Question 1

In British Indian history, in which year was the Simon Commission appointed by the British government to review the working of the Government of India Act of 1919?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Simon Commission is an important episode in the history of the Indian freedom struggle. It was a group of British members of parliament sent to review constitutional progress in India. The commission became famous because it contained no Indian members and was widely opposed. This question focuses on the year in which the commission was appointed, which is a standard fact for examinations. Given Data / Assumptions: The commission is the Simon Commission under Sir John Simon. The purpose was to review the Government of India Act of 1919. The question asks for the year of appointment, not the year of arrival or later events. Concept / Approach: The Government of India Act of 1919 provided for a review after ten years. The British government violated the original timeline slightly by appointing the commission earlier. The Simon Commission was appointed in 1927 and visited India in 1928. This difference in years often confuses students, so it is important to distinguish appointment from visit. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Government of India Act of 1919 was due for review around 1929. Step 2: Note that the British government appointed the Simon Commission ahead of schedule in 1927. Step 3: Remember that the commission actually visited India in 1928, which is another important but separate date. Step 4: Compare the options and locate 1927 among them. Step 5: Select 1927 as the correct year of appointment. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by remembering a simple pair: 1927 appointed, 1928 arrived in India. Many textbooks explicitly mention this pair because protests against the commission are linked to the later date, while constitutional history refers to the appointment date. Fixing both dates in memory helps you answer various related questions. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A, 1933, and Option B, 1939, are too late and relate to later constitutional developments including the Government of India Act of 1935 and the Second World War context. Option C, 1921, is far earlier than the scheduled review period. Option E, 1919, is the year of the earlier Act itself, not the review commission. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse the appointment year with the year of arrival or with later constitutional acts. Another mistake is to connect the Simon Commission with the Government of India Act of 1935 rather than with the review of the 1919 Act. Always keep the two dates 1927 and 1928 clearly distinguished in your notes. Final Answer: The Simon Commission was appointed by the British government in 1927 to review the working of the Government of India Act of 1919.

Question 2

Who was the first scholar to translate the epic Mahabharata into the Tamil language, creating a Tamil version for local readers?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Regional language translations of major Sanskrit epics such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata played a vital role in spreading these stories across India. In Tamil literature, the question of who first rendered the Mahabharata into Tamil is an important fact. Competitive exams often test this specific name because it links classical Sanskrit tradition with the growth of Tamil literary culture. Given Data / Assumptions: The work in question is a Tamil version of the Mahabharata. The focus is on the first known translator into Tamil. Several famous Tamil poets and scholars are given as options. Concept / Approach: While Kamban is associated with the Tamil Ramayana, the first translation of the Mahabharata into Tamil is traditionally attributed to the poet Perundevanar. Knowing which poet is linked to which epic helps you avoid confusion between different literary traditions and works. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Kamban is mainly known for Kamba Ramayanam, a Tamil version of the Ramayana. Step 2: Identify Perundevanar as the poet associated with the first Tamil Mahabharata. Step 3: Note that other names such as Bharavi and Sundaramurthi relate to different works and traditions. Step 4: Among the options, match Mahabharata into Tamil with the name Perundevanar. Step 5: Select Perundevanar as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Standard general knowledge and Indian literature question banks consistently state that Perundevanar translated the Mahabharata into Tamil. If you form the association Perundevanar and Mahabharata and Kamban and Ramayana, it becomes easier to remember which poet is linked to which epic in Tamil literary history. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A, Kamban, is famous for his Tamil Ramayana, not for the Mahabharata. Option B, Bharavi, was a Sanskrit poet associated with works such as Kiratarjuniya. Option D, Sundaramurthi, is a Tamil Shaivite saint, not the first translator of the Mahabharata. Option E, Appar, is another Shaivite saint, again unrelated to this specific translation. Common Pitfalls: Learners often see a familiar name like Kamban and choose it without recalling that his fame is tied to the Ramayana. Others may simply guess based on which name sounds most literary. To avoid such errors, always memorise pairs like Kamban and Ramayana, Perundevanar and Mahabharata. Final Answer: The first scholar who translated the Mahabharata into Tamil was Perundevanar.

