a classic hoofed animal. While cows and deer are also hoofed, they are not given as options, so Horse naturally becomes the correct choice. Man has feet, not hooves, Elephant has padded feet with toenails, and Lion has paws. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Restate the original pair. The cat has paws. Step 2: Identify what kind of animals have hooves. Hooves occur in animals like horses, cows, goats, and deer. Step 3: Examine option a, Man. Humans have feet with toes, not hooves. Step 4: Examine option b, Elephant. Elephants have thick, padded feet with toenails, not the hard hoof structure used for running. Step 5: Examine option c, Lion. Lions are big cats and have paws with claws, not hooves. Step 6: Examine option d, Horse. Horses are well known hoofed animals whose feet are hooves. Step 7: Conclude that Hoof : Horse mirrors Paw : Cat correctly. Verification / Alternative check: Form natural statements. A cat has a paw and a horse has a hoof. Both statements are correct and parallel in structure. Attempts such as man has a hoof or lion has a hoof are clearly incorrect, reinforcing Horse as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Man, Elephant, and Lion all have different types of feet that are not called hooves. These options do not match the specific anatomical term used in the question. Plugging them into the analogy breaks the clear foot type to animal relationship that the question is testing. Common Pitfalls: A test taker might overthink and consider elephant because it is large and often associated with heavy feet, but the technical term hoof is not used for elephants. Remembering standard school level associations like horse and hoof helps avoid such confusion. Final Answer: The correct completion of the analogy is Hoof : Horse, just as Paw : Cat.

Question 3

Select the related group of letters: JMPS is to ADGJ as QTWZ is to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is a letter sequence analogy that uses fixed jumps in the alphabet. The pair JMPS : ADGJ is given, and you must apply the same pattern to QTWZ in order to find the correct answer. Understanding how letters move forward or backward by a constant number of positions is an important skill in solving such reasoning questions. Given Data / Assumptions: 1) The first pair is JMPS and ADGJ. 2) The second pair begins with QTWZ and requires a matching letter group. 3) Alphabet positions are A=1, B=2, and so on up to Z=26. 4) The same transformation that maps JMPS to ADGJ will be used to map QTWZ to the answer group. 5) The options are HKNQ, OLRU, LORU, and CEGI. Concept / Approach: First we find the exact shift from JMPS to ADGJ. If the shift for each corresponding letter is the same, then it is a constant offset pattern. We then apply that numerical shift to each letter of QTWZ. If this yields one of the answer options, that option is correct. If not, we recheck the shift and calculations until the pattern is clear. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Write the positions for JMPS. J is 10, M is 13, P is 16, and S is 19. Step 2: Write the positions for ADGJ. A is 1, D is 4, G is 7, and J is 10. Step 3: Calculate the shifts from JMPS to ADGJ. From J (10) to A (1) is minus 9, from M (13) to D (4) is minus 9, from P (16) to G (7) is minus 9, and from S (19) to J (10) is minus 9. The pattern is a constant shift of minus 9 for each letter. Step 4: Now apply this shift to QTWZ. Q is 17, T is 20, W is 23, and Z is 26. Step 5: Subtract 9 from each position. 17 minus 9 equals 8, 20 minus 9 equals 11, 23 minus 9 equals 14, and 26 minus 9 equals 17. Step 6: Convert these new positions back to letters. 8 is H, 11 is K, 14 is N, and 17 is Q. So QTWZ maps to HKNQ. Step 7: Match HKNQ with the answer options and select it as the correct group. Verification / Alternative check: Check that the same minus nine shift works backwards from HKNQ to QTWZ. H (8) plus 9 gives Q (17), K (11) plus 9 gives T (20), N (14) plus 9 gives W (23), and Q (17) plus 9 gives Z (26). This confirms that the transformation is consistent and that HKNQ is indeed the correct partner group for QTWZ under the same pattern used for JMPS and ADGJ. Why Other Options Are Wrong: OLRU, LORU, and CEGI do not emerge from subtracting nine from the positions of Q, T, W, and Z. Using any of these would break the exact same constant offset rule that maps JMPS to ADGJ. Since analogies demand a single consistent rule for both pairs, these options must be considered distractors. Common Pitfalls: A frequent mistake is to look only at the internal spacing inside each group (for example, the jump between consecutive letters) and to ignore the cross mapping between the two groups. Another error is to miscalculate alphabet positions or the subtraction by nine, especially under exam pressure. Writing down the positions clearly and checking each step avoids both issues. Final Answer: Using the same minus nine letter shift pattern, QTWZ corresponds to HKNQ in the analogy JMPS : ADGJ :: QTWZ : ?.

Question 4

Select the related number: 841 is to 29 as 289 is to which of the following numbers?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is a number analogy based on squares and square roots. The pair 841 : 29 is provided, and you are asked to find the number that stands in the same relation to 289. Recognising perfect squares and their roots is a key part of number based reasoning in competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: 1) The first number in the model pair is 841. 2) The second number is 29. 3) The next starting number is 289, and we need to find its partner from the options. 4) The options are 23, 21, 17, and 13. 5) We suspect a square square root or similar relation because 841 and 289 are both well known perfect squares. Concept / Approach: First recognise that 29 multiplied by 29 equals 841, which means 841 is 29 squared. The pattern therefore appears to be that the first number is the square of the second. If that is true for the first pair, then in the second pair 289 should be the square of the missing number. Therefore, we need to find the integer whose square is 289 and then select that integer from the options. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Verify the relation between 841 and 29. Calculate 29 * 29. Step 2: 29 * 29 equals 841, confirming that 841 is 29 squared. Step 3: Conclude that the pattern is first number equals (second number)^2. Step 4: Apply this pattern in reverse for the second pair. We are given the first number 289 and need the second number x such that x * x equals 289. Step 5: Recognise that 17 * 17 equals 289, so the square root of 289 is 17. Step 6: Check the options and see that 17 appears as option c. Step 7: Therefore, 289 should be paired with 17 in the same way that 841 is paired with 29. Verification / Alternative check: Check the other options quickly. 23 * 23 equals 529, 21 * 21 equals 441, and 13 * 13 equals 169. None of these equals 289, so they cannot complete the analogy if the pattern is based on squares. Since the square pattern works perfectly for the first pair and leads uniquely to 17 for the second, the rule is consistent and reliable. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The numbers 23, 21, and 13 do not satisfy x squared equals 289. Choosing them would mean ignoring the clearly defined square relation in the model pair. Because a good analogy demands one single consistent rule across pairs, these options serve only as distractors. Common Pitfalls: Some students may misremember or miscalculate squares of two digit numbers, confusing 17 squared with another value. To avoid this, it helps to memorise squares of integers up to at least 30. Others may look for a more complicated pattern instead of noticing the direct and simple square relation. Always test basic operations such as squares and roots before searching for complex patterns. Final Answer: Following the same square square root pattern, 289 is related to 17 in the analogy 841 : 29 :: 289 : ?.

