Question 1

Vijayanagara military reforms: Which ruler hired skilled Turkish archers to strengthen his bowmen?  Context: Enhancements to the Vijayanagara military in the 15th century.  Choose the correct ruler.

Accepted Answer

Given data Ruler of Vijayanagara who consciously enhanced archery units via foreign expertise. Reasoning Devaraya II (r. c. 1422–46) employed skilled Turkish archers and improved cavalry/infantry effectiveness. Final Answer Devaraya II (Praudhadevaraya)

Question 2

Jainism (ethics): Parsva prescribed four vows; which vow did Mahavira add as the fifth?  Parsva’s four: non-violence, truth, non-stealing, non-possession.  Choose the added fifth vow.

Accepted Answer

Given data Parsva's four vows did not explicitly include celibacy. Reasoning Mahavira systematized the five great vows (mahavratas) by adding celibacy (brahmacharya) as the fifth. Final Answer Celibacy (brahmacharya)

Question 3

Mughal administration under Akbar: What were the responsibilities of the Mir Bakshi?  Context: Central departments (daftar) and the mansabdari system.  Choose the most accurate description.

Accepted Answer

Given data Post: Mir Bakshi in Akbar's court. Concept/Approach Identify the office overseeing mansabdars, their pay, and the intelligence network. Reasoning Mir Bakshi supervised military administration, recommended mansab appointments/promotions, managed pay, and oversaw intelligence. Final Answer Head of military department: mansab/appointment recommendations, pay, and intelligence

Question 4

Indian journalism and nationalism: Who founded the weekly 'Commonweal'?  Context: Early 20th-century nationalist press in India.  Choose the correct founder.

Accepted Answer

Given data Weekly: Commonweal; also associated with the daily New India. Reasoning Annie Besant founded Commonweal, a platform for Home Rule and social reform. Final Answer Annie Besant

Question 5

Freedom struggle abroad: With which country did Subhas Chandra Bose arrange to organize Indian POWs into the Azad Hind Fauj (INA)?  Context: World War II alliances and the Indian National Army.  Choose the correct country.

Accepted Answer

Given data Indian POWs captured in Southeast Asia by Axis forces. Reasoning The Indian National Army (INA) was organized in Japanese-held Southeast Asia; Bose reached Singapore/Tokyo and collaborated with Japan. Final Answer Japan

Question 6

Treaties with Mysore: The Treaty of Srirangapatna (1792) was signed between Tipu Sultan and whom?  Context: The conclusion of the Third Anglo–Mysore War.  Choose the correct counterpart.

Accepted Answer

Given data Year: 1792; War: Third Anglo–Mysore War. Reasoning The treaty was concluded between Tipu Sultan and Lord Cornwallis (EIC), with allied participation of the Nizam and Marathas, leading to territorial cessions and indemnity. Final Answer Lord Cornwallis representing the British East India Company (with allied Nizam and Marathas)

Question 7

Travel accounts on Mughal India: Who wrote the critical remark about timariots and revenue contractors ignoring the land's condition?  Quote essence: They won’t invest in improvement because they can be dispossessed at any time.  Choose the correct …

Accepted Answer

Given data Critique of Mughal jagirdari/timari system and short-termism. Reasoning François Bernier, a French physician-traveler, sharply criticized the system, noting that insecure holders neglected long-term improvements. Final Answer François Bernier

Question 8

Colonial administration: The Dual Government system (1765–1772) is associated with which figure?  Context: Separation of Diwani (revenue) and Nizamat (police/justice) in Bengal.  Choose the correct name.

Accepted Answer

Given data Period: Late 18th century Bengal after the grant of Diwani (1765). Reasoning The Dual Government system was introduced under Robert Clive, keeping real power with the Company while Nawab's officials nominally handled administration. Final Answer Robert Clive

Question 9

South Indian literature: Krishnadevaraya’s 'Amuktamalyada' was composed in which language?  Context: Vijayanagara imperial patronage of literature.  Choose the correct language.

Accepted Answer

Given data Author: Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara (Tuluva dynasty). Reasoning Amuktamalyada is celebrated as a masterpiece in Telugu, showcasing royal literary prowess. Final Answer Telugu

Question 10

Land rights in early medieval India: In the post-Gupta period, who held ultimate ownership of land?  Context: Kingship and land grants (agrahara/brahmadeya).  Choose the correct authority.

