Question 1

Which Buddhist text or chronicle contains a detailed account of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka and his rule?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya dynasty is one of the most famous rulers in Indian history, known for his embrace of Buddhism and his efforts to spread the Dhamma. While brief references to him appear in various inscriptions and Buddhist texts, one particular Buddhist chronicle gives a more continuous narrative of his life and religious role. This question asks you to identify which Buddhist text contains such an account of Ashoka. Given Data / Assumptions: The topic is the Buddhist textual source for information on Emperor Ashoka. The options include the three Pitakas of the Pali Canon and the Sri Lankan chronicle Mahavamsa. You must determine which of these contains a detailed narrative about Ashoka reign and Buddhist activities. Concept / Approach: Vinaya Pitaka, Sutta Pitaka, and Abhidhamma Pitaka together form the early canonical scriptures of Theravada Buddhism, and they focus mainly on monastic rules, discourses of the Buddha, and philosophical analysis. In contrast, Mahavamsa is a later historical chronicle from Sri Lanka that records the history of the island and its connection to Buddhism. Mahavamsa includes accounts of Ashoka role in supporting Buddhism and sending missionaries, including his son Mahinda to Sri Lanka. Therefore, the chronicle that contains a significant account of Ashoka is Mahavamsa. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Evaluate the Pitakas. Vinaya Pitaka deals mainly with rules for monks and nuns, Sutta Pitaka with discourses of the Buddha, and Abhidhamma Pitaka with systematic philosophical analysis. Step 2: Realise that these canonical texts were composed long before Ashoka and do not provide a continuous historical biography of him. Step 3: Consider Mahavamsa, a Sri Lankan chronicle that narrates the history of Sri Lanka alongside important Buddhist events and royal patronage. Step 4: Mahavamsa describes how Ashoka adopted Buddhism, convened councils, and sent missions to different regions, including Sri Lanka. Step 5: Therefore, identify Mahavamsa as the correct text that contains a detailed account of Ashoka. Verification / Alternative check: Standard references on Ashoka mention rock edicts, pillar edicts, and Buddhist chronicles like Mahavamsa and Dipavamsa as major sources for reconstructing his life and policies. In particular, Mahavamsa is frequently cited for information about his role in establishing Buddhism in Sri Lanka. The three Pitakas are foundational doctrinal texts and are not primarily concerned with post Buddha imperial history, confirming that Mahavamsa is the relevant choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Vinaya Pitaka: It focuses on monastic discipline and does not narrate the life story of Ashoka. Sutta Pitaka: This collection records sermons and dialogues of the Buddha, not the deeds of later kings like Ashoka. Abhidhamma Pitaka: It deals with detailed doctrinal analysis and philosophical categories, rather than historical chronicles of emperors. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse the canonical Pitakas with later historical and doctrinal literature and assume that every major Buddhist figure must be found in the main canon. Others may not distinguish between early teachings and subsequent chronicles that document the spread of Buddhism. To avoid this, remember that Mahavamsa and similar vamsa texts serve as historical chronicles, while the Pitakas are primary doctrinal scriptures. Final Answer: The Buddhist text that contains a detailed account of Emperor Ashoka is the Sri Lankan chronicle Mahavamsa.

Question 2

In ancient Tamil literature, who is recognised as the author of the Buddhist epic Manimekalai?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Manimekalai is one of the famous epics of ancient Tamil literature and is particularly important because it presents Buddhist themes within the Tamil cultural world. It is often discussed alongside the more widely known epic Silappadikaram. Knowing the relationship between these epics and their authors is a common requirement in South Indian history and literature questions. This question asks you to identify the author of Manimekalai. Given Data / Assumptions: The literary work mentioned is Manimekalai. It is a Tamil epic with strong Buddhist influence. The options list Kovalan, Sathanar, Ilango Adigal, and Tiruttakkatevar. You must select the name associated by tradition with the composition of Manimekalai. Concept / Approach: According to literary tradition, Silappadikaram was composed by Ilango Adigal, while Manimekalai, which can be seen as a kind of sequel focusing on the daughter of Kovalan and Kannagi, was composed by the poet Sathanar, often called Chithalai Sathanar. Kovalan is a character within Silappadikaram, not an author. Tiruttakkatevar is associated with another Tamil epic, Jivaka Chintamani. Therefore, the correct author of Manimekalai among the options is Sathanar. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that Manimekalai is part of the group of Tamil epics which also includes Silappadikaram, Jivaka Chintamani, and others. Step 2: Recall that Ilango Adigal is credited with writing Silappadikaram, the story of Kannagi and Kovalan. Step 3: Understand that Manimekalai focuses on the life and spiritual journey of Manimekalai, the daughter of Kovalan, and is distinct in its Buddhist orientation. Step 4: Tradition assigns the authorship of Manimekalai to the poet Sathanar, also known as Chithalai Sathanar. Step 5: Recognise that Tiruttakkatevar is credited with another epic, Jivaka Chintamani, and Kovalan is a character, not an author, so Sathanar is the only correct choice. Verification / Alternative check: Books on Tamil literature routinely state that Silappadikaram was composed by Ilango Adigal and Manimekalai by Sathanar. They often discuss how these two works form a pair, with the second exploring Buddhist ideals. Tiruttakkatevar name appears in discussions of later Tamil Jain literature, especially Jivaka Chintamani. This clear division of authorship across the epics confirms that Sathanar is the correct answer for Manimekalai. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Kovalan: He is a central character in Silappadikaram whose tragic fate triggers the story; he is not the author of any epic. Ilango Adigal: He is traditionally credited with Silappadikaram, not with Manimekalai. Tiruttakkatevar: He is associated with the Jain epic Jivaka Chintamani and not with the Buddhist themed Manimekalai. Common Pitfalls: A common error is to confuse Ilango Adigal authorship of Silappadikaram with Manimekalai because the two works are often studied together. Another mistake is to assume that the main character must have written the text. To avoid this, remember the pair as Silappadikaram by Ilango Adigal and Manimekalai by Sathanar, and separately recall Tiruttakkatevar for Jivaka Chintamani. Final Answer: The author of the Tamil Buddhist epic Manimekalai is Sathanar.

