Question 1

Letter code analogy: “AF is to CH as KT is to ______”. Choose the pair of letters that follows the same alphabetic shifting pattern used from AF to CH.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a letter analogy and coding question. You are given one example of how a pair of letters is transformed: “AF” becomes “CH”. You must identify the rule that relates the original pair to the new pair, and then apply that same rule to “KT” to find the correct answer. Such questions test your ability to follow patterns in the alphabet and perform simple mental arithmetic with letter positions. Given Data / Assumptions: • First pair: AF is related to CH. • Second pair to be transformed: KT. • Options: MU, LU, LV, MV. • We assume the standard English alphabet with A as 1, B as 2, and so on up to Z as 26. Concept / Approach: In many letter coding questions, each letter is shifted forward or backward by a fixed number of positions in the alphabet. The same shift is applied to each letter of the pair. Therefore, the strategy is to convert letters to their numeric positions, find the difference between original and new letters, and check whether the shift is consistent across both letters. Once we know the size and direction of the shift, we apply it to the letters in KT and then match the result with an option. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Write AF and CH with positions. A is 1, F is 6, C is 3, and H is 8. Step 2: Calculate the shifts. From A (1) to C (3) is a shift of +2. From F (6) to H (8) is also +2. This confirms that the rule is to add 2 to each letter position. Step 3: Apply this rule to KT. K is 11 and T is 20. Step 4: Add 2 to each position. For K (11), 11 + 2 = 13, which corresponds to M. For T (20), 20 + 2 = 22, which corresponds to V. Step 5: The resulting pair of letters is MV. Step 6: Compare with the options. MV matches option D. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, we can also check the other options by reversing the operation. If KT mapped to MU, this would mean K to M is +2, which is correct, but T to U is only +1, so the shift is inconsistent. For LU, K to L is +1 and T to U is +1, which does not match the original example that uses +2. For LV, K to L is +1 while T to V is +3, again inconsistent. Only MV is produced by adding 2 to both letters, which exactly mirrors how AF became CH. This confirms that our pattern identification and application are correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • MU: First letter shift matches the pattern but second letter does not; the rule is not applied consistently. • LU: Both letters shift by +1 rather than +2, so it reflects a different pattern from the original pair. • LV: The shifts are different for each letter, breaking the uniform shift rule used in AF to CH. Common Pitfalls: A typical mistake is to observe only one of the letters and overlook whether the same shift applies to the second letter. Another common error is miscounting letter positions, especially around the middle of the alphabet. Writing down the alphabet or thinking carefully about each step helps avoid such small mistakes. Always confirm that the pattern you find fits all parts of the example pair before applying it to the new pair. Final Answer: The pair of letters that correctly completes the analogy is MV.

Question 2

Vocabulary question: “Choose the synonym of the word Hypothesis from the following options.”

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a direct vocabulary question asking for a synonym of the word “hypothesis”. Synonym questions test your understanding of academic and everyday English, and words like hypothesis often appear in science, research, and reasoning contexts. Knowing the exact meaning of such words helps in reading comprehension, scientific writing, and logical reasoning sections of exams. Given Data / Assumptions: • Target word: Hypothesis. • Options: theory, fascination, complexity, falling. • We assume standard dictionary meaning of hypothesis in scientific and logical contexts. • The task is to choose the word closest in meaning to hypothesis, not simply a related or familiar term. Concept / Approach: A hypothesis is a tentative explanation or proposition that can be tested by observation or experiment. It is an educated guess or assumption that researchers make before gathering evidence. In many contexts, especially informal exam usage, theory is used as the nearest synonym, since a scientific theory is a well supported explanation that may have started as a hypothesis. The other options do not share this meaning. Fascination is about strong interest, complexity is about difficulty or many parts, and falling is a physical action, none of which parallel hypothesis. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Define hypothesis. A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be confirmed or rejected through testing. It is a starting point for investigation. Step 2: Compare with theory. A theory is an explanation of some aspect of the natural or social world, based on a body of evidence. While theory is usually more established than a hypothesis, in general English they are often grouped together as explanatory ideas. Step 3: Evaluate each option. Theory: An explanatory framework or idea, which is conceptually close to a hypothesis as an explanation or claim. Fascination: Strong interest or attraction to something; emotionally focused, not explanatory. Complexity: The state of being complicated or having many interconnected parts; unrelated to proposing explanations. Falling: The act of dropping downward, a physical action with no conceptual similarity to hypothesis. Step 4: Therefore, theory is the only option that functions as a synonym or near synonym of hypothesis in exam level vocabulary. Verification / Alternative check: We can test by substitution in a sentence. For example, “The scientist tested her hypothesis” can be roughly restated as “The scientist tested her theory” in casual use, even if scientific writing distinguishes them. However, substituting fascination, complexity, or falling makes the sentence meaningless. This shows that theory aligns with the intended explanatory meaning, while the other options do not. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Fascination: Refers to being extremely interested in something, not to putting forward an idea for testing. • Complexity: Describes the level of difficulty or the presence of many interconnected elements; it is an attribute, not an explanatory statement. • Falling: A literal physical action that has no connection to logical or scientific explanation. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates see theory and remember that in strict science, a hypothesis is not exactly the same as a theory. They may hesitate for that reason. However, exam synonym questions are often based on general English rather than the strict hierarchy used in research methodology. In that general sense, theory is the closest synonym offered, and precision beyond that level is not expected here. Final Answer: The correct synonym of “hypothesis” in this context is Theory.

Question 3

Vocabulary question: “Choose the synonym of the word Maelstrom from the given options.”

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This vocabulary question focuses on the word “maelstrom”. Originally used for a powerful, violent whirlpool, the word is also widely used in a figurative sense to describe a state of great confusion, violence, or disorder. Synonym questions like this check whether you have encountered such words in reading and whether you can recognise their core meanings in different contexts. Given Data / Assumptions: • Target word: maelstrom. • Options: congregation, thunder, miracle, turmoil. • We assume awareness of both literal and metaphorical meanings of the word. • The correct answer should share the sense of chaotic movement or violent disorder. Concept / Approach: Literally, a maelstrom is a very large, powerful whirlpool in the sea or a river, capable of dragging things into its centre. Figuratively, it is used to describe any situation that is extremely confused, violent, or full of rapid, uncontrollable changes. Among the options, turmoil best captures this sense of chaos, confusion, and disturbance. The other options represent entirely different ideas such as gatherings, sounds, and astonishing events, none of which match the core chaotic meaning of maelstrom. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand the word maelstrom. In many newspaper articles and novels, a maelstrom of emotions or events refers to strong, swirling confusion and disorder. The link between the literal whirlpool and the figurative sense is the swirling, overpowering nature of the forces involved. Step 2: Examine the options carefully. Congregation means an assembly or gathering of people, often for religious worship. It contains no idea of violent chaos. Thunder is the loud sound that follows lightning. It suggests noise but not necessarily confusion or disorder. Miracle is an extraordinary or apparently supernatural event that inspires wonder, not necessarily a chaotic or confused state. Turmoil means a state of great disturbance, confusion, or uncertainty. This aligns very closely with the figurative use of maelstrom. Step 3: Since the exam typically uses the figurative sense for maelstrom, turmoil is the best synonym offered. Verification / Alternative check: We can test by substituting the options into a sentence. Consider the phrase “The country was in a maelstrom after the crisis.” Replacing maelstrom with turmoil gives “The country was in turmoil after the crisis”, which is a common and correct expression. Substituting congregation, thunder, or miracle would break the meaning of the sentence completely. This substitution test confirms that turmoil is the correct synonym in this context. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Congregation: Refers to a group of people gathered together, often in an orderly way, not a chaotic whirlpool of events. • Thunder: A loud natural sound linked to storms but not a state of confusion or disorder by itself. • Miracle: An amazing or seemingly impossible event, usually with positive connotations, not a negative chaotic state. Common Pitfalls: Some learners associate maelstrom only with water because of the whirlpool meaning and may be tempted by thunder as something related to storms. However, the question tests synonym meaning, not simple association. The key is to focus on the idea of violent confusion and disorder, which points clearly to turmoil. Paying close attention to dictionary style definitions rather than mental images alone helps avoid these errors. Final Answer: The correct synonym of “maelstrom” in this context is Turmoil.