Accepted Answer

Concept/Approach Sovereignty implied ultimate ownership; specific rights were granted to individuals/institutions. Reasoning Despite extensive grants, ultimate title was vested in the king, who could confer fiscal and administrative rights. Final Answer The king (state)

Question 11

According to early Vedic sources, which of the following combinations best represents the staple food of the Vedic Aryans?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to ancient Indian history and culture, focusing on the dietary habits of the Vedic Aryans. Knowing the staple foods of early societies helps us understand their agriculture, economy and lifestyle. For the Vedic Aryans, grains formed an important part of the diet, and certain cereals are frequently mentioned in the Vedic texts. Given Data / Assumptions: The subject is the staple food of the Vedic Aryans. We are asked to choose the most appropriate combination. Options include barley and rice, milk and its products, rice and pulses, and vegetables and fruits. We assume standard interpretations of Vedic literature used in history texts. Concept / Approach: Vedic literature often mentions barley (yava) as a primary cultivated cereal and an important staple grain. In the later Vedic period, rice (vrihi) also became increasingly important in the diet. While milk and milk products were also significant, the term “staple food” in many exam contexts typically refers to the main cereals that provided bulk nutrition, namely barley and rice. Therefore, the best answer is the combination that includes both these cereals. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that barley is one of the earliest and most frequently mentioned grains in the Rigvedic hymns. Step 2: Remember that rice becomes more prominent in the later Vedic period as cultivation practices evolve. Step 3: Consider which option lists both of these grains together. Step 4: Identify that “Barley and rice” is the only combination that directly mentions the two cereals. Step 5: Select “Barley and rice” as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative Check: History textbooks and exam guides often state that the main cereals of the Vedic Aryans were barley and, later, rice. Milk and milk products were indeed important, especially in pastoral early Vedic society, but questions about “staple food” usually focus on cereals that formed the base of cooked meals such as gruel or bread. This focus is reinforced by the repeated appearance of barley and rice in ritual and everyday contexts in Vedic literature. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option b (Milk and its products) describes important food items but does not capture the cereal-based staple in the same way and excludes grains. Option c (Rice and pulses) is incomplete because it ignores the centrality of barley in early Vedic times. Option d (Vegetables and fruits) were part of the diet but not the main staple providing most of the caloric intake. Therefore, these combinations are less accurate than “barley and rice” for the specific phrase “staple food.” Common Pitfalls: A common pitfall is to focus on the pastoral image of the Vedic Aryans and pick milk and milk products as the staple, overlooking the parallel importance of cereals. Another mistake is to assume that the diet resembled modern Indian diets, leading to a choice like rice and pulses. To avoid this, remember that Vedic economy was both pastoral and agricultural, with barley and later rice forming the primary cereal staples. Final Answer: The staple food of the Vedic Aryans is best represented by the combination of barley and rice.

Question 12

In the Vedic tradition, who is traditionally credited with composing the famous Gayatri Mantra from the Rigveda?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question comes from ancient Indian history and religious literature. The Gayatri Mantra is one of the most revered mantras in the Vedic tradition and appears in the Rigveda. Competitive exams often test whether candidates know which sage is traditionally associated with its composition. Understanding such associations helps connect key spiritual texts with the sages who propagated them. Given Data / Assumptions: The mantra in question is the Gayatri Mantra. We are asked which figure is traditionally credited with composing it. Options include Vishvamitra, Vasishtha, Indra and Parikshit. We assume standard traditional attributions accepted in Hindu religious texts. Concept / Approach: Traditionally, the Gayatri Mantra is attributed to the sage Vishvamitra. The mantra is addressed to Savitar, the Sun deity, and is found in the Rigveda. While many sages contributed hymns to the Vedas, specific mantras are linked to particular rishis. Vasishtha is another important Vedic sage but is not associated with this specific mantra. Indra is a Vedic deity, and Parikshit is a king mentioned in later texts, not composers of this mantra. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Gayatri Mantra is a Rigvedic mantra dedicated to Savitar. Step 2: Remember that traditional accounts names the rishi Vishvamitra as the seer associated with this mantra. Step 3: Examine the options and identify Vishvamitra among them. Step 4: Recognise that Vasishtha, although a great sage, is not linked specifically to the Gayatri Mantra. Step 5: Choose Vishvamitra as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative Check: Religious commentaries, traditional chant books and many introductory texts on Hinduism explicitly mention that the seer of the Gayatri Mantra is Vishvamitra. The mantra is sometimes called the Savitri Mantra in reference to the deity Savitar but the human sage associated with its revelation is consistently listed as Vishvamitra. Indra is worshipped within many Vedic hymns but is a deity, not a human composer. Parikshit is known from the Mahabharata tradition and Puranic stories, not Vedic hymn composition. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option b (Vasishtha) is a prominent Vedic rishi but is not the traditional seer of the Gayatri Mantra. Option c (Indra) is a Vedic god and recipient of many hymns, not the composer in human terms. Option d (Parikshit) is a Kuru king associated with later epics and Puranas and does not appear as a composer of Rigvedic mantras. Thus, none of these alternatives match the long-established tradition. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse different rishis because many appear repeatedly in Vedic literature, and names like Vasishtha and Vishvamitra are often mentioned together. Another pitfall is to think of Indra as the answer simply because he is an important Vedic figure, forgetting that the question asks for the composer, not the deity. To avoid such confusion, remember a direct link: “Gayatri Mantra – sage Vishvamitra – Rigveda.” Final Answer: According to Vedic tradition, the Gayatri Mantra is traditionally attributed to the sage Vishvamitra.