Question 3

Who was the nationalist educationist and leader who founded Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in Varanasi?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Banaras Hindu University, commonly known as BHU, is one of the largest and most prestigious residential universities in Asia. It was founded during the freedom struggle with the aim of blending modern education with Indian cultural and spiritual values. The university is closely associated with a prominent nationalist leader and educationist. This question asks you to identify that founder. Given Data / Assumptions: The institution mentioned is Banaras Hindu University (BHU) in Varanasi. The options include Sukumar Dutt, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Dr Rajendra Prasad, and Motilal Nehru. You must select the person historically recognised as the founder of BHU. Concept / Approach: Madan Mohan Malaviya was a leading nationalist figure, educationist, and social reformer who played an instrumental role in establishing BHU in the early twentieth century. He envisioned an institution that would offer modern higher education rooted in Indian culture and tradition. While Dr Rajendra Prasad later became the first President of India, Motilal Nehru was a political leader and lawyer, and Sukumar Dutt is not associated with BHU founding in standard histories. Therefore, Malaviya is the correct answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that BHU was founded in the early twentieth century as a major centre of higher learning in Varanasi. Step 2: Recognise that Madan Mohan Malaviya is widely celebrated as the guiding force behind its establishment, mobilising support and resources. Step 3: Dr Rajendra Prasad, though a prominent leader and later President, is not named as the founder of this university. Step 4: Motilal Nehru was an influential lawyer and Congress leader, but he did not establish BHU. Step 5: Therefore, only Madan Mohan Malaviya among the options is correctly linked with the founding of Banaras Hindu University. Verification / Alternative check: University histories, official BHU publications, and exam guides all explicitly refer to Madan Mohan Malaviya as the founder of BHU. He is often portrayed in statues and commemorations on the campus. His educational vision and role in raising funds for the institution are widely recorded. The absence of similar recognition for the other names listed in connection with BHU confirms that Malaviya is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Sukumar Dutt: This name is not associated with the founding of BHU in standard references to Indian educational history. Dr Rajendra Prasad: He was an important Congress leader and later President of India, but he did not establish BHU. Motilal Nehru: Although he was part of the national movement and a senior Congress figure, there is no record of him founding this university. Common Pitfalls: Sometimes learners confuse different institutions and their founders, especially when multiple national leaders championed education. Another pitfall is misremembering Malaviya role because his name may appear alongside other leaders in narratives about nationalist education. To avoid this, clearly connect BHU with Madan Mohan Malaviya in your mind and recall that he is frequently titled Mahamana in recognition of his contributions. Final Answer: Banaras Hindu University was founded by the nationalist leader Madan Mohan Malaviya.

Question 4

Which one of the following Mughal emperors is traditionally described as being illiterate, even though he was a great patron of learning and the arts?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Mughal emperors of India are usually remembered not only for their conquests but also for their patronage of art, architecture, and literature. One emperor in particular is famous for building a vast empire and encouraging scholars, yet traditional accounts state that he himself was illiterate or at least not formally educated in reading and writing. This apparent contrast often appears as a fact based question in exams. The question here asks you to identify that emperor. Given Data / Assumptions: The subject is a Mughal emperor traditionally regarded as illiterate. The emperor was nevertheless known as a great patron of learning, culture, and debate. The options are Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, Akbar, and Jahangir. You must match this description with the correct name. Concept / Approach: Akbar, the third Mughal emperor, is widely described in traditional sources as being unable to read or write, especially in his early life, although some modern historians debate the extent of this illiteracy. Despite this, he maintained an enormous library, invited scholars of different religions to his court, and encouraged translation projects such as rendering Sanskrit epics into Persian. The other emperors listed were literate leaders, and none of them carries the same traditional label of illiteracy. Therefore, Akbar is the correct answer according to common exam oriented history. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Akbar ruled from 1556 to 1605 and is famous for administrative reforms and religious debates at the Ibadat Khana. Step 2: Understand that many historical narratives present Akbar as an emperor who could not read or write fluently, though he had texts read aloud to him and showed great interest in knowledge. Step 3: Recognise that Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb, and Jahangir were educated princes who left written works or detailed memoirs, especially Jahangir with his Tuzuk i Jahangiri. Step 4: These facts point specifically to Akbar as the emperor traditionally described as illiterate, despite his strong cultural patronage. Step 5: Therefore, select Akbar from the given options. Verification / Alternative check: Textbooks and exam guides on medieval Indian history often mention this fact to highlight the contrast between Akbar personal literacy and his extensive support for scholarship. Abu l Fazl Ain i Akbari and Akbarnama, which chronicle his reign, describe his interest in ideas and discussions more than in personal writing. By contrast, Jahangir wrote his own memoirs, and Aurangzeb issuance of documents and correspondence reflects his education. This pattern confirms that the emperor associated with illiteracy in traditional accounts is Akbar. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Shah Jahan: He was an educated emperor best known for commissioning the Taj Mahal and other monuments but not described as illiterate. Aurangzeb: He was trained in Islamic law and administration and is not portrayed as illiterate in historical sources. Jahangir: He wrote the Tuzuk i Jahangiri, an autobiographical account of his reign, which clearly shows that he was literate. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may think that being a great builder or ruler automatically implies formal education, which can make Akbar illiteracy surprising. Others may confuse this detail with later emperors due to generalised memories about the Mughal dynasty. To avoid such mistakes, remember the specific combination: Akbar, the great integrator and patron of arts, is the one traditionally said to be illiterate, a detail often highlighted in exam questions. Final Answer: The Mughal emperor traditionally described as illiterate, despite being a great patron of learning, is Akbar.

Question 5

In the Indian national movement, who emerged as the main leader of the Bardoli Satyagraha campaign of 1928 in Gujarat?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928 was one of the most important peasant movements of the Indian freedom struggle. It took place in the Bardoli taluka of Gujarat in response to a steep enhancement of land revenue by the British authorities. The movement is remembered not only for its success but also because it brought to national prominence a leader who earned the popular title 'Sardar' for his firm yet disciplined leadership of the peasants. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks specifically about the main leader of the Bardoli Satyagraha campaign in 1928. Bardoli Satyagraha was a non violent, organised peasant struggle against increased land revenue demands. The options include several national leaders such as Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Chittaranjan Das. We must identify who actually directed the agitation on the ground and became the recognised leader of Bardoli peasants. Concept / Approach: The key idea is to connect Bardoli with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. While Gandhi inspired and supported many such struggles, Bardoli was led locally by Patel, who carefully organised the peasants, negotiated with the authorities and maintained strict non violent discipline. His success in this campaign earned him the honorific title 'Sardar' from the people of Bardoli. Therefore, we need to recall which one of the listed leaders is associated in textbooks as the leader of Bardoli Satyagraha. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Bardoli Satyagraha occurred in 1928 in Gujarat as a response to revenue enhancement. Step 2: Remember that Vallabhbhai Patel took charge of organising meetings, educating peasants and setting up volunteer groups. Step 3: Note that Gandhi supported the movement morally, but he did not personally run the day-to-day struggle in Bardoli. Step 4: Recognise that Rabindranath Tagore and Chittaranjan Das were important in other contexts but not directly linked to Bardoli leadership. Step 5: Conclude that Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the central leader of the Bardoli Satyagraha and select his name as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Most standard histories of India label Bardoli Satyagraha as Patel's biggest pre independence achievement. They also explain that the peasants conferred on him the title 'Sardar', meaning chief or leader, after the successful settlement. This repeated association between Bardoli and Patel in multiple sources confirms that he was indeed the main leader of the campaign. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Rabindranath Tagore: A Nobel Prize winning poet and thinker who criticised British rule but did not lead the Bardoli peasant struggle. Mahatma Gandhi: He inspired the movement and advised the peasants, yet the organisational leadership in Bardoli was in the hands of Vallabhbhai Patel. Chittaranjan Das: A prominent nationalist from Bengal, known for the Swaraj Party, not connected with Bardoli leadership. Motilal Nehru: A senior Congress leader and father of Jawaharlal Nehru, again not associated with leading this particular satyagraha. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to assume that Gandhi personally led every satyagraha in India and to select his name automatically. Another error is to confuse different regional agitations and their leaders. For exam purposes, it is useful to associate Bardoli Satyagraha specifically with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel as the organiser and chief leader of the peasants. Final Answer: Correct answer: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Question 6