Question 4

Classification question: “Find the one which does not belong to the group among Kidneys, Eyes, Fingers, and Lungs.”

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is an odd one out or classification question. You are given four body related terms: kidneys, eyes, fingers, and lungs. Three of these belong to one category, while one is different in an important way. Your task is to find the item that does not fit with the others. Such questions test basic biological knowledge and logical grouping skills, which are common in aptitude and reasoning exams. Given Data / Assumptions: • Kidneys are internal organs related to the excretory system. • Eyes are sensory organs used for vision. • Fingers are parts of the hand, made of bones, muscles, and skin. • Lungs are internal organs related to the respiratory system. • We assume standard human biology as taught in school. Concept / Approach: Three of the items listed are major organs of the human body. Organs perform vital functions necessary for life, such as filtering blood, breathing, and sensing the environment. Fingers, however, are not organs; they are appendages or parts of a limb. Another way to see this is that kidneys, eyes, and lungs are individual functional units discussed as organs in biology textbooks, while fingers are subparts of a larger structure, the hand. Therefore, fingers do not belong to the same category as the other three. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Classify each item. Kidneys are paired organs that filter blood and form urine, critical for excretion. Eyes are organs of sight that detect light and send signals to the brain. Lungs are organs that enable gas exchange, taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. Step 2: Consider fingers. Fingers are extensions of the hand that allow grasping and fine movements. While they are important for daily activity, they are not usually classified as separate organs. They are made up of joints, bones, tendons, and skin. Step 3: Compare the classification. Kidneys, eyes, and lungs clearly fall into the category of organs with major life supporting functions. Fingers are anatomical parts but not standalone organs in the same sense. Step 4: Therefore, fingers are different from the other three items and form the odd one out. Verification / Alternative check: We can check by grouping. Group 1: kidneys, eyes, lungs can be labelled as vital organs, each associated with a specific body system: excretory, sensory, and respiratory. Group 2: fingers have no matching partner in the list that is at the same classification level, because there are no other body parts like toes, hands, or arms given. This confirms that fingers is the only item that does not belong to the organ group. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Kidneys: Proper organs of the excretory system; they fit the organ category. • Eyes: Sensory organs of vision; they also belong to the organ category. • Lungs: Respiratory organs needed for breathing; again they belong with the other organs. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes candidates overcomplicate such questions by looking for rare classifications, for example trying to group items based on being single or paired. However, all four can be paired in the body. The simpler and more standard distinction is between major internal or sensory organs and smaller body parts or appendages. Recognising that kidneys, eyes, and lungs are classic textbook examples of organs quickly points to fingers as the odd one out. Final Answer: The item that does not belong to the group is Fingers.

Question 5

Analogy in biology: “Egg is to Fish as ______ is to Plant”. Choose the term that stands to a plant in the same developmental way that an egg stands to a fish.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy connects the early developmental form of a living organism with its later, mature form. In animals like fish, the egg represents the starting stage that eventually develops into the adult fish. The question asks for the corresponding starting stage for a plant. Such analogies test understanding of basic life cycles in biology at school level. Given Data / Assumptions: • Egg is an early stage from which many animals, including fish, develop. • Fish is the mature organism that hatches and grows from the egg. • For plants, we are given options: seed, stem, root, leaf. • We assume standard life cycle knowledge: plants grow from seeds under suitable conditions. Concept / Approach: In animals, eggs contain the embryo and necessary nutrients for early development. Once the egg hatches, the young organism grows into the adult. In plants, the seed plays a similar role. A seed contains an embryo plant and stored food inside its coat. When conditions such as moisture and temperature are right, the seed germinates and grows into a full plant. Therefore, egg is to fish as seed is to plant. Stem, root, and leaf are individual parts of an already growing or mature plant, not the initial whole starting unit. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the relationship in the first pair. Egg is the starting or reproductive unit that gives rise to fish. So the pattern is “starting reproductive unit : fully developed organism”. Step 2: Apply this pattern to plants. We must find the starting unit from which an entire plant can develop. Step 3: Review the options. Seed is a reproductive structure from which a new plant can grow after germination. Stem is one of the main parts of a plant, supporting leaves and transporting nutrients, but it is not generally the starting unit for a new plant in basic life cycle descriptions. Root anchors the plant and absorbs water and minerals from the soil, again a part of the plant, not the initial whole. Leaf is an organ for photosynthesis, not an entire starting unit. Step 4: Clearly, seed is the complete starting package similar to an egg, therefore it corresponds to plant in the same way egg corresponds to fish. Verification / Alternative check: We can express the analogy in simple sentences: A fish comes from an egg; a plant comes from a seed. This matches the life cycles taught in early biology. While some plants can also grow from parts like stems or leaves through vegetative propagation, the basic and most common cycle described in textbooks is seed to plant. That same basic pattern is being tested here, so seed is the correct and expected answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Stem: A major part of an existing plant that supports and transports, not the general starting unit of an entire plant in beginner level life cycle diagrams. • Root: Also a vital part of the plant, but it usually develops from the seed along with the shoot; it is not the original reproductive unit. • Leaf: A photosynthetic organ, again part of the plant after it begins growing, not the initial full structure. Common Pitfalls: Some learners overthink and consider special cases where plants can grow from cuttings or leaves. However, basic reasoning questions usually use the standard life cycle that is first taught in schools, which runs from seed to plant. Keeping in mind this simple textbook model is enough to answer such analogies correctly without getting confused by advanced exceptions. Final Answer: The word that completes the analogy is seed.