Question 13

In ancient Indian chronology, the Saka Era that begins in 78 CE was founded by which ruler?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Saka Era is one of the most important historical eras used in Indian chronology, and it is still officially used in the Indian national calendar today. Knowing who founded this era helps students connect dynastic history, chronology and inscriptions. This question tests your factual recall of the ruler who is traditionally associated with the beginning of the Saka Era starting in 78 CE, a landmark date used to date copper plates, stone inscriptions and historical records. Given Data / Assumptions: - The question refers specifically to the Saka Era that begins in 78 CE. - Four rulers are listed: Kadphises I, Kanishka, Alexander and Menander. - We assume the standard interpretation followed in most Indian history textbooks and competitive exams. - The task is to identify the ruler with whom the founding of this era is traditionally associated. Concept / Approach: The key to this question lies in understanding the Kushan dynasty and its famous emperor Kanishka. Traditional Indian historiography and exam oriented books often associate the founding of the Saka Era in 78 CE with Kanishka, even though some modern scholars debate the exact details. Kadphises I was an earlier Kushan leader, Alexander was a Macedonian conqueror who invaded north west India in the 4th century BCE, and Menander (Milinda) was an Indo-Greek ruler. None of these, apart from Kanishka, is commonly linked with the Saka Era of 78 CE in standard exam references. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Saka Era begins in 78 CE and is used in many inscriptions and in the Indian national calendar. Step 2: Identify the dynasty that is most frequently connected with this date; it is the Kushan dynasty. Step 3: Remember that Emperor Kanishka, one of the greatest Kushan rulers, is traditionally associated with 78 CE, which is taken as the starting point of the Saka Era in many sources. Step 4: Kadphises I, although a Kushan ruler, is not generally credited with founding this era in exam oriented literature. Step 5: Alexander and Menander belong to different periods and political contexts and have no direct link to the Saka Era of 78 CE. Step 6: Therefore, the correct answer is Kanishka. Verification / Alternative check: When you survey standard preparation books for UPSC, SSC or state services, you will usually find a direct statement such as “The Saka Era (78 CE) was started by Kanishka, the Kushan ruler.” Even though historians debate technicalities, examinations consistently follow this conventional attribution. Remember also that the official Indian national calendar is called the Saka calendar, further emphasizing its importance. Cross checking multiple exam guides will show that the accepted key is Kanishka, not the other rulers listed in the options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Kadphises I is wrong because, although he was an early Kushan ruler, he is not traditionally credited in exam literature with founding the Saka Era in 78 CE. Alexander is wrong because he invaded north west India in the 4th century BCE, long before 78 CE, and did not institute this Indian era. Menander is wrong as he was an Indo Greek ruler associated with Buddhist dialogues (Milindapanha), not with the creation of the Saka Era. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to overthink scholarly debates and forget what competitive exams usually expect. Some students also confuse the Saka Era with the Vikrama Samvat, which is linked with King Vikramaditya in 57 BCE, leading to mixed up associations. To avoid confusion, keep a simple mental note: Vikrama Samvat – 57 BCE; Saka Era – 78 CE, traditionally associated with Kanishka of the Kushan dynasty. This clear pairing will help you answer similar questions quickly and accurately in the exam hall. Final Answer: The Saka Era beginning in 78 CE is traditionally regarded as having been founded by Kanishka.