In Sikh religious history, who succeeded Guru Har Krishan as the next Sikh Guru?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Sikh Gurus form a continuous line of spiritual leaders whose succession is an important part of Sikh religious history. Knowing the correct order of the ten Gurus helps learners understand how Sikhism evolved over time. Guru Har Krishan was the eighth Sikh Guru, and the question asks about the Guru who came after him and became the ninth Guru of the Sikhs. Given Data / Assumptions: Guru Har Krishan is recognised as the eighth Guru in the Sikh tradition. The question is asking specifically for his immediate successor. The options list several Gurus from different points in the succession: Guru Angad Dev, Guru Tegh Bahadur, Guru Hargobind, Guru Amar Das and Guru Gobind Singh. We must pick the name that historically follows Guru Har Krishan in the line of Gurus. Concept / Approach: The correct order of Sikh Gurus near this period is: Guru Hargobind (6th), Guru Har Rai (7th), Guru Har Krishan (8th), Guru Tegh Bahadur (9th) and Guru Gobind Singh (10th). By remembering this sequence, we can identify Guru Tegh Bahadur as the immediate successor of Guru Har Krishan. This method of recalling the numbered order avoids confusion between earlier and later Gurus listed in the options. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Guru Har Krishan was the eighth Sikh Guru. Step 2: Remember the complete order of Gurus around him: 6th Guru Hargobind, 7th Guru Har Rai, 8th Guru Har Krishan, 9th Guru Tegh Bahadur, 10th Guru Gobind Singh. Step 3: Identify that the Guru immediately after Har Krishan in this sequence is Guru Tegh Bahadur. Step 4: Compare this with the given options and confirm that Guru Tegh Bahadur appears among them. Step 5: Choose Guru Tegh Bahadur as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Basic reference books on Sikhism and many school textbooks list the ten Gurus in order and clearly identify Guru Tegh Bahadur as the ninth Guru who succeeded Guru Har Krishan. He is especially remembered for his martyrdom while defending religious freedom. This strong and consistent historical record confirms that Guru Tegh Bahadur is the correct successor. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Guru Angad Dev: The second Guru of the Sikhs, much earlier in the line, not the successor of Guru Har Krishan. Guru Hargobind: The sixth Guru, known for militarising the Sikh community, but not immediately after Har Krishan. Guru Amar Das: The third Guru, earlier in the sequence and not the ninth Guru. Guru Gobind Singh: The tenth Guru, who came after Guru Tegh Bahadur, not directly after Guru Har Krishan. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the positions of the middle Gurus, especially between the sixth and the tenth. Another common error is to choose Guru Gobind Singh for many questions because of his great fame. To avoid this, it is useful to memorise the Gurus in correct order with their key contributions and to remember that Guru Tegh Bahadur is the ninth Guru who followed Guru Har Krishan. Final Answer: Correct answer: Guru Tegh Bahadur.

Question 7

In the context of British rule in India, Lord Cornwallis is especially known for introducing which major land revenue measure?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Lord Cornwallis served as Governor General of Bengal in the late eighteenth century and is a key figure in the history of British administration in India. He is particularly remembered for his revenue reforms and for shaping the relation between the East India Company and Indian landholders. Among his most famous measures was a specific land revenue system that had a long lasting impact on Bengal and neighbouring regions. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks what Lord Cornwallis is especially known for in Indian history. The options include various land revenue systems as well as a misleading statement about the caste system and the United States. The permanent Zamindari settlement in Bengal was introduced during Cornwallis's tenure in 1793. Other land revenue systems, such as Ryotwari and Mahalwari, are associated with different officials and periods. Concept / Approach: The important concept is to match specific land revenue arrangements with the British administrators who introduced them. The Permanent Settlement of Bengal fixed land revenue permanently with zamindars, making them hereditary landlords responsible for paying a fixed sum to the Company. This was a hallmark of Cornwallis's policy. In contrast, the Ryotwari system is linked to Thomas Munro and others in Madras, and Mahalwari arrangements are linked to later officials in North India. By recognising these associations, we can choose the correct option. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Lord Cornwallis served as Governor General from 1786 to 1793. Step 2: Remember that in 1793 he introduced the Permanent Settlement in Bengal and parts of Bihar and Orissa. Step 3: Note that this settlement treated zamindars as landowners who had to pay a fixed, permanent revenue to the Company. Step 4: Recognise that Ryotwari and Mahalwari settlements were introduced in other regions by different administrators, not by Cornwallis. Step 5: Select the option mentioning the permanent revenue (Zamindari) settlement of Bengal as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: History textbooks usually explain that Cornwallis is remembered for the Cornwallis Code and the Permanent Settlement. They state that he hoped to create a loyal class of landlords by fixing revenue demands permanently. Cross checking this information confirms that his name is most closely tied to the Permanent Zamindari settlement and not to Ryotwari or Mahalwari arrangements. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Abolition of the caste system in India: No British administrator, including Cornwallis, abolished the caste system; this statement is incorrect and misleading. Land revenue settlement of the United States: Cornwallis worked for the British empire in India, not for revenue systems in the United States. Ryotwari land revenue settlement of Madras Presidency: The Ryotwari system is associated with Thomas Munro and others in South India, not with Cornwallis. Introduction of the Mahalwari settlement in North India: The Mahalwari system developed later under officials like Holt Mackenzie and is not linked to Cornwallis's tenure. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse different land revenue systems and the names of administrators associated with them. A useful memory aid is: Cornwallis – Permanent Zamindari in Bengal; Munro – Ryotwari in Madras; and later officials – Mahalwari in parts of North India. By keeping these pairs clear, you can quickly answer many related questions in modern Indian history. Final Answer: Correct answer: Permanent revenue (Zamindari) settlement of Bengal.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) in Sikh history are correct?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) is a key institution in modern Sikh history. It is the elected body that manages important Sikh gurdwaras in Punjab and some other regions. The SGPC emerged in the early twentieth century during a period of intense reform within the Sikh community, particularly connected with the Akali movement. Understanding its origins and purpose is important for questions on religious reform and nationalism in colonial India. Given Data / Assumptions: Statement 1 says that the SGPC began as the political wing of the Singh Sabhas in the late nineteenth century. Statement 2 says that it was formed in 1920 as part of the upcoming Akali movement. Statement 3 says that it was founded to reclaim control of Sikh shrines from government manipulated loyalist committees and corrupt mahants. Statement 4 says that it formed the Akali Dal to coordinate groups (Jathas) to reclaim control of the shrines. The question asks which combination of these statements is correct. Concept / Approach: The Singh Sabha movement started earlier, in the late nineteenth century, to reform Sikh religious practices, but it did not directly create the SGPC as its political wing. Instead, the SGPC arose later, in 1920, as part of the Gurdwara Reform and Akali movement to take back gurdwara management from corrupt mahants and government favoured committees. The SGPC became the central body managing gurdwaras, while the Akali Dal emerged as its political arm to organise jathas (volunteer bands) for direct action. Therefore, we must judge each statement against this historical narrative. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Evaluate Statement 1: it claims that the SGPC began as the political wing of the Singh Sabhas in the nineteenth century. This is incorrect, because the SGPC was created later and not directly as the Singh Sabha's political wing. Step 2: Evaluate Statement 2: it correctly notes that the SGPC was formed in 1920, in the context of the Akali movement and gurdwara reform. Step 3: Evaluate Statement 3: this is correct, since the central purpose of the SGPC was to wrest control of Sikh shrines from government manipulated and loyalist committees and mahants. Step 4: Evaluate Statement 4: it is broadly correct that the Akali Dal took shape as a political and organisational arm working with the SGPC to coordinate jathas for the liberation of gurdwaras. Step 5: Combine the correct statements: 2, 3 and 4 are correct, while 1 is incorrect, so the right option is '2, 3 and 4'. Verification / Alternative check: Standard histories of the Sikh gurdwara reform movement explain that the SGPC and the Akali Dal emerged around 1920. They also emphasise that the movement was aimed at retrieving control of Sikh shrines from mahants who were often seen as corrupt and backed by the colonial state. The Singh Sabha movement laid earlier ideological foundations but did not itself create the SGPC. This confirms that statements 2, 3 and 4 correctly summarise the SGPC's origin and purpose, while statement 1 misplaces it in time and function. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1, 3 and 4: Includes statement 1, which is incorrect about the SGPC being a nineteenth century political wing of the Singh Sabhas. 2 and 4 only: Omits statement 3, which correctly describes the aim of reclaiming shrines from loyalist committees. 2 and 3 only: Leaves out statement 4, even though the formation of the Akali Dal to coordinate jathas is historically connected with the SGPC. 1, 2 and 3 only: Again includes incorrect statement 1, making the combination wrong. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the Singh Sabha movement with the later Akali movement and assume that all later Sikh institutional developments started directly from Singh Sabhas. Another error is to think of the SGPC as purely religious, ignoring its political link with the Akali Dal. To avoid confusion, remember that the Singh Sabhas were nineteenth century reform associations, while the SGPC and Akali Dal are products of the 1920s gurdwara reform struggle. Final Answer: Correct answer: 2, 3 and 4.