Question 3

Which one of the following construction techniques was most probably not known or widely used by the people of the Harappan or Indus Valley civilisation?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Harappan or Indus Valley civilisation is known for its advanced urban planning, use of baked bricks, and drainage systems. However, there were still some architectural features that developed only in later historical periods. This question asks you to identify which construction technique does not belong to Harappan architectural practice, an important detail for ancient Indian history exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on the Harappan or Indus Valley civilisation. Several construction related practices are listed as options. Only one technique was not known or not widely used by Harappans. Concept / Approach: Archaeological evidence shows that Harappans built brick lined wells, well planned drainage systems, and multi room houses with flat roofs. They also used platforms and basic column like supports. However, the use of true arches for large openings, which require precise keystone technology, becomes clearly visible in later architectural traditions. Therefore, the absence of true arches is a recognised feature in Harappan architecture. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Harappan cities like Mohenjodaro and Harappa had numerous brick lined wells. Step 2: Remember the famous covered drains that ran along streets, showing their expertise in drainage. Step 3: Note that residential buildings used baked bricks and mostly flat roofs supported by simple structural elements. Step 4: Understand that true arches, with wedge shaped stones and a keystone at the top, emerged in later architectural history. Step 5: Conclude that construction of true arches is the technique not associated with Harappans. Verification / Alternative check: Any standard archaeology text on the Indus Valley civilisation lists features such as wells, bathrooms, drainage lines, and brick platforms but does not mention true stone arches. In fact, the appearance of arches is often associated with later periods including certain Buddhist and Islamic architectural forms in the subcontinent. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A is wrong as a choice because brick lined wells are well documented at Harappan sites. Option B is also wrong because platforms and simple pillars occur in many excavations. Option C is wrong because Harappans are famous for their advanced drainage system. Option E is wrong since baked brick houses are one of the hallmarks of Harappan urbanism. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse the absence of arches with other advanced features and mistakenly think that drains or wells were not present. Another pitfall is not distinguishing between simple openings and true keystone arches. Always remember that drains, wells, and brick houses are strongly associated with Harappans, whereas true arches are not. Final Answer: The construction technique not known or widely used by the Harappans was the construction of true arches for large gateways and openings.

Question 4

Nalanda, one of the most famous ancient Buddhist universities and monastic centres, was located in which present day Indian state?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Nalanda is widely regarded as one of the earliest residential universities in the world and an important centre of Buddhist learning in ancient India. Questions about Nalanda usually test your knowledge of its location, patronage, and educational role. This particular question focuses on the modern state in which the archaeological remains of Nalanda are found today. Given Data / Assumptions: The site in question is Nalanda Mahavihara, an ancient Buddhist university. The question is framed in terms of present day Indian states. Only one option corresponds to the modern state containing Nalanda. Concept / Approach: Nalanda flourished under the patronage of Gupta and later Pala rulers and attracted students from various parts of Asia. Geographically, it is located in the region that corresponds to present day Bihar. To answer, you must map the ancient site to the modern state boundaries accurately. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Nalanda is situated near Rajgir in the eastern part of India. Step 2: Identify this region on a modern political map as part of Bihar. Step 3: Check the options and confirm that Bihar appears as one of the choices. Step 4: Confirm that Bengal, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh do not contain the Nalanda site. Step 5: Select Bihar as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Textbooks and tourist information consistently describe Nalanda as being in Bihar, which is also home to other important Buddhist sites such as Bodh Gaya. This association between Bihar and many Buddhist heritage locations reinforces the conclusion that Nalanda belongs to this state. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A, Bengal, contains other historical cities but not Nalanda. Option C, Odisha, is associated with different Buddhist and Hindu monuments like the Sun Temple at Konark. Option D, Uttar Pradesh, has sites such as Sarnath and Kushinagar but not Nalanda. Option E, Madhya Pradesh, is the location of Sanchi but again not Nalanda. Common Pitfalls: A common error is to confuse Nalanda with other Buddhist centres such as Sarnath or Taxila. Another pitfall is to mix up Bihar and Bengal because both lie in eastern India. To avoid confusion, remember the pair Nalanda and Bihar together when revising ancient universities. Final Answer: Nalanda University was located in what is now the state of Bihar in India.