Question 14

In the history of Indian journalism, which newspaper, first published in 1780, is regarded as the earliest newspaper in India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The beginning of newspaper publishing in India is an important landmark in the development of modern public opinion, political awareness and the freedom of the press. Examinations frequently ask about the very first newspaper printed in India, including its name and year. This question focuses specifically on the year 1780 and asks you to identify which newspaper, started by James Augustus Hicky in Calcutta, is widely regarded as India's first newspaper. Given Data / Assumptions: - The question specifies the year 1780. - Four newspapers are listed as options. - One of them must correctly represent the first newspaper published in India. - We assume the standard historical account that credits Hicky's paper as the earliest. Concept / Approach: James Augustus Hicky, a British printer, started a newspaper in Calcutta in 1780 which is generally recognised as the first newspaper printed in India. It was formally titled "The Bengal Gazette, or Calcutta General Advertiser" and is also popularly known as "Hicky's Bengal Gazette." The other newspapers listed in the options were founded later and do not match the 1780 date. Therefore, the approach is to recall the combination of year, place (Calcutta) and title to choose the correct option that mentions "The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser." Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the year 1780, which is a strong clue pointing to the very earliest phase of India's press history. Step 2: Recall that Hicky's newspaper, started in Calcutta, is widely accepted as the first newspaper in India. Step 3: Remember its full formal name: "The Bengal Gazette, or Calcutta General Advertiser." Step 4: Compare this name with the options and note that option A exactly reflects this title. Step 5: Recognise that "The Calcutta Chronicle", "The Madras Courier" and "The Bombay Herald" are later papers and cannot match the 1780 first newspaper description. Step 6: Conclude that the correct answer is "The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser." Verification / Alternative check: If you check any standard Indian history or journalism textbook, you will find a clear statement that Hicky's Bengal Gazette, formally titled "The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser", began publication in 1780 and is considered the first printed newspaper in India. Many exam oriented summaries also highlight that it was known for its outspoken criticism of the colonial administration, which ultimately led to official hostility. None of the other papers are associated with this pioneering date, which confirms your choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The Calcutta Chronicle is wrong because it started later and is not recognised as India's first newspaper. The Madras Courier is wrong as it was an early paper in Madras but began after 1780 and does not hold the distinction of being the first. The Bombay Herald is wrong because it refers to a Bombay based paper that appeared later and is not tied to the historic 1780 milestone. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the many similar sounding names of early English language newspapers, especially those linked with Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. Another common error is to remember only the nickname "Hicky's Bengal Gazette" and not connect it with its formal title in the options. To avoid confusion, memorize the full phrase: "The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser (Hicky's Bengal Gazette), 1780, first newspaper in India." This compact memory key will help you answer such questions accurately under exam pressure. Final Answer: The first newspaper published in India in 1780 was The Bengal Gazette or Calcutta General Advertiser.

Question 15

Mahatma Gandhi famously described which constitutional proposal as “a post-dated cheque on a crumbling bank”?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: During the final decades of British rule in India, several constitutional proposals and missions were sent from Britain to negotiate with Indian leaders. Mahatma Gandhi's sharp comments on these proposals are often quoted in history questions because they reveal the Congress attitude towards half hearted concessions. The phrase “a post dated cheque on a crumbling bank” is one of Gandhi's most famous metaphors and is regularly asked in competitive exams to test your recall of which specific proposal he was referring to. Given Data / Assumptions: - Four options are provided: Simon Commission, Cripps Mission, Cabinet Mission and Wavell Plan. - The statement clearly comes from Mahatma Gandhi. - The context is a constitutional proposal seen as inadequate and unreliable. - We assume standard nationalist historiography regarding the Quit India period and World War II politics. Concept / Approach: The Cripps Mission arrived in India in 1942, during World War II, offering limited constitutional concessions and a promise of dominion status after the war. Gandhi and the Congress leadership considered these proposals vague, delayed and insincere. Gandhi thus described the Cripps proposals as “a post dated cheque on a crumbling bank” to emphasise that the British promise of future freedom from a war weakened empire was not trustworthy. The Simon Commission came earlier in 1927 without Indian members, the Cabinet Mission in 1946 had a different set of proposals, and the Wavell Plan was connected with the 1945 Shimla Conference. Only the Cripps Mission matches Gandhi's metaphor. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Cripps Mission was sent in 1942 by the British government to secure Indian cooperation in World War II. Step 2: Note that its proposals promised dominion status after the war and the right of provinces to stay out of the union, which many Indian leaders found unacceptable. Step 3: Gandhi felt the proposals did not offer immediate, real power to Indians and instead postponed genuine freedom to an uncertain future. Step 4: To capture this feeling, he famously described the offer as “a post dated cheque on a crumbling bank”, implying a promise that might never be honoured. Step 5: Cross check that this quote is not attributed to the Simon Commission, Cabinet Mission or Wavell Plan in standard textbooks. Step 6: Therefore, the correct answer is the Cripps Mission. Verification / Alternative check: Any reliable preparation book for modern Indian history will have a section on the Cripps Mission and almost always print this quotation by Gandhi in that context. The sequence of events also helps: Cripps Mission in 1942 was followed by the Quit India Movement, which Gandhi launched after rejecting the proposals. The Cabinet Mission (1946) is linked more with partition related negotiations and not with this particular metaphor. Remembering this timeline makes it easier to match the quote correctly with the Cripps Mission. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Simon Commission is wrong because it came in 1928 and was criticised for having no Indian members; Gandhi's famous “post dated cheque” comment is not linked to it. Cabinet Mission is wrong because, although Congress had criticisms of its plan, this particular metaphor is not associated with the Cabinet Mission proposals. Wavell Plan is wrong as it refers to the proposals discussed at the 1945 Shimla Conference and is not the context of Gandhi's quoted remark. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the Cripps Mission with the Cabinet Mission because both involve British delegations and constitutional plans. Another pitfall is to memorise the quote loosely without attaching it firmly to the correct year (1942) and the specific mission. To avoid confusion, link the memory as: “1942 – World War II – Cripps Mission – Quit India – Gandhi calls it a post dated cheque on a crumbling bank.” This single mental chain helps you recall the correct association during the exam. Final Answer: Mahatma Gandhi described the proposals of the Cripps Mission as “a post dated cheque on a crumbling bank.”