Question 9

Consider the following statements about the Salt March (Dandi March) of 1930 and select the correct combination of true statements.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Salt March, also known as the Dandi March, was a landmark event in the Indian freedom struggle. Led by Mahatma Gandhi in 1930, it began the Civil Disobedience Movement and focused on the British monopoly over salt. The march attracted national and international attention and brought new social groups, including many women, into active participation in the nationalist movement. This question asks you to evaluate several statements about its impact and coverage. Given Data / Assumptions: Statement 1: The Salt March was deliberately ignored by the European media. Statement 2: The Salt March was widely covered by the American and European press. Statement 3: The Salt March was the first nationalist activity in which women participated in large numbers. Statement 4: The Salt March impressed upon the British the urgent need to devolve more power to Indians. We must judge which of these statements accurately reflect historical evidence. Concept / Approach: To answer this question, we should recall what historians say about the international reaction to the Salt March and its social composition. It is well established that foreign journalists followed the march closely and that newspapers in Europe and the United States reported it widely, so Statement 2 is correct while Statement 1 is clearly false. Women had participated in earlier movements, but the Salt March and the broader Civil Disobedience Movement marked the first time that women came out in such large numbers across India, making Statement 3 broadly correct in the exam context. Statement 4 is more interpretative; while the march put moral pressure on the British, it did not immediately convince them to devolve power, and their initial response was repression rather than concessions. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Compare Statements 1 and 2. Historical evidence shows that Western journalists and newspapers covered the march extensively, so Statement 2 is true and Statement 1 is false. Step 2: Consider Statement 3. Earlier movements such as Non Cooperation saw some women participation, but Civil Disobedience, beginning with the Salt March, is widely noted as the first large scale, countrywide participation of women in nationalist protest, so Statement 3 can be accepted as correct. Step 3: Examine Statement 4. The British government initially responded with arrests and repression, and there was no immediate major devolution of power; any later constitutional reforms came slowly and were influenced by many factors, so this statement is not considered strictly correct in standard exam treatments. Step 4: List the true statements: 2 and 3 are correct, while 1 and 4 are incorrect. Step 5: Select the option that matches this combination, which is '2 and 3 only'. Verification / Alternative check: NCERT and other widely used history books emphasise that the Salt March was widely reported abroad and that it inspired sympathetic coverage in international media, contradicting any claim that it was ignored. They also highlight the participation of women picketing liquor and foreign cloth shops during Civil Disobedience as an unprecedented phenomenon. Constitutional devolution, on the other hand, came later through the Government of India Act 1935 and was not an immediate result of the Salt March alone. These points confirm that Statements 2 and 3 are correct, while 1 and 4 are not. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1, 2 and 4: Includes Statement 1, which directly contradicts the well documented foreign media coverage of the march, and incorrectly treats Statement 4 as certainly true. 2, 3 and 4: Incorrectly accepts Statement 4 and mixes a correct reading of 2 and 3 with an overstatement about British willingness to devolve power. 3 and 4 only: Drops Statement 2 even though foreign press coverage was extensive and wrongly accepts Statement 4. 1 and 3 only: Retains the clearly wrong Statement 1 and omits Statement 2, which is correct. Common Pitfalls: A frequent error is to think that because the British disliked the march, European media must also have ignored it, but the opposite is true: Western journalists found it highly newsworthy. Another mistake is to interpret every famous movement as if it immediately forced the British to devolve power, ignoring the long and stubborn resistance of the colonial state. Keeping these nuances in mind helps you correctly evaluate such multi statement questions. Final Answer: Correct answer: 2 and 3 only.

Question 10

In the provincial legislative elections of 1937 under the Government of India Act 1935, which of the following statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The provincial elections of 1937 were the first elections held in British India under the Government of India Act 1935. They marked a major step in limited self government at the provincial level and revealed the relative strength of political parties such as the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. Understanding the franchise, the results and the performance of different parties in these elections is an important part of modern Indian political history. Given Data / Assumptions: Statement 1: Only about 10 to 12 percent of the population had the right to vote. Statement 2: The untouchables had no right to vote. Statement 3: The Congress won an absolute majority in five out of eleven provinces. Statement 4: The Muslim League won more than 80 percent of the seats reserved for Muslims. We are asked to identify which of these statements are correct. Concept / Approach: The Government of India Act 1935 provided for provincial autonomy but retained a very limited franchise, based on property, education and tax qualifications. Thus only a small fraction of the adult population could vote, making Statement 1 broadly correct in the 10 to 12 percent range. Untouchables (Depressed Classes) did have voting rights and separate representation under the Communal Award and Poona Pact, so Statement 2 is incorrect. The Congress did secure absolute majorities in five provinces, while in others it emerged as the largest party without an outright majority, making Statement 3 correct. The Muslim League, however, performed poorly in many Muslim majority areas at that time and certainly did not win more than 80 percent of Muslim seats, so Statement 4 is false. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Consider the franchise issue. The Government of India Act 1935 limited the electorate to roughly one eighth or so of the adult population, so Statement 1, which mentions about 10 to 12 percent, is a reasonable approximation and can be treated as correct. Step 2: Examine Statement 2. Depressed Classes were granted separate electorates and reserved seats after the Communal Award and the Poona Pact, so they could vote; thus Statement 2 is incorrect. Step 3: Look at the Congress performance. Historical records show that the Congress won clear majorities in provinces like Madras, United Provinces, Central Provinces, Bihar and Orissa, which makes Statement 3 correct. Step 4: Review the Muslim League's results. At this stage, the League had not yet become the dominant Muslim party everywhere and certainly did not win over 80 percent of the Muslim seats, so Statement 4 is wrong. Step 5: Combine the correct statements: Statements 1 and 3 are correct, while 2 and 4 are incorrect, so we choose the option '1 and 3 only'. Verification / Alternative check: Political histories of the 1930s consistently note that the Congress formed ministries in several provinces after 1937, while the Muslim League's performance was relatively weak, especially in Punjab, Sind and the North West Frontier Province. They also emphasise the restricted electorate and the presence of reserved seats for Depressed Classes. These details match Statements 1 and 3, and contradict Statements 2 and 4, confirming our answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1, 3 and 4: Includes Statement 4, which falsely exaggerates the Muslim League's success. 1 and 4 only: Treats Statement 4 as correct and ignores the verified fact that Congress had majorities in five provinces. 2, 3 and 4: Includes both Statements 2 and 4, which are incorrect regarding the voting rights of untouchables and the League's performance. 1, 2 and 3 only: Adds Statement 2, which wrongly denies voting rights to the Depressed Classes. Common Pitfalls: Students often overestimate the Muslim League's strength in 1937 because they associate it with the later demand for Pakistan, when its influence had grown. It is also easy to forget that the franchise was heavily restricted, leading some to think that a large portion of the population voted. Keeping separate the realities of 1937 from those of the 1940s helps avoid such errors. Final Answer: Correct answer: 1 and 3 only.