Question 5

Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, lived approximately at the same time as which of the following great thinkers in another part of the world?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: World history often highlights how great thinkers and religious founders emerged in different regions during similar periods. Gautama Buddha in India and Confucius in China are famous examples of this pattern. This question asks you to identify which figure from the options was approximately contemporary with Buddha, helping you place Indian history in a global timeline. Given Data / Assumptions: Buddha is generally dated to around the sixth to fifth centuries BC. The options include religious and philosophical figures from different times and regions. Only one of these figures lived roughly in the same period as Buddha. Concept / Approach: Historians place the life of Buddha roughly between 563 and 483 BC, although exact dates vary slightly. Confucius of China is usually dated between 551 and 479 BC. These overlapping time frames show that they were approximate contemporaries. The other figures listed either lived much earlier or much later, so they do not match Buddha time period. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall approximate dates for Buddha, around the sixth and fifth centuries BC. Step 2: Remember that Confucius also lived in the sixth and fifth centuries BC in China. Step 3: Recognise that Moses is placed much earlier in many traditions, long before Buddha. Step 4: Note that Prophet Muhammad lived in the seventh century of the common era, much later. Step 5: Hammurabi and Saint Augustine belong to very different centuries, so they cannot be contemporaries of Buddha. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify by grouping major world thinkers into broad time blocks. Buddha and Confucius are often placed together in discussions of the Axial Age, a period when many new religious and philosophical ideas appeared. The other figures listed in the options belong to biblical, Islamic, Mesopotamian, or early Christian contexts with very different dates. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option B, Moses, is associated with a much earlier period in the Near East. Option C, Prophet Muhammad, lived in the seventh century of the common era, over a thousand years after Buddha. Option D, Hammurabi, was a Babylonian king from the eighteenth century BC, again long before Buddha. Option E, Saint Augustine, was an early Christian theologian in the fourth and fifth centuries of the common era, long after Buddha. Common Pitfalls: A common pitfall is ignoring dates and simply guessing based on familiarity with names. Another mistake is to confuse the Axial Age idea with later religious movements. To avoid errors, always connect Buddha and Confucius with the same broad historical period in your revision notes. Final Answer: Gautama Buddha lived approximately at the same time as Confucius in China.

Question 6

In the later development of Buddhism, the so called third vehicle or path that evolved after Hinayana and Mahayana is commonly known by which name?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Buddhist tradition sometimes speaks of several vehicles or paths, meaning different approaches to Buddhist practice and philosophy. Early Buddhism is often associated with Hinayana or Theravada, while Mahayana represents a later broad stream. A further development, especially in Tibet and parts of the Himalayas, is referred to as a third vehicle. This question asks you to identify that third vehicle by name. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to a third vehicle in Buddhism after Hinayana and Mahayana. Several Buddhist schools or terms are given as options. Only one term is widely recognised as a distinct vehicle. Concept / Approach: In many classifications, Hinayana and Mahayana are followed by Vajrayana, also known as the Thunderbolt Vehicle or Diamond Vehicle. Vajrayana incorporates esoteric practices, mantras, and rituals and is prominent in Tibetan and Himalayan Buddhism. Other terms such as Zen and Chan refer to particular schools within the Mahayana tradition rather than a separate third vehicle. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Hinayana or Theravada and Mahayana are the first two broad vehicles or paths. Step 2: Remember that Vajrayana is often described as a later esoteric development forming a third vehicle. Step 3: Recognise that Zen and Chan are meditative schools mainly within Mahayana Buddhism. Step 4: Note that Mahasanghika is the name of an early Buddhist school, not of a separate third vehicle. Step 5: Based on this, identify Vajrayana as the best match for the third vehicle. Verification / Alternative check: Many introductions to Buddhism list Vajrayana alongside Hinayana and Mahayana, emphasising its tantric and ritual aspects and its strong presence in Tibet. When exam questions mention a third vehicle, they almost always expect the answer Vajrayana, so this association is safe to rely on. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A, Mahasanghika, denotes an early Buddhist sect and not a separate third vehicle. Option B, Zen, is a Japanese school of meditation within the Mahayana family. Option D, Theravada, corresponds closely to what is sometimes called Hinayana rather than a later third vehicle. Option E, Chan, is the Chinese term for the same meditative school as Zen and is again a Mahayana school rather than a separate vehicle. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes assume that any new sounding Buddhist term could be the third vehicle. Others may confuse Zen and Vajrayana because both are associated with distinct practices. To avoid such confusion, always connect Vajrayana with the idea of a third, esoteric vehicle in Buddhism. Final Answer: The third vehicle in Buddhism is commonly known as Vajrayana.