Question 16

In the context of the early spread of Buddhism, which Indian state is popularly known as the “Cradle of Buddhism” because many key events in the Buddha’s life took place there?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Buddhism originated in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent and spread across Asia over many centuries. Certain locations are particularly important because they are tied to major events in the life of Gautama Buddha and the early Buddhist sangha. The term “Cradle of Buddhism” is often used in popular and exam oriented literature to describe the region where Buddhism first took root and flourished. This question asks you to identify which present day Indian state is most closely associated with that title. Given Data / Assumptions: - Four options are listed: Sikkim, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. - The phrase “Cradle of Buddhism” suggests the birthplace and early growth area of Buddhism. - We know key places in the Buddha's life story: Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and Kushinagar. - We assume the common usage that links Bodh Gaya and nearby regions with this phrase. Concept / Approach: Bihar is home to Bodh Gaya, where Prince Siddhartha attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree and became the Buddha. It also contains important sites like Rajgir and Nalanda, associated with early Buddhist councils and monasteries. Because of this dense concentration of historic Buddhist locations, Bihar is popularly called the “Cradle of Buddhism” in many guidebooks. While Uttar Pradesh hosts Sarnath and Kushinagar, which are also significant, the specific phrase in most exam keys is associated with Bihar rather than Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim or Madhya Pradesh. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Bodh Gaya, the place of Buddha's enlightenment, lies in the present day state of Bihar. Step 2: Recognise that ancient Magadha, a powerful kingdom central to the early spread of Buddhism, largely corresponds to areas in modern Bihar. Step 3: Remember that Rajgir and Nalanda, two crucial centres of early Buddhist activity and scholarship, are also located in Bihar. Step 4: Although Sarnath and Kushinagar in present day Uttar Pradesh are key Buddhist pilgrimage sites, the overall cradle where Buddhism flourished early is more strongly identified with Magadha and Bodh Gaya. Step 5: Sikkim and Madhya Pradesh do not figure prominently in the earliest life events of the Buddha. Step 6: Therefore, the state popularly known as the “Cradle of Buddhism” is Bihar. Verification / Alternative check: When you look at tourism brochures or standard exam manuals on Indian culture, Bodh Gaya in Bihar is described as one of the holiest Buddhist sites. Nalanda, also in Bihar, is highlighted as an ancient university and great centre of Buddhist learning. Textbooks often mention that Magadha (modern Bihar region) provided political support to Buddhism under kings like Bimbisara and Ajatashatru. These facts together justify why Bihar is widely labelled the “Cradle of Buddhism”, confirming your answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Sikkim is wrong because it is historically associated more with later phases of Buddhism and Himalayan monasteries, not with the earliest life events of the Buddha. Uttar Pradesh, although it contains Sarnath and Kushinagar, is usually not the state given the specific title “Cradle of Buddhism” in exam oriented material; that label is reserved for Bihar. Madhya Pradesh is wrong because it is not a primary region of early Buddhist development, even though it has some Buddhist sites. Common Pitfalls: A typical mistake is to focus on Sarnath (first sermon) and Kushinagar (Mahaparinirvana) and immediately choose Uttar Pradesh, forgetting that the political and spiritual heartland of early Buddhism lay in Magadha. Another pitfall is confusing modern state boundaries with ancient kingdoms. To avoid this, connect the phrase “Cradle of Buddhism” firmly with Bodh Gaya, Nalanda and Magadha, and then link all three with present day Bihar in your memory map. Final Answer: The state popularly known as the “Cradle of Buddhism” is Bihar.