Question 6

Vocabulary opposite: “Antonym of the given word abet”. Choose the option that expresses the opposite meaning of abet.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is an antonym question from English vocabulary. The word “abet” is most often used in the legal or moral sense of helping someone to do something wrong. Your task is to select the word with the opposite meaning. Antonym questions test whether you can recall precise shades of meaning and not confuse helpful behaviour in general with specifically encouraging wrongdoing. Given Data / Assumptions: • Target word: abet. • Options: risk, pacify, aid, prevent. • We assume the standard meaning of abet: to encourage, support, or help someone to commit a misdeed or crime. • The correct antonym must capture the idea of stopping or opposing such behaviour. Concept / Approach: Abet means to actively help or encourage, especially in wrongdoing. For example, someone who helps a thief plan a robbery abets the crime. Therefore, the opposite idea would be to stop, hinder, or prevent such wrongdoing. Among the options, prevent is the closest opposite, as it means to stop something from happening. Aid actually supports or helps, which is similar to abet. Risk and pacify express different ideas and are not direct opposites of abet. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Define abet clearly. It means to assist, support, or encourage another person in doing something wrong, especially a crime. Step 2: Identify the nature of antonym required. The opposite of helping wrongdoing is blocking, stopping, or opposing it. Step 3: Examine each option. Risk means exposing someone or something to danger or the possibility of loss, which does not naturally oppose abet. Pacify means to calm or soothe someone who is angry or upset, not to block wrongdoing. Aid means to help or assist, which is quite close in meaning to abet, especially in a neutral or positive sense. Prevent means to stop something from happening or to hinder its occurrence, which is the direct opposite of helping it happen. Step 4: Therefore, prevent is the correct antonym of abet. Verification / Alternative check: We can test the options in a typical sentence. Consider “He refused to abet the crime and instead tried to ______ it.” The most natural completion is “prevent it”. Using aid would completely reverse the meaning. Risk and pacify do not fit contextually. This sentence test shows that prevent forms a neat opposite to abet in real usage. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Risk: Refers to exposing to danger; it may describe a result of abetting but does not express the opposite act. • Pacify: Means to make peaceful or calm, unrelated to helping or stopping wrongdoing. • Aid: Means to help, which is similar to abet in basic meaning, only without the strong negative sense. Common Pitfalls: A frequent confusion is between abet and aid. Both can involve helping. However, abet almost always carries a negative or criminal context, while aid is neutral or positive. For antonym questions, thinking in terms of the full phrase “aid and abet” can help: if abet is to help a wrong act, then its opposite is to prevent that act. Careful reading of definitions avoids mixing up similar words with different connotations. Final Answer: The correct antonym of “abet” is Prevent.

Question 7

Gender vocabulary: “What is the feminine of bull?” Choose the correct feminine term corresponding to the male animal bull.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a basic English vocabulary and general knowledge question focusing on masculine and feminine forms of animal names. The word “bull” refers to the adult male of cattle. The question asks for the corresponding feminine term. Such questions are common in language and general awareness sections and require familiarity with traditional English names for male and female animals. Given Data / Assumptions: • Bull is the adult male of the cattle species, often used for breeding. • We must find the feminine counterpart among these options: mule, ostrich, tigress, heifer. • We assume standard usage in English for farm and wild animals. Concept / Approach: The female of a bull is generally a cow. However, the term heifer is used specifically for a young female cow that has not yet calved. Among the given options, only heifer is a feminine term related to cattle. Mule is a hybrid animal, ostrich is a bird, and tigress is the female of tiger. Even though cow is the more general opposite of bull, in this list heifer is the only correct cattle related feminine noun and therefore is the expected answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the species of the male animal. Bull refers to male cattle, especially adult males used for breeding in farms. Step 2: Recall the female terms. The female cattle is commonly called a cow. A heifer is a young female cow, generally one that has not yet had a calf. Step 3: Inspect the options. Mule is a hybrid of a male donkey and a female horse; it is not specially male or female and not related to cattle. Ostrich is a large bird from Africa; again no relation to cattle. Tigress is the female of tiger, a big cat, unrelated to bulls. Heifer is a term for a young female cow, part of the same cattle family as bull. Step 4: Therefore, heifer is the only option that works as the feminine form connected to bull. Verification / Alternative check: We can use the terms in context. In farming, one might say, “The bull and the heifer are kept in separate enclosures.” This usage is standard in agricultural contexts. The other options would produce incorrect statements, such as “The bull and the tigress are kept together”, which mixes species. Since exam questions cannot introduce species mismatch for a correct gender pairing, heifer is clearly the intended answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Mule: A working animal produced from a horse and donkey cross. It is not a gender counterpart of bull. • Ostrich: A bird species, not related to cattle, so it cannot be the feminine of bull. • Tigress: The female of tiger, again from a completely different species and not the counterpart of bull. Common Pitfalls: Some learners expect the word cow to appear and may become confused when it is absent. In such cases, the strategy is to look for any option that is at least from the same species group. Heifer qualifies as a female cattle term. Remember that heifer is specifically a young cow and that exam setters often use such terms to test deeper vocabulary knowledge beyond the most common words. Final Answer: The correct feminine term related to bull in this list is Heifer.

Question 8

Vocabulary meaning: “Ration is most similar in meaning to which of the following words?” Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of ration.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This vocabulary question asks for the word most similar in meaning to “ration”. The term ration commonly appears in contexts of food distribution, supplies in emergencies, or limited resources. Identifying its closest meaning among the options requires understanding that ration refers to a controlled or fixed share of something, not the entire quantity or an unrelated concept. Given Data / Assumptions: • Target word: ration. • Options: debt, allowance, whole, rear. • We assume standard usage of ration as both a noun (a fixed portion) and a verb (to distribute in fixed portions). • The correct option must capture the idea of a limited share or portion provided to each person. Concept / Approach: As a noun, a ration is a fixed amount of a commodity officially allowed to each person, especially during a time of shortage. As a verb, to ration is to allow each person only a set amount. Allowance, in the sense of a fixed regular amount of money or supplies given to someone, is very close in meaning. Debt, whole, and rear carry entirely different meanings, unrelated to controlled shares or portions. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Define ration. In everyday examples, people may say “soldiers received daily rations” or “fuel was rationed during the crisis”. Both uses show that a ration is a limited, fixed share. Step 2: Examine each option. Debt is the state of owing money to someone. This is a financial obligation, not a portion given to a person. Allowance is a fixed sum or share given regularly, such as pocket money or an official share of resources. Whole means the complete amount of something, which is the opposite of a restricted portion. Rear refers to the back part of something, like the rear of a building or vehicle, and has no connection to shares or distribution. Step 3: Allowance matches the idea of a fixed amount given out according to rules or schedule, so it is most similar to ration. Verification / Alternative check: We can try substituting the options into typical sentences. In “Each family received a ration of rice”, replacing ration with allowance gives “Each family received an allowance of rice”, which still conveys a limited, assigned share. Substituting debt, whole, or rear would make the sentence nonsensical. This substitution test shows that allowance is the only viable synonym in the list. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Debt: Represents something owed, not something given or distributed in controlled amounts. • Whole: Means complete or entire, which is the opposite of the idea of a small, fixed portion. • Rear: Refers to a physical position, such as the back of an object or group, and has no semantic relation to ration. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes test takers think of ration as reduction or restriction and mistakenly look for a word that mainly means reduction rather than portion. However, the essential idea is a controlled share. Allowance captures that better than anything else in the options. Keeping in mind how ration is used during wartime, emergencies, or limited resources helps recall that it is about fixed shares, leading correctly to allowance. Final Answer: The word most similar in meaning to “ration” here is Allowance.