Question 5

Select the best related pair: Liquor is to Drink as which of the following pairs shows a similar type to category relationship?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy is about classifying a specific item under a broader category. Liquor is a type of drink. You must now choose the option where the first item is similarly a specific instance of the broader category named second. Recognising such type to class relations is central to verbal reasoning questions. Given Data / Assumptions: 1) Liquor is an alcoholic drink, so it clearly falls under the broad category of drink or beverage. 2) The second word Drink is the general class that includes many kinds of liquids consumed by people. 3) The options are Bread : Butter, Tea : Beverage, Sniff : Inhale, and Water : Sip. 4) We are searching for a pair where the first is a specific example of the type named second, just as liquor is of drink. Concept / Approach: The relation in Liquor : Drink is Specific Beverage to General Beverage Category. Among the options, Tea : Beverage matches this pattern, because tea is a specific kind of beverage. Bread and butter form a combination, not a type to category link. Sniff and Inhale are verbs with a different relation, and Water : Sip reverses the direction since sip is an action applied to water, not its category. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Restate the model pair. Liquor is a kind of drink; every liquor is a drink, but not every drink is liquor. Step 2: Examine option a, Bread : Butter. Bread and butter are two different food items that are often eaten together, but one is not a higher level category of the other. Step 3: Examine option b, Tea : Beverage. Tea is a specific form of beverage, as it is a prepared drink made by infusing dried leaves in hot water. Step 4: Examine option c, Sniff : Inhale. Both are verbs describing breathing action. One is not a category of the other; sniff is a type of inhaling, but the analogy is not built on drink and beverage type classification. Step 5: Examine option d, Water : Sip. Water is a drinkable liquid, and sip is the act of drinking it in small amounts. Again, this is an action applied to a substance, not category membership. Step 6: Conclude that Tea : Beverage alone mirrors the specific drink to general drink category relation seen in Liquor : Drink. Verification / Alternative check: Form short statements. Liquor is a drink, and tea is a beverage. These statements have the same form, with the first item as a member of the class named by the second item. Bread is not butter, sniff is not inhale in a category sense, and water is not sip. This confirms option b as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Bread : Butter is a pair of complementary foods, not an item to category relation. Sniff : Inhale is more action to broader action, which does not match the noun based category relation. Water : Sip connects a liquid with a verb and reverses the structure entirely. None of these mirror the noun to noun classification shown in Liquor : Drink. Common Pitfalls: Some students might focus on any two words that seem connected without checking direction. For analogies like this, it is critical to identify whether the second term is a class name and whether the first term is truly a member of that class. Doing so quickly highlights Tea : Beverage as the only proper match. Final Answer: The correct related pair is Tea : Beverage, which reflects the same type to category relation as Liquor : Drink.

Question 6

Select the best related pair: Evaporation is to Cloud as which of the following pairs shows a similar cause to result relationship?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy explores cause and effect in physical and emotional processes. Evaporation is a process in the water cycle that contributes to the formation of clouds. The question asks you to select a pair where the first word is a cause and the second word is a likely result in a similar way. Understanding such cause effect analogies is important in both science and reasoning questions. Given Data / Assumptions: 1) Evaporation is the process by which liquid water turns into water vapour due to heat. 2) Water vapour from evaporation rises and, together with condensation, leads to the formation of clouds in the atmosphere. 3) The options are Mountain : Snow, Book : Pages, Pressure : Atmosphere, and Tension : Breakdown. 4) We need to identify a pair where the first term is a contributing cause and the second term is a resulting state or event, parallel to evaporation leading to clouds. Concept / Approach: The relationship in the model pair is Process to Outcome. Evaporation, together with other processes, results in clouds. Among the options, Tension : Breakdown follows a similar pattern: emotional or mental tension can lead to a breakdown. Other options either reverse this relation or describe different types of association that do not fit the same cause effect pattern. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Restate the original pair. Evaporation of water helps produce clouds in the sky as part of the water cycle. Step 2: Examine option a, Mountain : Snow. Mountains may have snow on them, but mountain does not cause snow in the way evaporation causes clouds. Snow falls due to atmospheric conditions, not because of the mountain itself. Step 3: Examine option b, Book : Pages. Pages are components of a book, so this pair shows a part whole relationship rather than cause effect. Step 4: Examine option c, Pressure : Atmosphere. Atmosphere exerts pressure, so the relation is more like source to property or environment to effect, and the order is not clearly cause to outcome as in evaporation and cloud. Step 5: Examine option d, Tension : Breakdown. Psychological or emotional tension can result in a breakdown, such as a mental breakdown or nervous collapse. Step 6: Identify Tension : Breakdown as the pair with a clear cause leading to a significant negative effect, mirroring the process to result structure of Evaporation : Cloud. Verification / Alternative check: Construct parallel statements. Evaporation leads to cloud formation, and tension leads to breakdown. These sentences both describe how one process contributes to a particular outcome. The other options either describe location relationships or composition relationships, not cause and result. This confirms option d as correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Mountain : Snow suggests snow on a mountain, which is a place to feature relationship. Book : Pages is a whole to parts relation. Pressure : Atmosphere is ambiguous and does not mirror the one directional process outcome framework. None of them fit the clear cause effect structure that defines the original pair. Common Pitfalls: Candidates might choose Mountain : Snow because of the natural association between high mountains and snow, but that is more about typical co occurrence than direct causation. The question is stricter and expects a process that results in a specific state, which is mirrored best by tension causing breakdown. Final Answer: The correct related pair is Tension : Breakdown, reflecting the same cause effect relation as Evaporation : Cloud.