Question 11

Which of the following statements correctly describe the social base of the Arya Samaj in British India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Arya Samaj, founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in 1875, was a Hindu reform movement that played an active role in religious and social reform as well as in the growth of nationalism. Its followers were concentrated in specific regions and social groups. Understanding where its influence was strongest and what kind of social base it had is important for interpreting its role in colonial Indian society. Given Data / Assumptions: Statement 1: The Arya Samaj was located mainly in Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh. Statement 2: Its social base mainly comprised the trading castes and urban middle classes. Statement 3: Its social base was much more limited than that of the Brahmo Samaj. The question asks which of these statements are correct. Concept / Approach: The Arya Samaj developed a strong presence particularly in North Western India. Punjab and parts of western Uttar Pradesh became its core areas, where it influenced education, social reform and nationalist politics. Its supporters included urban middle classes and trading communities, who were receptive to its calls for social reform and Vedic revival. Compared with the Brahmo Samaj, which was mostly confined to Bengal and some urban centres, the Arya Samaj actually had a broader and more popular base in its core regions. Thus Statements 1 and 2 are broadly correct, while Statement 3 is misleading. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Evaluate Statement 1. Historical accounts confirm that Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh were strongholds of the Arya Samaj, making this statement correct. Step 2: Evaluate Statement 2. The movement attracted support from traders, small businessmen and urban middle class Hindus who were seeking social reform and upward mobility, so this statement is also correct. Step 3: Evaluate Statement 3. The Brahmo Samaj had significant influence among the educated elite of Bengal, but the Arya Samaj developed a wide base in its own regions; therefore, it is inaccurate to say its social base was 'much more limited' than that of the Brahmo Samaj. Step 4: Combine the results: Statements 1 and 2 are correct, Statement 3 is not. Step 5: Select the option '1 and 2 only' as the correct combination. Verification / Alternative check: Histories of modern India often emphasise that the Arya Samaj was especially influential in Punjab, where it ran schools, colleges and relief work and later contributed to nationalist mobilisation. They also point out that its membership was drawn heavily from urban, commercial and educated castes. In contrast, the Brahmo Samaj is usually noted for its narrower, upper class urban base in Bengal. This comparative picture supports Statements 1 and 2 and contradicts Statement 3. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 2 and 3 only: Drops the accurate regional statement (1) and includes Statement 3, which underestimates the Arya Samaj's spread in its core areas. 1 only: Ignores the correct description of its social composition given in Statement 2. 1, 2 and 3: Accepts Statement 3, which is misleading when comparing Arya Samaj with Brahmo Samaj. 3 only: Keeps only the statement that is least accurate, making this option clearly incorrect. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the primarily Bengal centred Brahmo Samaj with the more North Western based Arya Samaj, or assume that all reform movements had the same limited elite base. Another common error is to think that because the Arya Samaj operated strongly in only a few provinces, its base must have been smaller than that of the Brahmo Samaj, without considering intensity of influence. Remember that within Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh, Arya Samaj networks were extensive and deeply rooted. Final Answer: Correct answer: 1 and 2 only.

Question 12

According to historical studies of the mid-19th century Industrial Revolution, what was approximately the average life expectancy of a factory worker in Manchester?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Industrial Revolution in Britain brought rapid industrial growth but also terrible working and living conditions for factory workers, especially in industrial towns like Manchester. Historians often cite shocking statistics about life expectancy to illustrate just how unhealthy and dangerous these environments were. One such statistic concerns the average life span of workers in Manchester in the mid nineteenth century, which was significantly lower than that of people in non industrial areas. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks for the approximate average life expectancy of a factory worker in Manchester during the mid nineteenth century. The options range from very low (17 years) to relatively high (62 years). We must recall which figure is quoted in standard history texts to highlight the grim realities of industrial urban life. Concept / Approach: Scholars of the Industrial Revolution point out that industrial towns had high levels of pollution, overcrowding, disease and workplace accidents. As a result, the life expectancy there was shockingly low, particularly for workers. The often quoted figure is around 17 years for the average life span of a Manchester worker at that time. Numbers like 55 or 62 years would be more typical of much healthier conditions and later periods, not of mid nineteenth century factory towns. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall what kind of statistic a historian would use to dramatise the harshness of industrial life. Step 2: Understand that life expectancy in overcrowded industrial slums, with poor sanitation and dangerous workplaces, would be extremely low. Step 3: Remember that textbooks often mention that the life span of a worker in Manchester was around 17 years, which is meant to shock readers. Step 4: Compare this with the options: 30, 45, 55 and 62 years are far too high to convey the intended contrast between town and countryside. Step 5: Select '17 years' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Standard school and college level histories of the Industrial Revolution, including many NCERT style texts, repeat the statistic that the average life expectancy of a worker in Manchester could be as low as 17 years. They contrast this with higher life spans of rural populations, emphasising the human cost of early industrialisation. This alignment across multiple sources confirms that 17 years is the correct figure for this question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 30 years: Although low, it does not match the specific statistic widely quoted for Manchester workers. 45 years: This is closer to life expectancy in healthier regions and later periods, not for mid nineteenth century factory slums. 55 years: This figure would be relatively high even for many twentieth century populations and is inconsistent with the described conditions. 62 years: Such a high average life span is unrealistic for workers living under the harsh industrial conditions of nineteenth century Manchester. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes choose a slightly higher number like 30 years because 17 seems 'too low' to be believable. However, the whole point of including this statistic in history books is to show how extreme and unhealthy industrialisation could be for the working class. Trusting the dramatic nature of the example, and recognising that it is widely taught, helps you remember that 17 years is the correct answer. Final Answer: Correct answer: 17 years.