Question 17

After resigning from the Indian National Congress presidency in 1939, which party did Subhas Chandra Bose found?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Subhas Chandra Bose was one of the most dynamic and radical leaders of the Indian national movement. His differences with the more moderate leadership of the Indian National Congress, especially on issues relating to British rule during World War II, led him to resign from the Congress presidentship in 1939. After this break, he formed his own political platform to mobilise more militant anti imperialist politics. This question tests your knowledge of the name of that party and its place in the chronology of Bose's political career. Given Data / Assumptions: - The year 1939 is explicitly mentioned. - The context is Bose breaking away from the Congress. - Four party names are offered as options. - We assume standard modern Indian history narratives about Bose's activities before World War II. Concept / Approach: In 1939, after winning the Tripuri Congress session presidency and then clashing with the old guard led by Gandhi and Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose resigned from the Indian National Congress presidentship. Subsequently, he formed the Forward Bloc as a new political group within and then ultimately outside the Congress fold, aiming to consolidate the left wing and more radical elements. The Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army) was created later in the context of World War II and Japanese support, and it was a military organisation, not a party formed in 1939. The other names, Indian Freedom Party and Revolutionary Front, do not correspond to recognised political parties led by Bose in standard textbooks. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Place the event in time. The question refers to the year 1939, just after Bose's resignation from the Congress presidentship. Step 2: Recall that in May 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose founded the Forward Bloc as a political platform to unite leftist and radical groups. Step 3: Recognise that the Azad Hind Fauj arose later, when Bose reached Southeast Asia and took over leadership of the Indian National Army, a separate armed force. Step 4: Note that Indian Freedom Party and Revolutionary Front do not appear in standard accounts of Bose's political organisations. Step 5: Match this knowledge with the options and identify “Forward Bloc” as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: A quick check is to remember the logical sequence: Bose in Congress – conflict with Gandhi – resignation in 1939 – formation of the Forward Bloc within India – escape from India – leadership of the Azad Hind Fauj and Provisional Government of Free India abroad. This ordered chain shows clearly that the first formal organisation he founded after leaving Congress leadership was the Forward Bloc. Contemporary exam manuals on modern India also explicitly mention “Forward Bloc (1939)” in connection with Bose's political trajectory. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Indian Freedom Party is wrong because there is no major historical record of Bose founding a party with this exact name in 1939. Azad Hind Fauj is wrong because it was a military organisation (Indian National Army) revived and led by Bose later, not a party founded immediately after leaving Congress. Revolutionary Front is wrong because it does not correspond to the specific, historically recognised organisation set up by Bose in 1939. Common Pitfalls: Some students confuse Forward Bloc with Azad Hind Fauj because both are strongly associated with Bose and anti British struggle. Another mistake is to treat any name that sounds revolutionary or nationalist as plausible without checking the year and nature of the organisation. To avoid these errors, always connect 1939 with the Forward Bloc (political platform) and 1942 onwards with the Azad Hind Fauj (armed struggle), keeping the two phases of Bose's career clearly separated in your mind. Final Answer: After breaking away from the Congress presidentship in 1939, Subhas Chandra Bose founded the Forward Bloc.