Question 7

Select the best related pair: Cream is to Cosmetics as which of the following pairs shows a similar item to category relationship?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy tests your ability to recognise item to category relationships. Cream is one type of product that belongs to the broader category Cosmetics. You must select the pair in which the first word is similarly a specific example of the general category named second. This type of classification is common in verbal reasoning sections. Given Data / Assumptions: 1) Cream, in this context, refers to skin cream or beauty cream, which is a cosmetic product. 2) Cosmetics is the broader category including creams, lotions, powders, and similar products used for beauty and personal care. 3) The options are Tiger : Forest, Mountain : Valley, Magazine : Editor, and Teak : Wood. 4) We are looking for a pair where the second word is the category and the first word is a specific type within that category. Concept / Approach: In the pair Cream : Cosmetics, cream is a particular item, and cosmetics is the general class. Among the options, Teak : Wood matches this structure because teak is a specific type of wood. The other options show different relations such as animal to habitat or object to person, which do not line up with the item category relation we need. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Restate the model pair. Cream is one product that falls under the general heading of cosmetics. Step 2: Examine Tiger : Forest. A tiger lives in a forest, so this is an animal to habitat relation, not an item to category relation. Step 3: Examine Mountain : Valley. Mountain and valley are contrasting geographical features, neither is clearly a category of the other. Step 4: Examine Magazine : Editor. An editor works on a magazine, so this is a publication to person relation. Step 5: Examine Teak : Wood. Teak is a particular species of tree, and the term wood is the general category of material taken from trees. Step 6: Conclude that Teak : Wood is the only pair where the second term is a category and the first is a specific instance in that category, mirroring Cream : Cosmetics. Verification / Alternative check: Form parallel statements. Cream is a cosmetic, and teak is a wood. Both sentences are correct and show that the first noun is a member of the class referred to by the second noun. By contrast, saying tiger is a forest or magazine is an editor would be wrong, which shows that these options do not share the same structure. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Tiger : Forest describes where the animal lives, not what it is classified as. Mountain : Valley describes geographical opposites, not category membership. Magazine : Editor relates a product and a person, not an item and a broader type of that item. These do not follow the item to class pattern required by the analogy. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates may select Tiger : Forest because they see a strong association, but they ignore the fact that cosmetics is not a location but a category of products. Always check whether the second term is a category word that can grammatically follow the phrase is a. If you can say cream is a cosmetic and teak is a wood, you are on the right track. Final Answer: The correct related pair is Teak : Wood, which mirrors the item to category relationship of Cream : Cosmetics.

Question 8

Select the best related pair: Carnivore is to Herbivore as which of the following pairs shows a similar contrast in feeding type?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy is about contrasting types within the same broad biological category. Carnivore and Herbivore are two different kinds of animals classified according to what they eat. The question asks you to choose the pair that shows a similar contrast. Such classification based analogies are common in biology oriented reasoning questions. Given Data / Assumptions: 1) A carnivore is an animal that primarily eats flesh or meat. 2) A herbivore is an animal that primarily eats plants. 3) Both carnivores and herbivores are animals, but they represent contrasting feeding habits within that category. 4) The options are Flesh : Plant, Horse : Lion, Camel : Giraffe, and Animal : Bird. 5) We look for a pair that mirrors the idea of two contrasting types of animals, one representing plant eating and the other flesh eating. Concept / Approach: The model pair is Type of Animal that eats flesh versus Type of Animal that eats plants. To preserve this structure, the correct answer should present a pair of animals where one is a typical herbivore and the other is a typical carnivore. Horse is a classic herbivore, and lion is a classic carnivore, so Horse : Lion captures this contrast neatly. The other options either pair foods or give members of the same category without a clear feeding contrast. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Restate the original pair. Carnivore and Herbivore are two opposite categories of animals based on diet. Step 2: Examine option a, Flesh : Plant. These are types of food, not animals. The original pair refers to animals themselves, not their food directly. Step 3: Examine option b, Horse : Lion. A horse is well known as a plant eating animal (herbivore), and a lion is well known as a meat eating animal (carnivore). Step 4: Examine option c, Camel : Giraffe. Both camel and giraffe are primarily herbivores, so the pair does not show a contrast similar to carnivore versus herbivore. Step 5: Examine option d, Animal : Bird. Bird is actually a subgroup within the broader category animal, so this is not a contrast of feeding habits but a general to specific relationship. Step 6: Conclude that Horse : Lion is the only pair that mirrors two distinct animal types with opposite diets, just like Carnivore : Herbivore does in abstract terms. Verification / Alternative check: Check the parallel ideas. Carnivore versus herbivore is like lion versus horse in terms of meat eater versus plant eater. The other options fail to provide two animals with clear opposite diets. Flesh : Plant are categories of food, and Camel : Giraffe do not represent meat eating animals, while Animal : Bird changes the category level entirely. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Flesh : Plant shifts the analogy to food items rather than animals. Camel : Giraffe gives two herbivores and therefore lacks the required contrast. Animal : Bird is a kind of class to subclass relation, not a pairing of two types at the same level. None of these options preserve the diet based opposition that defines the original pair. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates may pick Flesh : Plant because they see meat versus plant and think it parallels the herbivore carnivore difference. However, the original terms name animals, not food. The better match is to express the same opposition using actual animals, which the Horse : Lion pair does correctly. Final Answer: The correct related pair is Horse : Lion, reflecting the same kind of feeding contrast as Carnivore : Herbivore.