Question 13

In 1236 CE, which daughter of Sultan Iltutmish ascended the throne of Delhi and became Sultan?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: During the Delhi Sultanate, the succession to the throne was often contested, and it was rare for women to rule as sovereigns. One notable exception is the daughter of Sultan Iltutmish, who briefly occupied the throne of Delhi in the thirteenth century. She is remembered in Indian history as a capable and courageous ruler who faced strong opposition from nobles because of her gender. Given Data / Assumptions: The question specifies the year 1236 CE, which is the year after Iltutmish's death. It asks which daughter of Sultan Iltutmish became Sultan of Delhi. The options include several female names, but only one matches the historically known ruler. We must recall the well known name associated with the first and only woman to sit on the throne of the Delhi Sultanate. Concept / Approach: The key concept is to identify Raziya Sultan, also written as Razia or Raziya Sultana, as Iltutmish's daughter who became ruler. Iltutmish is said to have considered her more capable than his sons, and she did ascend the throne after his death. Her reign was short because many Turkish nobles opposed the idea of being ruled by a woman, but her name remains prominent in historical narratives. None of the other names listed in the options refer to a reigning Delhi Sultan from Iltutmish's family. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Iltutmish died in 1236 CE, creating a succession crisis in the Delhi Sultanate. Step 2: Remember that his daughter Raziya was chosen as Sultan because of her abilities and his earlier preference for her. Step 3: Note that she reigned as Raziya Sultan or Raziya Sultana, recognised as the first woman ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Step 4: Compare the names in the options with this historical figure. Step 5: Select 'Raziya Sultan (Razia Sultana)' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: In almost all school and competitive exam textbooks, the example of Raziya Sultan is highlighted when discussing women rulers in medieval India. She is explicitly described as the daughter of Iltutmish who became Sultan in 1236 CE. This widely accepted information leaves little room for doubt and confirms that Raziya is the correct choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Rehana: There is no historical record of a ruler by this name among Iltutmish's children or the Delhi Sultans. Rukhsana: Again, not a recorded daughter of Iltutmish who became Sultan. Rashida: Historically, this name is not associated with ruling Delhi as a Sultan in 1236 CE. Gulbadan: Gulbadan Begum was a Mughal princess and historian from a much later period, unrelated to Iltutmish or the early Delhi Sultanate. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse the names of royal women from different dynasties and periods, such as mixing Mughal and Delhi Sultanate figures. Another mistake is to assume that because women rarely ruled, the name might refer to a lesser known figure. In fact, Raziya Sultan is one of the best documented and most discussed women rulers in medieval Indian history, making her name essential to remember. Final Answer: Correct answer: Raziya Sultan (Razia Sultana).

Question 14

In 1919, Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against which proposed repressive law in British India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: After returning from South Africa, Mahatma Gandhi gradually emerged as a national leader in India. In 1919, he called for his first all India satyagraha against a set of bills that came to be known collectively as the Rowlatt Act. These bills extended wartime emergency powers into peacetime, allowing detention without trial and severe restrictions on civil liberties. Gandhi saw them as a grave attack on basic freedoms and therefore decided to resist them through non violent mass protest. Given Data / Assumptions: The year in question is 1919, just after the First World War. The question asks which proposed law Gandhi opposed through a nationwide satyagraha. The options include the Simon Commission, the Rowlatt Act, the Salt Act, Pitt's India Act and the Government of India Act 1919. We must identify the specific repressive measure that Gandhi labelled as unjust and 'bad in essence'. Concept / Approach: The Rowlatt Act (also known as the Rowlatt Bills) was introduced in 1919, based on the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee, to continue wartime restrictions into peace. It allowed the government to imprison people without trial and curb press and assembly rights. Gandhi responded by calling for a nationwide hartal and satyagraha. The Simon Commission arrived in 1928, and the Salt laws became the focus of the 1930 Civil Disobedience Movement, not the 1919 campaign. Pitt's India Act dates back to 1784, and the Government of India Act 1919 was the constitutional framework, not the main target of this satyagraha. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Associate the year 1919 with two major events: the Rowlatt Satyagraha and the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Step 2: Recall that Gandhi called for an all India hartal and non violent protest specifically against the Rowlatt Act. Step 3: Note that the Simon Commission issue belongs to 1928 and the Salt Satyagraha to 1930, so they do not match the 1919 timeframe. Step 4: Recognise that Pitt's India Act is an eighteenth century law, unrelated to this mass movement. Step 5: Select 'Rowlatt Act (Rowlatt Bills)' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Most history textbooks describe the Rowlatt Satyagraha in detail, emphasising that it was Gandhi's first attempt at nationwide mobilisation using satyagraha. They explain that his campaign against the Rowlatt Act was followed by tragic events such as Jallianwala Bagh in April 1919. In contrast, the Simon Commission and the Salt Act belong to later mass movements, confirming that the Rowlatt Act is the law referred to in this question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Simon Commission recommendations: The Simon Commission visited India in 1928, almost a decade after the 1919 satyagraha. Salt Act and salt tax: These were challenged during the 1930 Salt March, not in 1919. Pitt's India Act: An eighteenth century law designed to regulate the East India Company, with no connection to Gandhi's satyagraha. Government of India Act 1919: Although this Act was part of the same period, Gandhi's specific campaign was directed at the Rowlatt Act, not at this constitutional measure. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes mix up different phases of Gandhi's movement and associate any repressive colonial law with the wrong year. Another common confusion is between the Rowlatt Act of 1919 and the Simon Commission of 1928. A helpful way to remember is: 1919 – Rowlatt Act and Jallianwala Bagh; 1928 – Simon Commission; 1930 – Salt Satyagraha. Final Answer: Correct answer: Rowlatt Act (Rowlatt Bills).

Question 15

According to the categories of land mentioned in the Chola inscriptions, which term was used for land gifted to temples?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Chola inscriptions from South India provide detailed information about land categories, revenue assignments and religious endowments. The Chola kings and local assemblies frequently granted land to Brahmins, temples and other institutions, and each type of grant had a specific name. Recognising these terms helps us understand the land revenue and religious patronage system of the Chola period. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks which term among the options refers to land gifted to temples in Chola inscriptions. The options include Vellanvagai, Brahmadeya, Shalabhoga, Devadana and Pallichchandam. We must recall the meanings of each term as used in South Indian epigraphy. Concept / Approach: In Chola and related South Indian inscriptions, 'Devadana' or 'Devadanya' refers to land gifted to temples (deva = god, dana = gift). 'Brahmadeya' refers to land donated to Brahmins, often forming exclusive Brahmin villages. 'Vellanvagai' is land of non Brahmin peasant proprietors. 'Shalabhoga' in some contexts refers to land given for the maintenance of educational institutions or feeding centres, and 'Pallichchandam' often refers to land granted to Jain institutions (pallis). Therefore, 'Devadana' is the technical term specifically associated with land gifted to temples. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the question is about land grants to temples in the Chola period. Step 2: Recall that in Sanskrit and Tamil usage, the compound 'Devadana' literally means 'gift to god'. Step 3: Note that Chola inscriptions frequently record 'Devadana' lands as temple endowments. Step 4: Compare this meaning with other terms: 'Brahmadeya' for Brahmin lands, 'Vellanvagai' for peasant holdings, 'Pallichchandam' for Jain establishments, and 'Shalabhoga' for certain service grants. Step 5: Select 'Devadana' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Epigraphic glossaries and history textbooks listing Chola land categories consistently translate 'Devadana' as lands given to temples. They contrast it with 'Brahmadeya' grants given to Brahmins. Examples from real inscriptions show temples receiving 'Devadana' villages whose income funded rituals, maintenance and festivals. Such usage confirms that 'Devadana' is the term the question is seeking. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Vellanvagai: Denotes land held by Vellala peasants or non Brahmin cultivators, not specifically a temple grant. Brahmadeya: Refers to land donated to Brahmins, often tax free, forming special Brahmin settlements. Shalabhoga: In some contexts, used for land whose revenue maintains educational or charitable establishments, but not the main term for temple gifts. Pallichchandam: Refers mainly to land donations to Jain religious establishments (pallis), not to Hindu temples in general. Common Pitfalls: Because all these terms refer to religious or institutional land grants, it is easy to mix them up. A useful tip is to connect 'Brahmadeya' with Brahmins, 'Devadana' with temples, and 'Pallichchandam' with Jain institutions. Fixing these key associations in memory helps you eliminate similar looking options in exam questions. Final Answer: Correct answer: Devadana.