Question 9

Time unit analogy: “Minute is to Hour as Second is to ______”. Choose the time unit that has the same relationship to a second as an hour has to a minute.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a simple time measurement analogy. The pair “Minute : Hour” expresses a relationship between smaller and larger units of time. The question then asks for the unit that stands in the same proportional relationship to a second. Understanding how seconds, minutes, and hours relate to each other is basic knowledge tested in many reasoning and arithmetic sections. Given Data / Assumptions: • One hour consists of 60 minutes. • One minute consists of 60 seconds. • Options: milliseconds, hour, minute, all of the above. • We assume standard definitions of second, minute, hour, and millisecond as time units. Concept / Approach: The analogy “Minute : Hour” can be interpreted as “smaller unit : larger unit where 60 of the smaller make one of the larger”. To keep the relationship parallel, we must identify a unit that is 60 times a second. That unit is a minute. An hour is 3600 seconds, not 60 seconds, and milliseconds are smaller than seconds, not larger. Therefore, minute is the only option that matches the proportional relationship shown in the first pair. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Analyse the first pair. One hour equals 60 minutes. Thus, the hour is the larger unit, and the minute is the smaller unit such that 60 smaller units equal one larger unit. Step 2: Apply this pattern to seconds. We ask: which time unit is composed of exactly 60 seconds? Step 3: Recall that one minute equals 60 seconds. So the relationship “Second : Minute” is similar to “Minute : Hour”. Step 4: Evaluate the options. Milliseconds are thousandths of a second, so they are smaller than seconds. Hour is much larger than seconds, with 3600 seconds, not 60. Minute is exactly 60 seconds. Step 5: The option “All of the above” cannot be correct because not all options satisfy the same 60 to one relationship. Step 6: Therefore, minute is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: We can express both pairs numerically. For the first pair, we have 1 hour = 60 minutes, so hour equals 60 times minute. For the second, we want X such that X equals 60 times second. Since 1 minute = 60 seconds, X must be minute. The numerical pattern is thus preserved: 1 hour = 60 minutes, 1 minute = 60 seconds. Options like hour and millisecond do not satisfy this exact factor of 60 when related to seconds in the same direct two step analogy. Why Other Options Are Wrong: • Milli seconds: A millisecond is one thousandth of a second, so it is smaller, not larger. The relationship would not mirror “minute to hour”. • Hour: For second to hour, the multiplication factor is 3600, not 60. This breaks the one step 60 to one pattern used in the analogy. • All of the above: Incorrect because both milliseconds and hour do not match the required proportional relationship. Only minute does. Common Pitfalls: Some students are tempted by “all of the above” when they are uncertain, but in analogies, the relationship is usually precise and numerical. Always check the exact ratio or structure of the first pair. Here, the key is that 60 minutes make one hour and 60 seconds make one minute. Recognising this precise factor of 60 avoids confusion and makes minute the clear choice. Final Answer: The time unit that completes the analogy is Minute.

Question 10

Oxygen supports burning (combustion). In a similar scientific analogy, carbon dioxide has which opposite effect on fire?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy question links basic science with verbal reasoning. The pair Oxygen : Burn reminds us that oxygen gas supports burning or combustion. In the second part Carbon dioxide : ? we have to identify what carbon dioxide does in relation to fire. The question checks whether you understand that different gases have opposite effects on combustion and can either support or suppress a flame. Given Data / Assumptions: Oxygen is essential for combustion and supports burning. Burn refers to the process of combustion or fire. Carbon dioxide is another common gas used in fire safety equipment. The options are Extinguish, Explode, Isolate, and Foam. We assume basic school level knowledge about how fire extinguishers work. Concept / Approach: Combustion needs three main elements: fuel, heat, and oxygen. Oxygen helps a fire to keep burning, so Oxygen : Burn indicates a supportive relationship. Carbon dioxide behaves very differently. It does not support combustion. Instead, it is used in many fire extinguishers because it pushes away oxygen and cools the flame. When carbon dioxide is released onto a fire, it helps to extinguish the flames. Therefore the parallel relationship is Oxygen : Burn as supporting fire and Carbon dioxide : Extinguish as putting fire out. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand that oxygen supports burning and is part of the fire triangle. Step 2: Recognise that the first pair shows a gas and its main effect on fire. Step 3: Recall that carbon dioxide is widely used in fire extinguishers. Step 4: Know that when carbon dioxide is released onto flames, it displaces oxygen and cools the burning material. Step 5: Conclude that the best word to describe this effect is extinguish, meaning to put out the fire. Step 6: Match Oxygen : Burn with Carbon dioxide : Extinguish as opposite roles in combustion. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify by thinking about real fire safety equipment. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are standard for electrical fires and some liquid fires. They work by blanketing the fire with carbon dioxide gas so that oxygen cannot reach the burning surface. Without enough oxygen, the flames die out. The word explode describes a rapid violent expansion and is not a normal effect of carbon dioxide on fire. Isolate and Foam are more general or refer to another type of fire extinguisher that uses foaming agents, not directly to carbon dioxide gas. So Extinguish remains the only clear, correct match. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Explode: Carbon dioxide does not normally cause explosions in the context of fire control; it is used to stop burning, not to increase its violence. Isolate: While carbon dioxide helps separate fire from oxygen, the more precise effect in this analogy is extinguishing the flames, not simply isolating them. Foam: Foam refers to another physical substance used in some extinguishers. It is not carbon dioxide itself and therefore does not correctly complete this gas based analogy. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to pick a word that sounds strong, such as explode, without checking whether it actually describes the gas. Another pitfall is confusion between different types of fire extinguishers, such as foam and carbon dioxide models. Remember that oxygen and carbon dioxide have opposite roles in fire behaviour: oxygen feeds fire, while carbon dioxide helps to put it out. Keeping that contrast in mind makes Extinguish the obvious answer. Final Answer: Oxygen supports burning, while carbon dioxide is used to extinguish fire, so Extinguish is the correct completion of the analogy.