Question 9

Select the related word: Play is to Actor as Concert is to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy connects a type of performance with the person who performs it. A play is a stage performance involving actors. You must now find the word that similarly names the person associated with a concert. Such role based analogies are straightforward but important in verbal reasoning tests. Given Data / Assumptions: 1) A play is a dramatic performance presented on stage, usually by actors. 2) The word Actor refers to the person who performs roles in a play. 3) A concert is a public performance of music, either vocal, instrumental, or both. 4) The options are Symphony, Musician, Piano, and Percussion. 5) We need the word that names the person who performs in a concert, mirroring how Actor performs in a play. Concept / Approach: The model pair is Performance Type to Performer. A play is a kind of performance and an actor is the performer. For a concert, the people who perform are musicians. Symphony is a type of musical composition, piano is a musical instrument, and percussion is a family of instruments. None of those represent a person. Therefore, Musician is the correct match. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Restate the original relation. A play is performed by actors. Step 2: Identify what kind of event a concert is. It is a musical performance. Step 3: Examine option a, Symphony. A symphony is a large scale musical composition, not a person. Step 4: Examine option b, Musician. A musician is someone who plays a musical instrument or sings, and is the person performing in a concert. Step 5: Examine option c, Piano. Piano is a musical instrument, not the performer. Step 6: Examine option d, Percussion. Percussion refers to a family of instruments like drums and cymbals, again not a performer. Step 7: Conclude that Musician is the only option that fits as the performer for a concert in the same way that Actor fits for a play. Verification / Alternative check: Write parallel sentences. A play is performed by an actor, and a concert is performed by a musician. Both are correct and show a consistent pattern. Saying a concert is performed by a piano or by a symphony is not accurate, because these refer to instruments or compositions rather than persons. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Symphony denotes a piece of music, piano denotes an instrument, and percussion denotes a class of instruments. None of these words name the person on stage. Since the analogy is clearly event to performer, these options fail to match the relationship correctly. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes test takers confuse the performance with its content and may see symphony as related to concert, but they overlook the pattern where the second word must be a performer. Checking whether the second word can grammatically follow is performed by clarifies that only musician fits properly. Final Answer: The correct completion of the analogy is Concert : Musician, just as Play : Actor.

Question 10

In this letter analogy question, “EGIK is to FILO as FHJL is to ______”. Select the group of letters that completes the analogy by following the same increasing alphabet shift pattern used in the example pair.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This verbal reasoning question is a classic letter analogy. You are given one pair of related letter groups, EGIK and FILO, and then another group FHJL with a missing partner. The task is to discover the exact pattern that maps EGIK to FILO and then apply that same pattern to FHJL so that the relationship on both sides of the analogy remains identical. Such questions test your ability to work with alphabet positions and detect systematic shifts rather than guessing by visual similarity alone. Given Data / Assumptions: • First pair: EGIK maps to FILO. • Second pair: FHJL maps to an unknown group of four letters. • Options: JGMP, JGPM, GJMP, GMJP. • We assume a consistent position based rule within the English alphabet where A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26. Concept / Approach: The core idea is that each letter in the first group EGIK is transformed into the corresponding letter in FILO through a fixed forward shift, but the shift size is not constant across all positions. Instead, the first letter moves by +1, the second by +2, the third by +3, and the fourth by +4. This creates an increasing step pattern. Once you confirm this pattern on the example pair, you can confidently apply the same sequence of shifts (+1, +2, +3, +4) to the letters in FHJL and then match the result with one of the answer options. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Write alphabet positions for EGIK. E = 5, G = 7, I = 9, K = 11. Step 2: Write positions for FILO. F = 6, I = 9, L = 12, O = 15. Step 3: Check the shifts for each position. 5 → 6: +1, 7 → 9: +2, 9 → 12: +3, 11 → 15: +4. So the pattern is: first letter +1, second +2, third +3, fourth +4. Step 4: Apply the same pattern to FHJL. F = 6, H = 8, J = 10, L = 12. Add the shifts: 6 + 1 = 7 → G, 8 + 2 = 10 → J, 10 + 3 = 13 → M, 12 + 4 = 16 → P. Step 5: The resulting letter group is GJMP. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify by reversing the process. If we subtract 1, 2, 3, and 4 from the letters F, I, L, and O respectively, we get back E, G, I, and K. Similarly, subtracting the same pattern from GJMP should return FHJL. G − 1 = F, J − 2 = H, M − 3 = J, and P − 4 = L. This clean reversibility confirms that we have correctly identified the transformation and that GJMP is uniquely correct among the options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • JGMP, JGPM, GMJP: These are rearrangements of the letters G, J, M, and P, but they do not preserve the order produced by the precise +1, +2, +3, +4 shifting rule. The analogy requires an exact positional match, not just the same set of letters. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to focus only on the fact that the letters appear similar and ignore the order in which they must appear. Another error is to assume a constant shift like +2 or +3 for all positions without checking each letter carefully. Always compute the individual shifts and confirm the pattern on the given example pair before applying it to the new group. Final Answer: The letter group that correctly completes the analogy is GJMP.

Question 11

In this word analogy, “Vacant is to Empty as Dearth is to ______”. Choose the word that expresses the same synonym relationship for dearth that empty expresses for vacant.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question checks your understanding of synonym based analogies. In the pair “Vacant : Empty”, the two words have almost the same meaning. To complete the second pair, “Dearth : ?”, you must select a word that is a close synonym of dearth in the same way that empty is a synonym of vacant. Recognising such word relationships is essential for many verbal reasoning and competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: • Known pair: Vacant → Empty, which expresses a synonym relationship. • Target pair: Dearth → ? • Options: descend, scarcity, squander, abundant. • We assume standard dictionary meanings: vacant means unoccupied, and dearth refers to a severe shortage or lack of something. Concept / Approach: First, identify the type of relationship in the example pair. Vacant and empty both describe a state where something contains nothing, for example a vacant room or an empty room. This is a clear synonym relationship. We must then look for a word that has a meaning very close to dearth. Dearth refers to insufficiency or scarcity of resources such as food, money, or opportunities. Therefore, the correct choice is the word that also means lack or shortage. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Clarify the meaning of the first pair. Vacant describes something that is not occupied, and empty has almost the same meaning. Step 2: Clarify the meaning of dearth. Dearth means a serious lack or shortage of something important, as in dearth of water or dearth of jobs. Step 3: Evaluate each option. Descend means to move downward, which is unrelated to lack. Scarcity means shortage or insufficient quantity, which closely matches dearth. Squander means to waste something, such as money or time, which is different from lack. Abundant means plentiful, which is the opposite of dearth. Step 4: Because scarcity is synonymous with dearth, it completes the analogy correctly as “Dearth : Scarcity”. Verification / Alternative check: You can substitute the words into simple sentences to confirm the parallel. The phrase “the room is vacant” can be changed to “the room is empty” without changing the basic meaning. In the same way, “there is a dearth of food” can be rewritten as “there is a scarcity of food”. Other options do not allow for such smooth substitution: “dearth of food” cannot be replaced with “descend of food” or “squander of food”. Abundant is actually the opposite of the intended meaning. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Descend focuses on movement downward and has nothing to do with shortage. • Squander refers to wasting resources rather than lacking them. • Abundant means plenty or a great amount, which is the direct opposite of dearth. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to choose a word that simply feels negative instead of confirming the exact meaning. Another pitfall is to confuse cause and effect, for example thinking that squandering might lead to dearth, but the analogy is asking for a direct synonym, not a possible cause. Focusing on precise dictionary meanings helps avoid these traps. Final Answer: The word that correctly completes the analogy is Scarcity.