Question 18

Which nationalist leader, one of the founders of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (established in 1870), attended the Imperial Durbar of 1877 dressed in hand-spun khadi to symbolise Indian poverty?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Before the rise of the mass national movement under Gandhi, early nationalist leaders and organisations laid the foundation of political awakening in India. The Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was one such pioneering public association, and some of its leaders used powerful symbolic gestures to highlight the condition of Indians under British rule. Attending the Imperial Durbar in coarse, hand spun cloth was one such act, long before Gandhian politics made khadi a mass symbol. This question asks you to identify the specific leader who did this and was also a founder of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha. Given Data / Assumptions: - The event mentioned is the Imperial Durbar of 1877. - The leader came dressed in hand spun khadi to represent the poverty of Indian people. - He was a founder of the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, established in the early 1870s. - Four prominent leaders are given as options. Concept / Approach: Ganesh Vasudev Joshi, also known as "Sarvajanik Kaka", was a key figure in the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha and early nationalist politics. He is particularly remembered for appearing at the Delhi Imperial Durbar in 1877 dressed in coarse, hand spun cloth to dramatise Indian poverty in front of the British imperial elite. M. G. Ranade was also associated with the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha but is not noted for this specific symbolic act. S. N. Banerjee and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were important nationalists, yet this particular incident is not linked to them in standard historical accounts. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha as an early political association formed in the 1870s in Poona (Pune). Step 2: Recall that Ganesh Vasudev Joshi was one of the main founders of this Sabha and a respected lawyer and public activist. Step 3: Remember the famous incident where he attended the 1877 Imperial Durbar dressed in rough, indigenous cloth to symbolise Indian poverty before the British Viceroy. Step 4: M. G. Ranade, though associated with the Sabha, is not credited with this particular act in exam oriented narratives. Step 5: S. N. Banerjee worked mainly in Bengal, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak emerged later as a mass leader; neither fits the specific description given. Step 6: Therefore, the correct answer is Ganesh Vasudev Joshi. Verification / Alternative check: In most modern Indian history textbooks, when the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha is discussed, Ganesh Vasudev Joshi is described as an important founder and is often mentioned alongside this symbolic Durbar episode. The story is highlighted to show that even in the late 19th century some Indian leaders used clothing and personal appearance to make political points about the economic exploitation of India. Cross checking with multiple exam guides confirms that this anecdote is consistently associated with Joshi, not with Ranade, Banerjee or Tilak. Why Other Options Are Wrong: M. G. Ranade is wrong because, although he was an important member and intellectual force behind the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, he is not credited with attending the Durbar in coarse khadi for this purpose. S. N. Banerjee is wrong as he was a leading nationalist in Bengal and not central to the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha or this specific 1877 Durbar incident. Bal Gangadhar Tilak is wrong because he became a major mass leader in the later nationalist phase and is not linked to this particular early symbolic protest. Common Pitfalls: A common confusion arises because students remember Ranade and Joshi together in relation to the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha and sometimes attribute Joshi's symbolic gesture to Ranade by mistake. Others may see the reference to khadi and instinctively think of Tilak or even Gandhi, forgetting the earlier time frame. To avoid such errors, fix in your mind the association: “Poona Sarvajanik Sabha founder + 1877 Durbar + coarse khadi = Ganesh Vasudev Joshi (Sarvajanik Kaka).” This compact association is very helpful for quick recall. Final Answer: The leader who attended the 1877 Imperial Durbar in hand spun khadi and helped found the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Joshi.

Question 19

In the context of ancient Indian philosophical literature, Patanjali is especially well known for compiling which foundational text?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Patanjali is a highly revered name in Indian philosophical and spiritual traditions. His work is central to the codification of Yoga as a systematic philosophical school within the broader framework of Indian thought. Many different ancient texts are sometimes confused with each other in competitive exams, so questions often ask you to match authors with their most famous works. Here, you are asked to recall which text is specifically associated with Patanjali's compilation. Given Data / Assumptions: - The question mentions Patanjali by name. - Four well known texts are listed as options: Yoga Sutra, Panchatantra, Brahma Sutra and Ayurveda. - Only one of these is universally associated with Patanjali in standard exam references. - We focus on mainstream traditional attributions rather than scholarly debates. Concept / Approach: Patanjali is traditionally credited with compiling the Yoga Sutra, a foundational text that systematises the philosophy and practice of Yoga into an eightfold path. Panchatantra is a collection of animal fables associated with Vishnu Sharma, not Patanjali. Brahma Sutra is linked with the Vedanta tradition and usually attributed to Badarayana. Ayurveda is a broad field of traditional Indian medicine, and foundational texts like Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita are associated with other authors, not Patanjali. Therefore, the correct match for Patanjali is the Yoga Sutra. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify Patanjali as a figure historically linked with the Yoga philosophical school. Step 2: Recall that the Yoga Sutra is the core text that lays out the principles of Ashtanga Yoga (eightfold path) including yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana, dhyana and samadhi. Step 3: Recognise that Panchatantra is a didactic collection of stories designed to teach political and moral lessons, attributed to Vishnu Sharma. Step 4: Understand that Brahma Sutra summarises and systematises Vedantic philosophy and is not authored by Patanjali. Step 5: Note that Ayurveda refers to the traditional medical system with major texts like Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita, whose authorship is not linked to Patanjali in the usual exam syllabus. Step 6: Conclude that Patanjali is best known for compiling the Yoga Sutra. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by checking any introduction to Indian philosophy or Yoga, where Patanjali is consistently introduced as the author or compiler of the Yoga Sutra. Modern Yoga schools, both in India and abroad, refer to “Patanjali's Yoga Sutras” as a standard phrase. By contrast, Panchatantra is always discussed in the context of moral tales and didactic literature, and the Brahma Sutra in the context of Vedanta and Shankara's commentaries. These associations reinforce that the safe and correct answer is Yoga Sutra. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Panchatantra is wrong because it is attributed to Vishnu Sharma, not Patanjali, and belongs to the genre of fable literature. Brahma Sutra is wrong because it is usually credited to Badarayana and is the foundational text of Vedanta, not the Yoga school. Ayurveda is wrong as a broad medical tradition with its own classical texts, which are not compiled by Patanjali in standard historical narratives. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes students see the word “Sutra” and confuse different sutra texts, especially Brahma Sutra and Yoga Sutra. Another mistake is to associate Patanjali with Ayurveda because of modern brand names using his name, which has nothing to do with the actual ancient authorship. To avoid these errors, keep a simple memory hook: Patanjali – Yoga Sutra – classical system of Yoga. This direct association will reliably lead you to the correct option in similar questions. Final Answer: Patanjali is especially well known for compiling the Yoga Sutra.