Question 11

Wince is a physical reaction that shows pain. In the same way, prostration is a physical action that most clearly shows which inner state?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy question belongs to the verbal reasoning section and links physical actions with the inner states they express. The first pair Wince : Pain shows that a wince is a facial expression or body movement that reveals pain or sudden discomfort. In the second part Prostration : ? we need to decide which inner attitude is most clearly shown when someone prostrates. Questions of this type test your understanding of English vocabulary as well as your awareness of common cultural gestures and their meanings. Given Data / Assumptions: Wince is a small, sudden movement of the face or body that signals pain, shock, or distress. Pain is the inner feeling or sensation that causes a person to wince. Prostration means lying flat on the ground, often face down. The options are Frustration, Submissiveness, Strain, and Discomfiture. We assume general knowledge of how physical postures are used to communicate emotions and attitudes. Concept / Approach: The pattern is outward sign to inward state. A wince is an outward sign of pain; it does not cause pain but reveals it. Prostration is a strong physical posture, where a person lies stretched out on the ground. In many cultures and traditions this posture is used as a sign of deep respect, worship, or surrender. In simple reasoning terms, prostration is most strongly associated with submission or submissiveness. Therefore the parallel relationship is Wince : Pain :: Prostration : Submissiveness. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Interpret the first pair. Wince is typically a reaction that shows pain. Step 2: Recognise that the relationship is expression to inner feeling. Step 3: Understand that prostration is a posture where a person lies flat on the ground, often in front of another person or sacred object. Step 4: Recall that this posture is used as a sign of deep respect, worship, or surrender and that it communicates humility and submission. Step 5: Compare this meaning with the options. Submissiveness fits very closely because it describes a willing attitude of yielding or surrender. Step 6: Confirm that prostration is most clearly identified with submissiveness rather than with the other listed emotions. Verification / Alternative check: Consider common contexts where prostration appears. In religious ceremonies, devotees may prostrate before a deity to show surrender and total dedication. In some social traditions, prostration before a respected elder conveys humility and acceptance of their authority. These examples strongly support the idea of submissiveness. Frustration is usually expressed through gestures like sighing, angry words, or pacing, not by lying face down on the ground. Strain refers to effort or tension, and discomfiture refers to discomfort or embarrassment, which again are not typically linked with full body prostration. Thus Submissiveness remains the only option that consistently matches the posture. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Frustration: Frustration is irritation or annoyance caused by obstacles. It tends to be shown by restlessness or angry behaviour, not by prostration in front of someone or something. Strain: Strain refers to physical or mental effort and tension. A person under strain may look tired or tense but does not normally prostrate as a sign of strain. Discomfiture: Discomfiture is a feeling of awkwardness or embarrassment. It is usually seen in hesitant speech and nervous gestures, not in a deliberate act of lying flat on the ground. Common Pitfalls: One common mistake is to treat prostration only as a sign of exhaustion, as the word can also mean extreme weakness. However, in analogy questions the test setters often focus on the more culturally strong meaning of full body bowing as an act of surrender. Another pitfall is to choose a negative sounding word, such as discomfiture, simply because wince and pain are both unpleasant. The correct method is to match the relationship type: outward response to inner state. With that in mind, prostration and submissiveness form the best pair. Final Answer: As a wince is a sign of pain, prostration is a sign of submissiveness, so Submissiveness is the correct answer.

Question 12

Errata are lists of errors and corrections related to printed books. In the same analogy pattern, flaws are typically associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy question checks your ability to connect technical terms with the objects they commonly describe. The first pair Errata : Books reminds us that errata are lists of errors and corrections that are printed to accompany books or documents. In the second part, flaws : ? we must identify what type of thing usually has flaws in the same technical sense. Good analogy solving requires you to focus on the most natural, textbook style association rather than any loose everyday use of the word. Given Data / Assumptions: Errata refers to errors and their corrections in printed material, especially books. Books are the printed works in which these errors occur. Flaws are defects or imperfections in a material or object. The options are Speech, Manuscripts, Charter, and Metals. We assume standard uses from language and basic science, such as flaws in metal bars or castings. Concept / Approach: The relationship in the first pair is that Errata describes defects in Books. Errata are not a separate object; they are lists of mistakes and corrections connected with a printed work. For the second pair, we must look for the object that is most typically said to have flaws in a technical sense. In everyday language and in engineering, Metals are frequently described as having flaws, such as cracks, voids, or inclusions. These material flaws can weaken the metal and are often detected by inspection or testing. So the parallel idea is Flaws : Metals, just as Errata : Books. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Interpret Errata as the record of mistakes in printed books or documents. Step 2: Observe that Books are the main objects connected with Errata. Step 3: Now focus on the word Flaws, which means structural defects or imperfections. Step 4: Recall that technical contexts often mention flaws in metals, such as in steel beams, machine parts, or welded joints. Step 5: Examine the options and see that Metals is the only answer that fits a standard, technical phrase like flaws in metals. Step 6: Conclude that the best matching analogy is Errata : Books :: Flaws : Metals. Verification / Alternative check: We can test the other options by trying to place the word flaws before them. Flaws in speech is possible but usually expressed as flaws in argument or errors in speech; it does not have the same fixed feel as flaws in metals in science and engineering textbooks. Manuscripts can contain errors, but we usually use words such as mistakes, typographical errors, or inconsistencies, not flaws in manuscripts as a technical expression. Charter is a formal document and might have legal defects, yet again the regular phrase is errors in a charter rather than flaws in a charter. Metals, on the other hand, are regularly checked for flaws using testing techniques like X ray inspection or ultrasonic testing. This consistent usage confirms Metals as the best choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Speech: Although speech can have weaknesses or errors, the normal expression is faulty speech or incorrect speech, not a fixed pairing of flaws and speech comparable to flaws and metals. Manuscripts: Manuscripts can be full of mistakes, but as with books, the common term is errors or corrections rather than flaws as a material term. Charter: A charter is a legal or formal document. Problems with a charter are often called invalid provisions or legal defects, not usually flaws in the same material sense used with metals. Common Pitfalls: A frequent error is to treat flaws as any kind of mistake and immediately associate it with speech or written documents. However, the question is looking for a parallel to the technical partnership between Errata and Books. When engineers talk about flaws, they often specifically mean material defects in metals or other solid materials. Recognising that there is a stronger, more specific association with metals helps you avoid loosely matching the word to any place where errors could exist. Successful analogy solving depends on spotting these more precise, textbook style connections. Final Answer: Errata are linked with errors in books, and in a similar technical sense flaws are linked with metals, so Metals is the correct answer.

Question 13

The heart is enclosed and protected by the pericardium. In the same anatomical analogy, the brain is enclosed and protected by which structure?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy question comes from basic human anatomy. It compares an internal organ with the structure that protects or surrounds it. The first pair Heart : Pericardium tells us that the heart lies inside a protective sac called the pericardium. We are then asked to identify which structure plays a similar protective role for the brain. Such questions test basic biology and also your ability to see the underlying relation of protection, not just simple naming. Given Data / Assumptions: The heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body. The pericardium is the fibrous, fluid filled sac enclosing and protecting the heart. The brain is the central organ of the nervous system located in the head. The options are Head, Bones, Cranium, and Skull. We assume school level knowledge of the skeletal system and the protective role of the skull. Concept / Approach: The key relation here is organ to its immediate protective covering or enclosing structure. The pericardium is directly attached around the heart and is not a general body part. For the brain, the immediate rigid protective structure is the skull, which is the bony case around the brain. Cranium is a more specific term for the part of the skull that houses the brain, excluding the lower jaw. In common general science usage, skull is used as the simple name for the protective case around the brain, similar to how pericardium is used around the heart. Among the options, Skull clearly matches this protective casing idea best. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise the relationship in the first pair. The heart is protected by the pericardium. Step 2: Understand that pericardium is not a general part of the body but a specific anatomical structure around the heart. Step 3: Identify the structure that surrounds and protects the brain. Step 4: Recall that the brain sits inside the skull, which is the bony protective case in the head region. Step 5: Compare the options and see that Head is a region, Bones are a general tissue type, and Cranium and Skull are more specific names. Step 6: Select Skull as the most straightforward and general term for the protective structure around the brain, matching the pattern of the first pair. Verification / Alternative check: We can double check by recalling textbook diagrams. In diagrams of the human skeleton, the skull is drawn as the bony case for the brain. The term cranium is often explained as the upper part of the skull. The question is framed for general aptitude rather than a detailed medical exam, so the expected answer is the simple, widely known word Skull. The head is the entire region, including face, jaw, and brain, and is not an enclosing structure on its own. Bones is a broad term and does not specify which bones are involved. Therefore Skull is the best fit for the same type of relationship that pericardium has with the heart. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Head: The head is a region of the body, not a specific protective structure. It contains the brain but does not enclose it as a separate anatomical unit. Bones: Bones are components of the skeleton throughout the body. This word is too general and does not single out the particular part that encloses the brain. Cranium: Cranium is technically correct but is more specialised. In many reasoning questions, Skull is preferred as the more common term. The presence of Skull among the options makes it the expected answer. Common Pitfalls: A typical pitfall is to pick Head because most people casually say that the brain is in the head. However, the analogy is about a protective covering or enclosing structure, not just the location region. Another difficulty is choosing between Cranium and Skull. When both appear, test setters usually intend Skull as the broader term parallel to pericardium in familiarity. Remember to focus on both the type of relationship and the level of vocabulary that matches the question s style. Final Answer: The heart is enclosed by the pericardium, and in a similar way the brain is enclosed and protected by the skull, so Skull is the correct answer.