Question 16

Prithviraja III (reigned c. 1168–1192 CE) is best known as a ruler of which Rajput dynasty?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Prithviraja III, commonly known as Prithviraj Chauhan, is one of the most famous Rajput kings of North Indian history. He is remembered for his resistance to the Ghurid invasions and for the battles of Tarain. To place him correctly within the broader map of medieval India, it is important to know which dynasty and region he belonged to. Given Data / Assumptions: The question specifies Prithviraja III (c. 1168–1192 CE). It asks which dynasty he is best known as ruling. The options list several dynasties: Chahamana (Chauhan), Gahadavala, Chalukya, Brahmana and Paramara. We must match Prithviraj with his historically attested Rajput dynasty. Concept / Approach: The key concept is that Prithviraja III was a ruler of the Chahamana dynasty, more popularly called the Chauhan dynasty, ruling from Ajmer and Delhi. The Gahadavala dynasty, with rulers like Jayachandra, ruled in the region of Kanauj. The Chalukyas (or Solankis) ruled mainly in Gujarat, and the Paramaras ruled in Malwa. 'Brahmana dynasty' is not a standard name for a Rajput royal line. Therefore, recognising the association of Prithviraj with Ajmer Delhi Chauhans allows us to select the correct option. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Prithviraj Chauhan ruled from Ajmer and later Delhi and fought against Muhammad Ghori. Step 2: Identify that the Chauhan line is technically known as the Chahamana dynasty in inscriptions. Step 3: Match this with the option 'Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasty'. Step 4: Recognise that the Gahadavala dynasty is associated with Kanauj and another Rajput ruler, Jayachandra. Step 5: Choose the Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasty as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: History texts dealing with the period just before the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate routinely refer to Prithviraj III as the last important ruler of the Chauhan dynasty of Ajmer and Delhi. Inscriptions and literary works such as 'Prithviraj Raso' also associate him with the Chahamanas. No credible source associates him as a ruler of the Gahadavala, Chalukya or Paramara dynasties, confirming that 'Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasty' is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Gahadavala dynasty: This dynasty was based at Kanauj and is associated with King Jayachandra, not Prithviraj Chauhan. Chalukya (Solanki) dynasty: Ruled parts of Gujarat and the Deccan, unrelated to Prithviraj's territory. Brahmana dynasty: Not a recognised name for the Rajput line to which Prithviraj belonged. Paramara dynasty: Known for rulers like Bhoja of Malwa, not for Prithviraj Chauhan. Common Pitfalls: Because there were several Rajput dynasties ruling different parts of North India, students sometimes confuse Prithviraj's dynasty with other contemporary houses such as the Gahadavalas or Paramaras. A simple memory trick is to associate 'Chauhan of Ajmer and Delhi' with Prithviraj and to remember that 'Chahamana' is the formal dynasty name corresponding to Chauhan. Final Answer: Correct answer: Chahamana (Chauhan) dynasty.

Question 17

In ancient Magadhan history, Ajatashatru was the son of which ruler?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Ajatashatru was one of the important kings of ancient Magadha and played a significant role in the expansion of the Magadhan empire. He appears in both Buddhist and Jain traditions and is linked to the time of the Buddha and Mahavira. To correctly place him in the Magadhan royal lineage, it is important to know which earlier king he was the son of. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks specifically about the father of Ajatashatru. The options given are Brahmadatta, Bindusara, Bimbisara, Chetaka and Udayin. We must know the sequence of Magadhan rulers in the Haryanka dynasty and distinguish them from rulers of later dynasties like the Mauryas. Concept / Approach: Ajatashatru belonged to the Haryanka dynasty of Magadha. His father was King Bimbisara, who greatly expanded Magadha's power and is frequently mentioned in Buddhist texts. Ajatashatru is said to have imprisoned, and in some accounts killed, his own father to seize the throne. Bindusara, by contrast, was the father of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka and lived much later. Brahmadatta and Chetaka belong to other regional traditions, and Udayin is usually described as Ajatashatru's successor, not his father. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Ajatashatru was a king of Magadha in the Haryanka dynasty. Step 2: Remember that Bimbisara is placed in most lists as his immediate predecessor and father. Step 3: Note the story that Ajatashatru, driven by ambition and influenced by rivals, deposed his father Bimbisara. Step 4: Compare this with the other names: Bindusara is a Mauryan king, while Udayin is usually considered Ajatashatru's son. Step 5: Conclude that Bimbisara is the correct answer and select his name. Verification / Alternative check: Standard histories of ancient India, as well as Buddhist texts such as the Pali sources, describe Bimbisara as the father of Ajatashatru. They narrate how Ajatashatru's usurpation and Bimbisara's tragic end mark a turning point in Magadhan politics. No credible source treats Bindusara, Brahmadatta or Chetaka as his father. This unanimity confirms that Bimbisara is the correct response. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Brahmadatta: Used as a name for various kings in North Indian lore, but not identified as Ajatashatru's father in Magadhan history. Bindusara: A Mauryan king, son of Chandragupta Maurya and father of Ashoka, living centuries after the Haryanka rulers. Chetaka: Famous as a Licchavi leader and associated with Jain traditions, not as a Magadhan king. Udayin: Generally regarded as the son and successor of Ajatashatru, not his father. Common Pitfalls: Students frequently confuse Bindusara with Bimbisara because of the similarity in their names, and also mix up the Haryanka and Mauryan dynasties. An easy way to remember is: Bimbisara–Ajatashatru–Udayin (Haryanka line) come well before the sequence Chandragupta–Bindusara–Ashoka (Mauryan line). Keeping these family chains separate prevents errors. Final Answer: Correct answer: Bimbisara.