Question 7

In the history of the Delhi Sultanate, which Sultan was the first to adopt the systematic measurement of cultivable land as the basis for assessing land revenue?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Land revenue was the main source of income for medieval Indian states. How rulers calculated and collected this revenue tells us a lot about their administrative innovations. The Delhi Sultanate saw several experiments with revenue systems. This question asks about the first Sultan who introduced the principle of measuring cultivable land in order to fix land revenue more systematically. Given Data / Assumptions: The period is the Delhi Sultanate, not the Mughal Empire. The focus is on systematic measurement of land for revenue assessment. Several well known Sultans are listed as options. Concept / Approach: Before scientific measurement, revenue demands were often based on rough estimates or traditional shares. Ala ud din Khalji, known for his market and revenue reforms, ordered measurement of land in certain regions to fix a standard share of produce as revenue. Later rulers such as Sher Shah and Akbar developed more elaborate systems, but Khalji action represents an early step in this direction within the Sultanate. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Ala ud din Khalji ruled from the late thirteenth to early fourteenth century and is famous for strong administrative control. Step 2: Remember that his reforms included market regulation and strict revenue assessment based partly on measurement of land. Step 3: Note that Iltutmish and Balban came earlier and did not introduce such systematic measurement. Step 4: Ghiyas ud din Tughluq and Muhammad bin Tughluq tried other revenue experiments, but the first clear adoption of measurement principle is associated with Khalji. Step 5: Therefore, among the options, Ala ud din Khalji is the correct choice. Verification / Alternative check: History texts describing Ala ud din Khalji reforms highlight his attempt to bring revenue closer to half of the produce and to base demands on measured land rather than arbitrary estimates. Later revenue systems in the Mughal period drew on this idea in more systematic ways. This confirms that he was the pioneer of such measurement among the listed Sultans. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option A, Ghiyas ud din Tughluq, introduced reforms but is not credited as the first to use systematic measurement for revenue. Option B, Iltutmish, helped consolidate the Sultanate but did not pioneer this method. Option D, Balban, focused mainly on strengthening the monarchy and military discipline. Option E, Muhammad bin Tughluq, experimented with various revenue ideas but came after Khalji and is not the first in this respect. Common Pitfalls: Some learners mistakenly attribute all revenue innovations to later rulers like Sher Shah or Akbar and forget the earlier experiments under the Delhi Sultans. Others confuse Muhammad bin Tughluq radical measures with scientific measurement. To answer correctly, remember the association between land measurement and Ala ud din Khalji within the Delhi Sultanate. Final Answer: The first Sultan to adopt the principle of measuring cultivable land for revenue assessment was Ala-ud-din Khalji.