Question 14

Penology is the branch of study related to punishment of crime. In the same way, seismology is the branch of study related to what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy question links specialised fields of study to the subjects they deal with. The first pair Penology : Punishment tells us that penology is the study of punishment, especially in the context of crime and prisons. The second pair Seismology : ? asks you to recall what seismology focuses on. Reasoning questions like this test your general awareness of scientific and social science terminology along with your ability to see parallel relationships between terms and their domains. Given Data / Assumptions: Penology is concerned with the theory and practice of punishment, especially imprisonment and rehabilitation. Punishment is the main subject area for penology within criminology and law. Seismology is another specialised field ending with the suffix -logy, which means study of. The options are Medicine, Earthquakes, Law, and Liver. We assume basic general knowledge of earth science vocabulary. Concept / Approach: The relation in the first pair is field of study to its primary subject matter. Penology is not simply a law but the study related to punishment. Similarly, seismology is a field of earth science that deals with earthquakes and seismic waves. The prefix seismo comes from a Greek word meaning shake or quake. Therefore, the subject that seismology studies is earthquakes. The correct parallel is Penology : Punishment :: Seismology : Earthquakes. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that penology is derived from penalty and deals with punishment of crime and management of prisons. Step 2: Understand that the relationship is subject of study rather than tool or result. Step 3: Recall that seismology is a part of geology and earth science dealing with seismic activity. Step 4: Seismic activity includes earthquakes and vibrations inside the earth. Step 5: Among the options provided, Earthquakes is the only subject that directly matches seismology. Step 6: Select Earthquakes to complete the analogy correctly. Verification / Alternative check: We can confirm this by recalling common uses of the words. Scientists who study earthquakes are called seismologists. They use seismographs to record earthquake waves. The news often mentions seismological departments when describing how the strength of an earthquake was measured. Medicine is the field dealing with diseases and treatment in humans and animals. Law covers rules and regulations but is not specifically seismology. Liver is an organ in the body and has nothing to do with seismic events. Thus only Earthquakes fits as the subject of seismology in exactly the same way that punishment is the subject of penology. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Medicine: Medicine is concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases, totally unrelated to seismic waves or earth movements. Law: Law is the system of rules for society, and while penology is related to law and punishment, seismology is an earth science, not a legal field. Liver: Liver is a body organ important for metabolism and detoxification. It is not an area of study that uses the suffix -logy in seismology. Common Pitfalls: One common mistake is to assume that all -logy words are related to medicine or biology. This may tempt some students to consider Medicine or Liver, but the prefix seismo must also be taken into account. Another pitfall is mixing penology with law in a simplistic way and then looking for a similarly simplistic partner for seismology. The better approach is to remember that both penology and seismology are specialised studies and to recall their core subject matters. Doing so quickly leads to Punishment and Earthquakes as the correct pairings. Final Answer: Penology is the study of punishment, and in the same way seismology is the study of earthquakes, so Earthquakes is the correct answer.

Question 15

Nautilus is a kind of aquatic creature often grouped with fish in simple classifications. In a similar way, Teal is a specific type of which bird?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy question uses examples and their broader categories from the animal world. The pair Nautilus : Fish uses a common, simplified classroom classification where nautilus is treated as a sea animal grouped with fish, even though scientifically it is a mollusc. In the second pair Teal : ? we must decide to which group teal belongs. These questions test your general knowledge of animals and your ability to see specific example to category relationships in analogy format. Given Data / Assumptions: Nautilus is a marine creature that is often broadly grouped with fish in simple reasoning questions. Fish is the broader aquatic animal group used in this analogy. Teal is a small water bird known to many people through nature and general knowledge books. The options we now use are Duck, Pigeon, Swan, and Chicken as plausible bird categories. We assume basic awareness that teal is a kind of duck rather than any other bird. Concept / Approach: The relationship in the first pair is that of example to broader type. Nautilus is a particular sea animal and it is grouped under fish in this simplified setting. For the second pair, we must find the broader bird type under which teal falls. In everyday general knowledge, teal is described as a small freshwater duck. Therefore the correct connection is Teal : Duck. The other birds listed as options are not correct broader categories for teal; instead they are separate bird types of their own. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand that the first pair Nautilus : Fish represents a specific aquatic creature and its general group. Step 2: Recognise that the second pair must also have the pattern specific example to general category. Step 3: Recall that teal is a small waterfowl often seen on lakes and ponds and is classed as a duck species. Step 4: Examine the options: Duck, Pigeon, Swan, and Chicken. Step 5: Know that teal is not a type of pigeon, swan, or chicken but is a variety of duck. Step 6: Choose Duck to complete the analogy as Teal : Duck. Verification / Alternative check: We can confirm this answer by checking how teal is described in nature notes and wildlife references. They typically state that teal are small dabbling ducks. They often migrate and live in wetland environments. A pigeon is a city or farm bird that belongs to a completely different group and is not a waterfowl. Swans are large, white water birds which are quite distinct in appearance and classification from small teal ducks. Chickens are domesticated birds kept for eggs and meat and are land based rather than waterfowl. Therefore only Duck can be the correct category for teal, matching how nautilus in this question is treated as belonging to fish in a simplified manner. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Pigeon: Teal does not belong to the pigeon family. Pigeons are mainly land or city dwelling birds and do not match teal in lifestyle or classification. Swan: Although swans and teal both live near water, teal are small ducks, not swans. Swan is a separate kind of water bird. Chicken: Chickens are farm birds that live on land and do not belong to the waterfowl group. Teal is not a type of chicken. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates may be unfamiliar with the word teal and may confuse it with the colour teal instead of the bird. Remember that many colours are named after animals or plants, including teal, which is named after the coloured eye patches of the duck. Another pitfall is to think only in terms of water birds and select swan because both teal and swans live near water. However, the correct approach is to recall the exact general category for teal, which is duck. Focusing on specific example to type relationships leads directly to the right answer. Final Answer: Just as nautilus is treated as belonging to the group of fish, teal is a kind of duck, so Duck is the correct option.