Question 12

In this letter analogy, “HMPU is to IOSY as GMRF is to ______”. Choose the group of letters that results from applying the same increasing alphabet shift pattern to GMRF.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a coded letter analogy where each position in a group of letters is shifted forward by a specific amount. The example pair “HMPU : IOSY” reveals a pattern in how each letter moves through the alphabet. We must uncover that pattern and then apply it to the second group “GMRF” to find the correct related group from the given options. Questions like this test careful observation of positional changes in the alphabet. Given Data / Assumptions: • Example pair: HMPU maps to IOSY. • Target mapping: GMRF maps to ? • Options: FKOB, HOUJ, HPUJ, HOJU. • We assume the English alphabet with A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26 and simple forward shifts. Concept / Approach: We look at each corresponding letter in HMPU and IOSY and compute how many positions forward it moves in the alphabet. If the pattern is consistent across positions, we can treat it as the rule of transformation. In this case, the shifts increase by one at each step: the first letter moves by +1, the second by +2, the third by +3, and the fourth by +4. Once this pattern is confirmed, we apply the same set of shifts to the letters in GMRF and then match the result against the answer choices. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Convert HMPU and IOSY to alphabet positions. H = 8, M = 13, P = 16, U = 21. I = 9, O = 15, S = 19, Y = 25. Step 2: Compute the shifts. 8 → 9: +1, 13 → 15: +2, 16 → 19: +3, 21 → 25: +4. So the pattern is “+1, +2, +3, +4”. Step 3: Apply the same pattern to GMRF. G = 7, M = 13, R = 18, F = 6. Add shifts: 7 + 1 = 8 → H, 13 + 2 = 15 → O, 18 + 3 = 21 → U, 6 + 4 = 10 → J. Step 4: The resulting sequence is H O U J (HOUJ). Verification / Alternative check: To verify, you can perform the reverse operation on IOSY. Subtract 1 from I to get H, subtract 2 from O to get M, subtract 3 from S to get P, and subtract 4 from Y to get U. This confirms the transformation is consistent. Doing the same reverse shifts on HOUJ returns GMRF, which shows that we have applied the rule correctly in both directions. Among the answer choices, only HOUJ matches the output of this precise set of shifts. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • FKOB, HPUJ, HOJU: These groups contain some of the same letters but in different orders or with incorrect letters, and they do not result from applying the exact +1, +2, +3, +4 shift pattern to GMRF. For a valid analogy, every position must follow the same transformation rule as in the example pair. Common Pitfalls: Many learners check only the first or second letter and pick an option that partly matches, without verifying all positions. Others assume a constant shift like +2 without noticing the progressive nature of the pattern. Always compute shifts for each letter carefully and confirm that the same pattern explains the entire example pair before using it on the new group. Final Answer: The letter group that correctly completes the analogy is HOUJ.

Question 13

In this number analogy, “50 is to 65 as 122 is to ______”. Choose the number that completes the analogy by following the same perfect square based pattern on both sides.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This number analogy involves recognising a pattern based on nearby perfect squares. The pair “50 : 65” is not linked by a simple addition like plus fifteen alone in a random way. Instead, both 50 and 65 can be related to consecutive perfect squares. You must discover this hidden connection and apply the same idea to the pair “122 : ?” to find the correct number from the options. Such questions test your familiarity with perfect squares and your ability to see how numbers sit between them. Given Data / Assumptions: • First pair: 50 corresponds to 65. • Second pair: 122 corresponds to an unknown number. • Options: 157, 145, 147, 155. • We recall important perfect squares: 7² = 49, 8² = 64, 11² = 121, 12² = 144, and so on. Concept / Approach: Notice that 50 is one more than 49 and 65 is one more than 64. Here, 49 = 7² and 64 = 8². So the first pair can be interpreted as “one more than a perfect square of 7” mapping to “one more than the next perfect square of 8”. Therefore, we look at 122 in the same way. It is one more than 121, which is 11². Following the pattern, we need the number that is one more than the next square after 121, which is 144 (12²). One more than 144 is 145. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Express 50 and 65 in terms of squares. 50 = 49 + 1 = 7² + 1. 65 = 64 + 1 = 8² + 1. Step 2: Identify the pattern. The mapping goes from (7² + 1) to (8² + 1). In other words, from “one more than 7²” to “one more than the next square 8²”. Step 3: Express 122 similarly. 122 = 121 + 1 = 11² + 1. Step 4: Find the next square after 11². The next square is 12² = 144. Step 5: Add one to that square. 144 + 1 = 145. Step 6: Therefore, 122 should correspond to 145 to keep the same pattern “square plus one with increasing base”. Verification / Alternative check: We can summarise the rule as: if the first number is n² + 1, the second number should be (n + 1)² + 1. For 50, n = 7, and the partner is (7 + 1)² + 1 = 8² + 1 = 64 + 1 = 65. For 122, n = 11, and the partner is (11 + 1)² + 1 = 12² + 1 = 144 + 1 = 145. No other option fits so neatly into this pattern, confirming that 145 is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • 157, 147, 155: None of these numbers can be written as “next perfect square plus one” when the first number is 11² + 1. They do not maintain the consistent square based relationship seen in the 50 : 65 pair. Common Pitfalls: Students often try linear operations first, such as adding the same constant or multiplying by a fixed number. While 65 is indeed 50 + 15, that does not extend cleanly to 122 with any of the given options. The presence of numbers close to known squares is a strong hint to think in terms of squares instead of simple differences, which leads directly to the correct pattern. Final Answer: The number that correctly completes the analogy is 145.