Question 20

In early Buddhist Sanskrit literature, who is traditionally regarded as the author of the epic poem “Buddha Charita”?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: “Buddha Charita” is one of the most famous Sanskrit works on the life of Gautama Buddha. It is often described as a maha kavya, or great epic poem, and forms an important part of early Buddhist literary heritage. Exam questions frequently ask you to match this work with its author, because doing so tests both your knowledge of Buddhist history and your familiarity with key names in Sanskrit literature. This question therefore checks if you can correctly identify the traditional author of Buddha Charita. Given Data / Assumptions: - The work in question is “Buddha Charita”. - Four Buddhist or philosophical names are given: Ashvaghosha, Nagasena, Nagarjuna and Vasumitra. - Only one of these names is correctly associated with Buddha Charita in standard exam syllabi. - We rely on traditional attributions used in general history and literature texts. Concept / Approach: Ashvaghosha was a renowned Buddhist monk, philosopher and poet, active roughly in the early centuries CE, and is widely credited with composing the Buddha Charita. He is known for his refined Sanskrit style and for popularising Buddhist themes in classical poetic form. Nagasena is associated with the Buddhist text “Milindapanha”, which records his dialogue with King Menander (Milinda). Nagarjuna is a major philosopher of the Madhyamaka school, known for works like “Mula Madhyamaka Karika”, not for Buddha Charita. Vasumitra is linked with Buddhist scholastic traditions but not with this epic poem. Hence the correct answer is Ashvaghosha. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify Buddha Charita as a Sanskrit epic describing the life and deeds of the Buddha. Step 2: Recall that Ashvaghosha is traditionally named as its author and is celebrated as an early Buddhist court poet. Step 3: Recognise that Nagasena is famous primarily for the question and answer text Milindapanha, not for composing Buddha Charita. Step 4: Note that Nagarjuna was a profound philosopher of emptiness (shunyata) and is not credited with composing Buddha Charita in poetic form. Step 5: Understand that Vasumitra is associated with Buddhist scholastic debates and councils but not with this specific literary work. Step 6: Therefore, the correct answer is Ashvaghosha. Verification / Alternative check: Most standard references, including introductions to Buddhist literature, list Ashvaghosha as the author of two major works: Buddha Charita and Saundarananda. This pairing is a useful memory aid. Exam guides on Indian literature and religion repeat this attribution consistently. When any of the other names—Nagasena, Nagarjuna or Vasumitra—are mentioned, they are linked to different genres and themes, which confirms that the safe and widely accepted answer is Ashvaghosha. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Nagasena is wrong because he is associated with the Milindapanha text recording dialogues with King Menander, not with Buddha Charita. Nagarjuna is wrong because, although a towering Buddhist thinker, his fame rests on philosophical treatises on emptiness, not epic biographical poetry. Vasumitra is wrong as he is connected with scholastic and doctrinal aspects of Buddhism and is not credited with this poetic biography. Common Pitfalls: A typical mistake is to see any Buddhist sounding name and randomly choose it without remembering the specific literary associations. Another pitfall is mixing up Ashvaghosha and Nagarjuna because both are important Buddhist figures from roughly similar centuries. To avoid such confusion, remember the simple rule: Ashvaghosha – poet of Buddha Charita; Nagarjuna – philosopher of Madhyamaka. Fixing this distinction clearly in your mind will help you avoid errors in multiple questions related to Buddhist literature. Final Answer: The epic poem “Buddha Charita” is traditionally attributed to Ashvaghosha.

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