Question 16

A country has a President as its constitutional head. In the same political analogy, a state (within a country) has which position as its constitutional head?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy question comes from basic civics and political structure. It refers to the relationship between levels of government and their constitutional heads. The first pair Country : President indicates that the President is the ceremonial or constitutional head of a country in many republics, including India. The second pair State : ? asks for the role that similarly serves as the constitutional head of a state within that country. Understanding the difference between head of state and head of government is helpful for solving this item correctly. Given Data / Assumptions: A country in a republic like India has a President as the head of state. The President represents the country and performs constitutional duties. A state is a sub unit within the country, such as a state in the Indian Union. The options are Governor, Speaker, Prime Minister, and Chief Minister. We assume the context of a federal system similar to India, where states also have constitutional heads. Concept / Approach: The relation in the first pair is level of political unit to its constitutional head position. In India, the President is the constitutional head at the national level, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. At the state level, the Governor is the constitutional head of the state, while the Chief Minister is the head of the elected council of ministers. Therefore, to match the pattern Country : President, the correct parallel for State is Governor, not Chief Minister or any other position. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the relationship in the first pair as unit of government to constitutional head. Step 2: Recognise that the President is the head of state at the national level. Step 3: Consider the equivalent at the state level in a federal system like India. Step 4: Recall that the Governor is appointed as the constitutional head of each state. Step 5: Check the options: Speaker presides over the legislative assembly, Prime Minister leads the national government, and Chief Minister leads the state government. Step 6: Select Governor since it parallels President as a constitutional head rather than a head of government. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, think about how key posts are described in civics textbooks. At the national level, the President is the head of state and the Prime Minister is the head of government. At the state level, the Governor is the head of state (for that state) and the Chief Minister is the head of the state government. The Speaker is limited to presiding over the legislature and does not act as the constitutional head. Therefore the direct mapping is Country : President :: State : Governor. This mapping remains correct across many questions that test knowledge of the Indian federal structure. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Speaker: The Speaker is the presiding officer of the legislative assembly or parliament and does not serve as the constitutional head of the state. Prime Minister: The Prime Minister is the head of government at the national level, not the constitutional head of a country. The question pairs President with country, not Prime Minister. Chief Minister: The Chief Minister is the head of government at the state level, not the constitutional head. The analogy seeks the position that plays a similar role to President, which is the Governor. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to mix up head of government with head of state. Many students select Chief Minister because they know the Chief Minister looks after day to day governance. However, the question s first pair uses President, who is a head of state with mainly constitutional and ceremonial powers. The matching role at the state level is Governor. Always pay close attention to whether a post is ceremonial and constitutional or executive and governmental when solving civics analogies. Final Answer: A country has a President as its constitutional head, and a state similarly has a Governor as its constitutional head, so Governor is the correct answer.

Question 17

An odometer is an instrument used to measure mileage or distance travelled. In a similar tools and measurement analogy, a compass is used to measure or indicate what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy question involves instruments and the quantities they measure or indicate. The first pair Odometer : Mileage states that an odometer is used to measure mileage, which is the distance travelled by a vehicle. The second part Compass : ? asks which quantity or property a compass is associated with. Understanding common tools and their primary uses is essential for reasoning questions of this type and is often taught in general science. Given Data / Assumptions: An odometer is a meter installed in vehicles to record the distance they have travelled. Mileage or distance is the key measurement provided by an odometer. A compass is a navigation instrument with a magnetic needle. The options are Direction, Needle, Speed, and Altitude. We assume basic science knowledge about navigation and measurement devices. Concept / Approach: The relationship in the first pair is instrument to quantity measured or indicated. An odometer specifically measures distance; it is not primarily a speedometer or altimeter. For the second pair, we must identify the quantity that compass readings help with. A compass uses the earth s magnetic field to show directions such as north, south, east, and west. It does not measure speed, altitude, or the presence of a needle. The needle is just a part of the instrument, not the quantity measured. Therefore, the parallel relationship is Compass : Direction, just as Odometer : Mileage. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that an odometer in a car or bike displays the total distance travelled in kilometres or miles. Step 2: Identify the relationship: odometer is to mileage or distance as instrument is to measurement. Step 3: Recall what a compass does. It has a magnetic needle that aligns with the earth s magnetic field. Step 4: Understand that a compass allows a traveller to determine direction, such as which way is north. Step 5: Compare the options: Direction, Needle, Speed, and Altitude. Step 6: Select Direction as the quantity indicated by a compass, matching the pattern of measurement in the first pair. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, think about other instruments. A speedometer measures speed, an altimeter measures altitude, and a thermometer measures temperature. The odometer s job is to count distance. Similarly, a compass does not show how fast you are moving or how high you are above sea level. Instead, it helps you orient yourself on a map by giving you direction. The needle is a part of the instrument, similar to a dial or display, not the quantity of interest. Therefore, only Direction fits the same type of relationship as Mileage does with an odometer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Needle: The needle is a component of the compass, not what the compass measures. The analogy requires the quantity measured, not a part of the device. Speed: Speed is measured by a speedometer, not by a compass. The compass is not used for velocity measurement. Altitude: Altitude is height above sea level, measured by an altimeter or similar instrument, not the compass. Common Pitfalls: One common error is to pick Needle because people associate compass with a magnetic needle. However, the analogy Odometer : Mileage focuses on what is measured, not on what parts the device contains. Another pitfall is to confuse compass with other navigation instruments that may combine direction, speed, and altitude information. In pure reasoning questions, each instrument is linked with its one core function. Keeping that focus helps you quickly see that Direction is the correct answer. Final Answer: An odometer measures distance or mileage, while a compass is used to indicate direction, so Direction is the correct choice.

Question 18

The market was full of people __________ attractive clothes of different styles. Choose the option that best completes this sentence in standard English.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests English grammar and usage through a sentence completion task. The sentence given is The market was full of people __________ attractive clothes of different styles. You must choose the option that best fits both grammatically and logically. Such questions appear frequently in aptitude exams to check whether a candidate can select natural, idiomatic English expressions rather than simply focusing on individual word meanings. Given Data / Assumptions: The base sentence describes a busy market scene. The missing part should describe what people are doing in relation to attractive clothes. The options are showing, watching, having, and wearing. The phrase attractive clothes of different styles suggests that the clothes belong to the people in the market. We assume standard spoken and written English usage for describing how people appear in a place. Concept / Approach: The core idea is that markets are often full of people who are dressed in many types of clothes. When we talk about people in a place, we normally say they are wearing certain clothes. The word wearing expresses that the clothes are on their bodies as garments. The other options either give an odd meaning or break the natural collocation. Showing attractive clothes would suggest sellers displaying garments, but the sentence focuses on the market being full of people, not on stalls. Watching attractive clothes sounds unnatural because we usually watch events, shows, or people, not just clothes. Having attractive clothes could be grammatically possible but is not the usual expression for what you see in a crowd. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Read the sentence: The market was full of people __________ attractive clothes of different styles. Step 2: Ask what the speaker is likely describing about the people in the market. Step 3: Recognise that the focus is on the visual scene: many people in many different outfits. Step 4: Recall the natural English phrase people wearing attractive clothes, which describes how they are dressed. Step 5: Compare this phrase with each option and see that wearing fits perfectly as a present participle modifying people. Step 6: Choose wearing as the correct completion. Verification / Alternative check: We can test each option in the sentence. Showing attractive clothes of different styles would more naturally describe shopkeepers or mannequins, not the crowd itself, and would require extra context like stalls showing clothes. Watching attractive clothes does not sound idiomatic: people watch performances or scenes, not clothes alone. Having attractive clothes might be technically understandable, but we do not usually say full of people having clothes; we say wearing clothes when we describe what is on them. Wearing attractive clothes of different styles perfectly describes what one sees in a crowded, colourful market. The structure people wearing is also a standard way to join a noun and its descriptive participial phrase. Why Other Options Are Wrong: showing: This could describe merchants or displays, but the sentence talks about people filling the market, so the natural focus should be on what they are wearing, not on them showing clothes. watching: We do not normally say people watching clothes. This use of watch does not fit the context of clothing and crowd description. having: Although not completely impossible, having is awkward here. People having attractive clothes usually refers to ownership, not visible appearance in a market scene. Common Pitfalls: A common pitfall is to overthink and choose showing because clothes in markets are often displayed. However, the sentence structure the market was full of people points to the people themselves and what they look like, not to stalls. Another mistake is to treat having as acceptable just because it fits grammatically, without considering natural collocations. In sentence completion, it is important to choose the option that a fluent speaker would most naturally use. That is why wearing is the best and correct answer. Final Answer: The best completion is The market was full of people wearing attractive clothes of different styles, so wearing is the correct option.