Question 14

In this medical analogy, “Goiter is to Iodine as Anemia is to ______”. Select the nutrient deficiency that stands in the same cause relationship to anemia as iodine deficiency does to goiter.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question checks your basic awareness of nutrition and deficiency diseases through an analogy. The pair “Goiter : Iodine” captures a cause and effect relationship, where lack of iodine in the diet can lead to goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland. You must find the nutrient whose deficiency leads to anemia, thereby completing the second pair “Anemia : ?” in the same causal way. Such analogies are common in general science and health awareness questions. Given Data / Assumptions: • First pair: Goiter → Iodine deficiency as a primary nutritional cause. • Second pair: Anemia → ? • Options: Vitamin D, Iron, Vitamin E, Calcium. • We assume standard school level knowledge of deficiency diseases and their main nutritional causes. Concept / Approach: The key is to identify the underlying type of relationship in the first pair. Goiter is often caused by a deficiency of iodine in the diet. Therefore, iodine is the nutrient whose lack leads to the disease. Similarly, anemia is a condition where the blood has a reduced capacity to carry oxygen, commonly due to a deficiency of iron, which is essential for hemoglobin formation. So the second word must be the nutrient whose deficiency mainly causes anemia, which is iron. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Clarify the relationship between goiter and iodine. Goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland and, in many regions, it is linked to insufficient iodine intake. Thus, the relationship is disease caused by nutrient deficiency. Step 2: Identify the nutrient deficiency linked to anemia. Anemia, especially iron deficiency anemia, arises when the body does not have enough iron to produce adequate hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen. Step 3: Evaluate each option. Vitamin D deficiency leads to rickets or osteomalacia, not primarily to anemia. Iron deficiency is the classic cause of iron deficiency anemia. Vitamin E deficiency can cause neurological problems and muscle weakness, but it is not the textbook cause of anemia. Calcium deficiency is associated with weak bones and osteoporosis, not anemia. Step 4: Therefore, iron is the nutrient that stands to anemia as iodine stands to goiter. Verification / Alternative check: You can test the pattern by rewriting the relationships as short statements: “Goiter is caused by iodine deficiency” and “Anemia is caused by iron deficiency”. Both statements are medically well known in basic health education. Trying to substitute any other option breaks the parallel: “Anemia is caused by vitamin D deficiency” is incorrect; similarly for vitamin E or calcium. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Vitamin D: Primarily linked to bone disorders, not anemia. • Vitamin E: Associated with nervous system and muscle issues, not the classic cause of anemia. • Calcium: Known for bone and teeth health rather than blood oxygen carrying capacity. Common Pitfalls: One common mistake is to choose any important nutrient that sounds familiar rather than the specific one tied to the disease in the question. Remember that analogy questions require very precise matching of relationships, not just general health associations. In this case, iron deficiency is the standard textbook cause of iron deficiency anemia, so it is the only correct completion of the pair. Final Answer: The word that correctly completes the analogy is Iron.

Question 15

In this number analogy, “56 is to 41 as 94 is to ______”. Identify the number that completes the pair by applying the same “half then add” arithmetic rule used in the first pair.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a numerical analogy that uses an arithmetic rule involving division and addition. The pair “56 : 41” is connected through a two step operation. Your task is to discover exactly how 56 becomes 41 and then apply that same operation to 94 in order to select the correct answer from the options. Such questions examine your ability to decompose a transformation into simple mathematical steps. Given Data / Assumptions: • First pair: 56 corresponds to 41. • Second pair: 94 corresponds to an unknown number. • Options: 49, 53, 60, 89. • We assume a consistent arithmetic pattern (same rule) is applied to both 56 and 94. Concept / Approach: We first examine the transformation from 56 to 41. A good approach is to try simple operations such as halving, doubling, or adding and subtracting a constant. Notice that 56 divided by 2 gives 28, and then adding 13 produces 41. So the rule can be written as “take half the number, then add 13”. Once that pattern is recognised in the first pair, we apply it directly to 94 and see which option matches the result. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Apply possible operations to 56. Half of 56 is 28. If we then add 13, 28 + 13 = 41, which matches the right side of the first pair. Step 2: Formulate the rule clearly. Rule: For any number n, compute (n / 2) + 13. Step 3: Apply the rule to 94. Half of 94 is 47. Now add 13: 47 + 13 = 60. Step 4: Check the options. The only option that matches this value is 60. Verification / Alternative check: To ensure the rule is consistent, verify that no simpler single step rule works as cleanly. For instance, subtracting a fixed number from 56 gives 41 if we subtract 15, but applying the same subtraction to 94 would give 79, which is not one of the options. The two step rule “divide by 2 and then add 13” works perfectly for both 56 and 94 within the given answer choices, making it the most reasonable and consistent pattern for this analogy. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • 49: To reach 49 from 94 using this rule, you would need a different constant instead of 13, breaking the pattern established by 56 : 41. • 53: This value does not equal (94 / 2) + 13 and is not consistent with the transformation seen in the first pair. • 89: Much closer to the original 94 and not connected by halving and then adding a constant. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes search for patterns using only addition or subtraction and overlook combined operations like dividing then adding. Another mistake is to test the rule only on the second number without confirming that it also explains the first pair fully. Always ensure the same rule can be applied consistently to both parts of the analogy before deciding on your answer. Final Answer: The number that correctly completes the analogy is 60.