Question 18

In traditional Hindu classification, which of the following is NOT counted as an Upaveda (sub-Veda)?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In traditional Hindu learning, the four main Vedas are Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda. Alongside them, there is a concept of Upavedas (sub Vedas) which are specialised texts on practical sciences such as medicine, music, warfare and architecture. Understanding which texts are primary Vedas and which are Upavedas is useful for questions on ancient Indian literature and knowledge systems. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks which option is not counted as an Upaveda (sub Veda). Options include Ayurveda, Yajurveda, Gandharva Veda, Shilpa Veda and Dhanurveda. We know there are four main Vedas and several associated Upavedas. Concept / Approach: The main Vedas are: Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda. The Upavedas are traditionally listed as texts like Ayurveda (medicine), Dhanurveda (warfare/archery), Gandharvaveda (music and performing arts) and Shilpa or Sthapatyaveda (arts, crafts and architecture). Since Yajurveda is one of the four primary Vedas, it cannot be classified as an Upaveda. The others in the option set correspond to recognised Upaveda categories. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify Yajurveda as one of the four principal Vedas, associated with sacrificial formulas and rituals. Step 2: Recall that Upavedas are auxiliary texts dealing with applied knowledge, not the main Vedic texts themselves. Step 3: Recognise Ayurveda as the Upaveda of medicine, traditionally linked to the Rigveda. Step 4: Recognise Gandharva Veda as dealing with music and arts, and Shilpa Veda or Sthapatya Veda with architecture and crafts, while Dhanurveda deals with military science. Step 5: Conclude that Yajurveda is the only primary Veda in the list and so is not an Upaveda, making it the correct choice. Verification / Alternative check: Classical lists in traditional scholarship and in modern reference works describe four Vedas and four Upavedas. Commonly, Ayurveda, Dhanurveda, Gandharvaveda and Shilpaveda or Sthapatyaveda are mentioned as Upavedas. Yajurveda appears only in the list of primary Vedas and not under Upavedas. This confirms that the classification used in textbooks matches the reasoning above. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Ayurveda: Recognised as an Upaveda dealing with the science of life, health and medicine. Gandharva Veda: Considered an Upaveda related to music, dance and performing arts. Shilpa Veda (Sthapatya Veda): Treated as an Upaveda concerned with architecture, sculpture and crafts. Dhanurveda: Traditionally an Upaveda focused on warfare, archery and military science. Common Pitfalls: Many learners confuse the names of the four main Vedas with the names of Upavedas because some Upavedas also end with 'veda'. A quick way to avoid confusion is to memorize the four primary Vedas first and treat anything outside that list—like Ayurveda or Dhanurveda—as potential Upavedas. When you see Yajurveda in a list that mostly contains clearly auxiliary texts, it should stand out as the main Veda and therefore not a sub Veda. Final Answer: Correct answer: Yajurveda.

Question 19

Within the Red Fort complex in Delhi, the Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) was built during the reign of which Mughal emperor?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The term 'Moti Masjid' (Pearl Mosque) is used for more than one mosque built by the Mughals, which can cause confusion in exam questions. There is a well known Moti Masjid within the Red Fort of Delhi and another in the Agra Fort. To answer correctly, it is important to distinguish between these structures and know which emperor built each one. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers specifically to the Moti Masjid located in the Red Fort of Delhi. The options list several Mughal emperors: Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb and Bahadur Shah I. We must identify which emperor commissioned this particular mosque. We should also recall that Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb both built notable mosques in different forts. Concept / Approach: The Moti Masjid inside the Agra Fort was built by Shah Jahan, whereas the Moti Masjid within the Red Fort of Delhi was built later, by his son Aurangzeb. Exam setters often use this distinction to test detailed knowledge of Mughal architecture. If we remember that Aurangzeb added the small, white marble mosque in the Red Fort complex, while Shah Jahan was responsible for the earlier Agra structure, we can pick the correct emperor for this question. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Clarify that the question is about the Red Fort in Delhi, not the Agra Fort. Step 2: Recall that Shah Jahan built many grand structures, including the Taj Mahal and a Moti Masjid in Agra Fort, but not the Moti Masjid in Delhi. Step 3: Remember that Aurangzeb, his successor, constructed a smaller but elegant Moti Masjid inside the Red Fort complex in Delhi for his private worship. Step 4: Compare this information with the list of emperors in the options. Step 5: Select Aurangzeb as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Architectural histories of the Red Fort identify the Moti Masjid there as a later addition built under Aurangzeb. They distinguish it clearly from the Agra Fort mosque of the same name built by Shah Jahan. Tourist guides, official archaeological descriptions and exam oriented reference books all maintain this distinction, confirming that Aurangzeb built the Moti Masjid inside Delhi's Red Fort. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Akbar: Renowned for earlier architectural works like Fatehpur Sikri, but not associated with any Moti Masjid. Jahangir: Known more for gardens and paintings than for major mosques of this specific name. Shah Jahan: Built the Moti Masjid in Agra Fort, not the one in the Red Fort at Delhi. Bahadur Shah I: Ruled later and did not commission the Moti Masjid in the Red Fort. Common Pitfalls: The main confusion arises between Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb because both are linked to structures called Moti Masjid. A simple strategy is to remember: Shah Jahan – Moti Masjid in Agra Fort; Aurangzeb – Moti Masjid in Delhi's Red Fort. Fixing this pair in memory helps answer allied questions without hesitation. Final Answer: Correct answer: Aurangzeb.

Question 20

Which Mughal emperor was imprisoned by his son Aurangzeb and kept in captivity for the rest of his life?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Succession struggles were common in the Mughal empire, and conflicts between fathers and sons sometimes led to imprisonment or deposition. One of the most famous such episodes involved Aurangzeb, who rebelled against his father and eventually became emperor. Understanding which emperor he deposed and kept under house arrest is a standard point of Mughal history. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks which Mughal emperor was imprisoned by Aurangzeb for the rest of his life. The options include Akbar, Shah Jahan, Jahangir, Babur and Humayun. We must recall the chronology of the Mughal dynasty and the specific war of succession in the mid seventeenth century. Concept / Approach: Aurangzeb was one of the sons of Shah Jahan, the emperor who built the Taj Mahal. After a bitter war of succession among Shah Jahan's sons, Aurangzeb emerged victorious. He then deposed Shah Jahan and kept him under house arrest, traditionally said to be in the Agra Fort, until Shah Jahan's death in 1666. None of the other emperors in the options were contemporaries of Aurangzeb in the same father son relationship. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the order of Mughal emperors: Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan and then Aurangzeb. Step 2: Recognise that Aurangzeb was the son of Shah Jahan, not of the earlier emperors. Step 3: Remember that during the succession conflict of the 1650s, Aurangzeb defeated his brothers and took power while Shah Jahan was still alive. Step 4: Note that Shah Jahan was then confined, traditionally in a tower of the Agra Fort, for the remainder of his life. Step 5: Select Shah Jahan as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: History books, biographies of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, and even popular accounts of the Taj Mahal all mention that Shah Jahan spent his final years in captivity, looking at the Taj Mahal from his quarters in Agra Fort. They consistently attribute his imprisonment to Aurangzeb, his son and successor. No such narrative exists linking Aurangzeb to the imprisonment of Akbar, Jahangir, Babur or Humayun, which confirms that Shah Jahan is the correct choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Akbar: Lived generations earlier and died long before Aurangzeb was born; he was not imprisoned by Aurangzeb. Jahangir: Father of Shah Jahan and also died before Aurangzeb's rise to power. Babur: Founder of the Mughal dynasty, several generations earlier, with no connection to Aurangzeb's actions. Humayun: Second Mughal emperor, father of Akbar, again not a contemporary of Aurangzeb. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes misplace Aurangzeb in the chronology of emperors or confuse which emperor built which monument. Another confusion arises between the various father son pairs in Mughal history. To avoid this, it helps to remember the simple sequence of kings and the key relationship: Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal, and his son Aurangzeb imprisoned him during the power struggle. Final Answer: Correct answer: Shah Jahan.

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