Question 19

Nail is related to nail-cutter as the object which is cut is related to the tool used for cutting it. In the same way, hair is related to which tool?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This analogy question comes from everyday life and tests practical reasoning. The first pair Nail : Nail-cutter shows a relationship between an object and the tool specifically used to cut or trim it. In the second pair Hair : ? we must choose the tool that plays a similar role for hair. Such questions are simple but require careful focus on the function of each item rather than just their general association in daily life. Given Data / Assumptions: Nails are hard parts at the tips of fingers and toes. A nail-cutter is a small tool specifically designed to cut or trim nails. Hair grows on the scalp and other parts of the body and is usually trimmed for grooming. The options are Oil, Haircut, Scissors, and Comb. We assume everyday knowledge of how people manage and cut their hair. Concept / Approach: The relationship is object to cutting tool. Nail is the object, nail-cutter is the tool used to cut it. For hair, we have to identify the corresponding cutting tool. Scissors are the standard tool used by barbers and individuals to cut hair. Oil is applied for care or styling but is not a cutting tool. Haircut is the result or the act of cutting hair, not the tool. Comb is used to arrange or detangle hair, not to cut it. Therefore, the only option that matches the cutting function is Scissors, giving the pair Hair : Scissors. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that the first pair connects what is cut (nail) with the tool used to cut it (nail-cutter). Step 2: Determine that the second pair must connect hair with the tool that cuts hair. Step 3: Recall that barbers and hair stylists use scissors to cut hair in most situations. Step 4: Examine the options: Oil, Haircut, Scissors, and Comb. Step 5: Oil is used for conditioning or massaging hair, haircut is the act or result of cutting, and comb is for grooming and aligning strands. Step 6: Only Scissors directly match the function of cutting hair. Choose Scissors. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify by placing each option into the same sentence structure. Nail is to nail-cutter as hair is to scissors sounds natural. Hair is to oil does not form the same tool relationship, because oil is not used to cut. Hair is to haircut changes the pattern because haircut is an event or style, not an instrument. Hair is to comb describes an object to grooming tool relationship, but the first pair is specifically about cutting rather than general care. Therefore, only hair and scissors have the same specific function connection as nail and nail-cutter. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Oil: Hair oil is used to nourish or style hair but does not cut or trim it, so it does not match the cutting tool relationship. Haircut: Haircut is the outcome or process, not the tool itself. The analogy needs an instrument like nail-cutter, not a result. Comb: A comb arranges and detangles hair but does not cut it. The primary act in the first pair is cutting, so the second pair must also involve a cutting tool. Common Pitfalls: One common mistake is to choose Comb because it feels strongly associated with hair. However, that ignores the functional parallel between nail-cutter and the required tool. Another pitfall is confusion between the action (haircut) and the instrument. In analogy questions, always ask whether you are matching tools, actions, objects, or results. Recognising that the first pair connects a body part with its cutting instrument leads directly to the choice of scissors as the correct answer. Final Answer: Nail is related to nail-cutter as an object is related to its cutting tool, and in the same way hair is related to scissors, so Scissors is the correct option.

Question 20

Mirage, pond, oasis, and fountain are four related terms. Which one of these does not belong to the same group as the others?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is an example of an odd one out problem in verbal reasoning. You are given four words Mirage, Pond, Oasis, and Fountain, and asked which one does not belong to the same logical category as the others. Such questions test your ability to quickly classify items based on their essential characteristics rather than superficial similarities. Here, all the words appear in nature or landscape descriptions, but one of them is fundamentally different from the others. Given Data / Assumptions: Mirage is a visual illusion of water or objects, often seen in deserts or on hot roads. Pond is a small body of still water, natural or artificial. Oasis is a fertile spot in a desert where water is present, supporting vegetation. Fountain is a structure or device that sends water upwards for decoration or drinking. We assume basic knowledge of geography and common natural features. Concept / Approach: The key is to identify what three of these have in common that the fourth does not share. Pond, oasis, and fountain all involve real water in some form. A pond is standing water, an oasis contains water in a desert, and a fountain sprays water. They are actual sources or collections of water. A mirage, on the other hand, is not real water; it is an optical illusion caused by atmospheric conditions and light refraction. Therefore, mirage is fundamentally different because it only appears to be water, while the other three genuinely contain or use water. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: List the items and think about what each one represents. Step 2: Notice that pond is a small water body, oasis is a water rich spot in a desert, and fountain is a man made water feature. Step 3: Observe that all three involve actual physical water that you can touch. Step 4: Consider mirage. It looks like water from a distance, especially on hot days in deserts or on roads, but there is no real water present. Step 5: Conclude that mirage is only an illusion, while the others are real sources of water. Step 6: Choose Mirage as the odd one out. Verification / Alternative check: You can further verify this by classifying the words into real water sources versus illusions. Pond, oasis, and fountain can all be visited, photographed, and used to obtain water for different purposes. People may swim in a pond, rest at an oasis, or drink from a fountain. A mirage, however, disappears when you approach it; travellers who follow a mirage do not find any water at that spot. The common property of supplying or containing water is absent only in mirage. No alternative classification produces as strong and clear a difference as this one, confirming that mirage is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Pond: A pond is a real body of water and shares the key property of containing water with oasis and fountain, so it fits the main group. Oasis: An oasis is a true water source in a desert, often saving lives. It clearly belongs with pond and fountain as a real water feature. Fountain: A fountain is a man made water structure, but it still involves real water, making it part of the same category as pond and oasis. Common Pitfalls: Some students may be distracted by the fact that an oasis is in a desert or that a fountain is artificial, and they may think one of these is the odd one out. However, the better reasoning is to look for deeper properties. All three are genuine water sources, regardless of location or origin. A mirage is the only one that is purely visual and deceptive. Focusing on real versus illusory characteristics avoids confusion and leads to the correct choice. Final Answer: Mirage does not belong with the others because it only appears to be water, while pond, oasis, and fountain all contain real water. Therefore Mirage is the odd one out.

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