Question 16

In this unit analogy, “Kilometre is to Metre as Tonne is to ______”. Choose the unit that stands in the same larger to smaller measurement relationship as metre does to kilometre.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question uses an analogy involving metric units of measurement. The pair “Kilometre : Metre” relates a larger unit to a smaller unit of the same physical quantity, namely length. To complete the analogy “Tonne : ?”, you must select the smaller unit that relates to tonne in the same way metre relates to kilometre. Such questions reinforce understanding of the metric system and unit hierarchies. Given Data / Assumptions: • First pair: Kilometre → Metre. • Second pair: Tonne → ? • Options: litre, kilogram, hours, weight. • In the metric system, 1 kilometre equals 1000 metres and 1 tonne equals 1000 kilograms. Concept / Approach: We first identify the exact relationship in the example pair. Both kilometre and metre are units of length, and a kilometre is the larger unit while a metre is the smaller unit. More precisely, one kilometre equals 1000 metres. Therefore, the second pair should also consist of a larger and smaller metric unit of the same type. Tonne is a large unit of mass, so its corresponding smaller unit should be kilogram, because one tonne equals 1000 kilograms. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand the first pair. Kilometre is a unit of distance. Metre is also a unit of distance, but smaller, and there are 1000 metres in one kilometre. Step 2: Identify the type of unit for tonne. Tonne measures mass or weight in everyday language, and it is a large metric unit. Step 3: Find the smaller metric unit for mass that fits the same relationship. In the metric system, 1 tonne equals 1000 kilograms, just as 1 kilometre equals 1000 metres. Step 4: Evaluate options. Litre measures volume, not mass. Kilogram measures mass and is exactly 1/1000 of a tonne. Hours measure time. Weight is a general concept rather than a specific unit. Thus, the only unit that stands to tonne as metre stands to kilometre is kilogram. Verification / Alternative check: We can summarise the structure of the analogy as “larger metric unit : smaller metric unit of the same quantity”. In numerical form, 1 kilometre = 1000 metres and 1 tonne = 1000 kilograms. No other option produces a similar neat ratio for tonne. Litre, hours, and the general word weight do not create a 1000 to 1 relationship in the context of mass in the way metre does for length. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Litre – relates to volume, not mass, so it breaks the same quantity requirement. • Hours – measures time, unrelated to mass. • Weight – is a general concept, not a standard metric unit; it cannot stand parallel to the specific unit metre. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes candidates confuse types of quantities, mixing volume, time, and mass. Others choose the word weight because tonne is informally spoken of as weight, forgetting that analogy questions require two clearly defined metric units with a similar numerical relationship. Keeping track of both the quantity type and the conversion factor leads directly to kilogram as the correct answer. Final Answer: The unit that correctly completes the analogy is Kilogram.

Question 17

In this letter analogy, “AGN is to IOV as BLM is to ______”. Select the group of letters that completes the analogy by applying the same fixed alphabet shift used in the first pair.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a straightforward letter coding analogy. The pair “AGN : IOV” suggests that each letter in AGN has been shifted a fixed number of positions forward in the alphabet to obtain IOV. We need to identify that shift and then apply the same rule to the second group BLM, finally matching the output to one of the options. This type of analogy tests your ability to work with alphabetical positions quickly and accurately. Given Data / Assumptions: • Example mapping: AGN → IOV. • Target mapping: BLM → ? • Options: JTU, KTU, JUV, TUJ. • We use standard alphabet positions: A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26 and wrap around if needed. Concept / Approach: We examine how each letter in AGN moves to the corresponding letter in IOV. If the difference in positions is the same for all three letters, then a single constant shift is being used. Once that shift is found, we apply it to each letter of BLM. The correct answer will be the option that exactly matches the resulting sequence of letters in the correct order. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Convert AGN and IOV to numeric positions. A = 1, G = 7, N = 14. I = 9, O = 15, V = 22. Step 2: Find the shifts from AGN to IOV. 1 → 9: +8. 7 → 15: +8. 14 → 22: +8. So each letter is shifted forward by +8 positions. Step 3: Apply the same shift to BLM. B = 2, L = 12, M = 13. 2 + 8 = 10 → J. 12 + 8 = 20 → T. 13 + 8 = 21 → U. Step 4: The resulting group is JTU. Verification / Alternative check: We can check by reversing the shift. Subtracting 8 from each letter in IOV returns AGN: I (9) − 8 = A (1), O (15) − 8 = G (7), V (22) − 8 = N (14). Applying the same reverse operation to JTU gives BLM: J (10) − 8 = B (2), T (20) − 8 = L (12), U (21) − 8 = M (13). This confirms that the +8 mapping works consistently in both directions and that JTU is the only correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • KTU and JUV: These options change one or more letters in ways that do not match a constant +8 shift for BLM. • TUJ: Contains the same letters as JTU but in a different order. Analogies require both the correct letters and the correct positions. Common Pitfalls: Some test takers recognise that the letters J, T, and U are involved but choose an option where the order is wrong. Others detect a forward shift but miscount positions or forget to confirm the pattern works for all letters in the example pair, not just one letter. Careful, position by position checking is the safest way to handle such questions. Final Answer: The group of letters that correctly completes the analogy is JTU.

Question 18

In this digit based number analogy, “9143 is to 9963 as 6731 is to ______”. Select the number that completes the analogy by following the same digit sum transformation pattern used in the first pair.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question involves a number analogy where the transformation is based on the sum of the digits rather than a direct multiplication or addition on the whole number. The pair “9143 : 9963” does not appear to follow a simple increase such as adding a fixed constant to 9143. Instead, if we look at the sum of the digits, a clear and consistent rule emerges. We must apply that same rule to 6731 to find the correct partner from the options. Given Data / Assumptions: • First pair: 9143 corresponds to 9963. • Second pair: 6731 corresponds to ? • Options: 1368, 5666, 8964, 9694. • We focus on the sum of digits as a possible key transformation because the raw differences between the numbers are not simple multiples. Concept / Approach: Compute the sum of the digits of 9143 and 9963. For 9143, the sum is 9 + 1 + 4 + 3. For 9963, the sum is 9 + 9 + 6 + 3. This transformation increases the digit sum by a constant amount. Then, we look at 6731, compute its digit sum, and search for the answer choice whose digit sum is larger by the same constant amount as in the first pair. This gives us a consistent rule that works across both examples. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Compute the sum of the digits of 9143. 9 + 1 + 4 + 3 = 17. Step 2: Compute the sum of the digits of 9963. 9 + 9 + 6 + 3 = 27. Step 3: Observe the pattern. The digit sum increases from 17 to 27, which is an increase of 10. Step 4: Compute the sum of the digits of 6731. 6 + 7 + 3 + 1 = 17. Step 5: Apply the same rule. We need a related number whose digit sum is 17 + 10 = 27. Step 6: Check each option. 1368: 1 + 3 + 6 + 8 = 18 (not 27). 5666: 5 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 23 (not 27). 8964: 8 + 9 + 6 + 4 = 27 (matches 27). 9694: 9 + 6 + 9 + 4 = 28 (not 27). Only 8964 has the required digit sum of 27. Verification / Alternative check: The structure of the rule is simple and consistent: for each input four digit number, form a new four digit number whose digit sum is exactly 10 more than the original. For 9143, 17 becomes 27 in 9963. For 6731, 17 must again become 27. Among the options, only 8964 satisfies this requirement. While many different four digit numbers have a digit sum of 27, the exam question restricts us to the given choices, and within that set, the rule identifies a single unique answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • 1368: Digit sum is 18, so the increase is from 17 to 18, not from 17 to 27. • 5666: Digit sum is 23, again not 27. • 9694: Digit sum is 28, which is 11 more than 17 rather than 10 more. Common Pitfalls: Some test takers may search for a direct additive or multiplicative relationship between 9143 and 9963 and become stuck, because the numbers are not simple multiples. Others may look for patterns in individual digits without considering the digit sum. When raw arithmetic fails, it is often helpful to check the behaviour of digit sums, which frequently appears in reasoning questions and gives a clean and testable rule here. Final Answer: The number that correctly completes the analogy is 8964.

Question 19

In this science analogy, “Summer is to Aestivation as Winter is to ______”. Choose the biological term that describes the seasonal resting state in winter corresponding to aestivation in summer.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy draws on basic biology and animal behaviour. Aestivation and hibernation are terms used to describe seasonal states of inactivity that help organisms survive extreme environmental conditions. The pair “Summer : Aestivation” connects a season with the type of dormancy that occurs mainly in hot and dry conditions. We must now complete “Winter : ?” with the corresponding term used for the resting state during cold weather. Such questions test conceptual understanding of scientific vocabulary. Given Data / Assumptions: • Summer is associated with the term aestivation for some animals. • Winter must be associated with a parallel biological state of dormancy. • Options: cache, hibernation, survival, activation. • We assume standard textbook definitions of aestivation and hibernation. Concept / Approach: Aestivation is a period of inactivity or dormancy entered by some animals and invertebrates during hot or dry summers to reduce water loss and conserve energy. Hibernation is a similar state of reduced metabolic activity but is associated with cold winter conditions. Thus, the seasonal relationship is “summer goes with aestivation” and “winter goes with hibernation”. This parallel gives the correct completion for the analogy. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand the first pair. In biology, aestivation is a state of dormancy that helps animals survive high temperatures and drought during the summer season. Step 2: Recall the corresponding term for winter dormancy. Hibernation is the state in which many mammals and some other organisms slow down their metabolism, lower their body temperature, and remain inactive during cold winter months. Step 3: Evaluate each option. Cache refers to stored food or a hiding place, not the state of the animal itself. Hibernation is exactly the winter equivalent of aestivation. Survival is a general term and does not name a specific physiological state. Activation is the opposite idea of dormancy and rest. Step 4: Therefore, hibernation completes the pair “Winter : Hibernation”. Verification / Alternative check: We can express the analogy as “season : type of dormancy”. Aestivation occurs in summer, particularly in hot or dry climates, while hibernation occurs in winter in cold climates. The other options either describe different concepts or are too broad. For example, survival is a result of these behaviours, not the name of the state, and cache refers to stored items rather than the physiological condition of the animal. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Cache – describes hidden stored items, not a biological state of inactivity. • Survival – a general outcome of many behaviours, not the specific term for seasonal dormancy. • Activation – suggests increased activity, which is the opposite of what happens in winter resting states. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse these technical terms or think that survival alone is good enough. Others may not remember which term goes with which season. A simple memory aid is that hibernation is heavily associated with bears and other mammals in winter, while aestivation is associated with summer survival in hot environments. Using such associations can help recall the correct term quickly. Final Answer: The biological term that correctly completes the analogy is Hibernation.

Question 20

In this letter analogy, “BFJ is to NRV as DHL is to ______”. Choose the group of letters that completes the analogy by using the same fixed forward alphabet shift on each letter.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This reasoning question presents a letter coding pattern where each letter in the group BFJ is shifted forward by a constant number of positions to obtain NRV. The task is to identify that shift and then apply it to the second group DHL to complete the analogy. Such problems test your ability to work efficiently with alphabet positions and detect hidden arithmetic patterns between them. Given Data / Assumptions: • Example mapping: BFJ → NRV. • Target mapping: DHL → ? • Options: PTA, PTX, KQS, MQV. • Alphabet positions: A = 1, B = 2, ..., Z = 26. Concept / Approach: We compare each corresponding letter of BFJ and NRV to find how many positions forward in the alphabet each letter moves. If the difference is the same for all positions, we have a single constant shift. Once that shift is determined, we apply it to the letters in DHL. The correct answer will be the option that exactly matches the resulting letters in their correct order. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Convert BFJ and NRV to numeric positions. B = 2, F = 6, J = 10. N = 14, R = 18, V = 22. Step 2: Calculate the shifts. 2 → 14: +12. 6 → 18: +12. 10 → 22: +12. So the rule is “add 12 to each letter”. Step 3: Apply the same rule to DHL. D = 4, H = 8, L = 12. Add 12: 4 + 12 = 16 → P, 8 + 12 = 20 → T, 12 + 12 = 24 → X. Step 4: The resulting letters are P T X (PTX). Verification / Alternative check: Check the reverse mapping from NRV to BFJ by subtracting 12: N (14) − 12 = B (2), R (18) − 12 = F (6), V (22) − 12 = J (10). The mapping is perfectly reversible, confirming a consistent shift of 12. Applying the same subtraction to PTX leads back to DHL: P (16) − 12 = D (4), T (20) − 12 = H (8), X (24) − 12 = L (12). This shows that we have applied the correct rule and that PTX is the valid output. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • PTA: The letters P, T, and A do not all arise from adding 12 to D, H, and L respectively; A would require a wrap around that is not part of this mapping. • KQS and MQV: These sequences do not correspond to a uniform +12 shift on DHL and break the relationship demonstrated by BFJ and NRV. Common Pitfalls: A frequent error is to miscount the shift or to assume a smaller shift like +10 without checking all letters. Another mistake is to look only at the first letter and pick an option that shares that letter but does not match the pattern in the remaining positions. Always verify the shift for each letter in the example pair and ensure the same shift can be applied consistently in the new pair. Final Answer: The letter group that correctly completes the analogy is PTX.

Analogy Questions