Question 8

In the administrative system introduced by Sher Shah Suri, the largest territorial unit under his direct control was placed under the charge of which chief officer of law, order, and revenue administration?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Under Sher Shah Suri, the Sur Empire in North India saw significant administrative reforms. One important aspect of his system was the division of territory into units, each placed under trusted officers responsible for law and order, revenue collection, and local governance. This question tests your knowledge of the designation of the chief officer who headed a major administrative unit under Sher Shah's rule. Given Data / Assumptions: Sher Shah Suri introduced a multi-tier administrative structure. Territory was divided into larger and smaller units for easier governance. Each unit had an officer with a specific title and defined responsibilities. The options list several well-known officer titles from medieval Indian administration. Concept / Approach: To answer this question, we must recall the names and roles of officers under Sher Shah Suri. The key offices included shiqdars (often written as shikadars), who were responsible for law and order and military duties, and munsifs, who handled judicial and revenue matters at the intermediate level. Other titles like mansabdar and faujdar are more strongly associated with later Mughal administration, especially under Akbar and his successors, not with Sher Shah's original system. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Remember that Sher Shah divided his empire into sarkars and parganas to streamline administration.2. At the important territorial level below the central authority, shiqdars (shikadars) played a key role in maintaining law and order and implementing the ruler's orders.3. Mansabdars, although very famous, were part of Akbar's mansabdari system and therefore belong mainly to later Mughal history.4. Faujdars also become prominent primarily under the Mughals as military commanders and district-level officers responsible for peace and security.5. The term Kasi has no recognised role in standard descriptions of Sher Shah Suri's administration.6. Since the shiqdar or shikadar is the correctly associated officer in Sher Shah's administrative framework, we identify 'Shikadar' as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Standard history references describing Sher Shah Suri's reforms consistently mention that each important territorial unit, especially at the pargana or sarkar level, was supervised by officers such as shiqdars for policing and military functions and munsifs for revenue and judicial duties. In contrast, the mansabdari system and faujdari posts are nearly always discussed in the context of Akbar and later Mughal rulers. This contrast confirms that 'Shikadar' is the most historically accurate choice among the given options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Mansabdar: This title is primarily associated with Akbar's mansabdari system and not with Sher Shah Suri's administrative structure. Kasi: This is not recognised in standard lists of administrative posts under Sher Shah Suri and appears historically irrelevant in this context. Faujdar: Although a real Mughal office, the faujdar is more clearly connected with later Mughal administration and not characterised as the key chief officer under Sher Shah's system. None of the above: This is incorrect because 'Shikadar' is a historically valid officer title associated with Sher Shah Suri's administration. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse different medieval administrative systems, assuming that any well-known Mughal office such as mansabdar or faujdar must have existed under all rulers. Another common mistake is to ignore the specific time period and treat all medieval Indian rulers as having similar administrative titles. Failing to distinguish between Sher Shah Suri's reforms and Akbar's mansabdari system can easily lead to choosing the wrong option in such questions. Final Answer: The chief officer associated with a major administrative unit under Sher Shah Suri was the Shikadar.

Question 9

Who was the first Indian ruler to consciously adopt and apply Western-style military and administrative methods in the governance of his kingdom?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: As European powers expanded their influence in India, some Indian rulers began to study and adopt Western methods of warfare, administration, and technology. This question asks which Indian ruler is widely recognised as the first to consciously apply Western techniques, especially in the spheres of military organisation and statecraft, in a systematic way. Given Data / Assumptions: The question concerns an Indian ruler, not a European power. The focus is on adopting Western methods in administration and military organisation. The options include rulers from different regions and periods: Mysore, Bengal, and the Maratha sphere. We assume standard textbook interpretations of 'Western-style methods' such as disciplined standing armies, European-style drill, new weaponry, and modernised bureaucracy. Concept / Approach: To answer this, we need to recall which ruler deliberately modernised his state using European advisers, technology, and organisational models. While several Indian rulers experimented with reforms, one of them, the ruler of Mysore in the late eighteenth century, is especially famous for adopting European military practices, forging alliances, using modern artillery and rockets, and restructuring administration with Western ideas in mind. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Haider Ali of Mysore did modernise his army and used European officers, but his son advanced these reforms even further.2. Tipu Sultan, son of Haider Ali, is noted for systematically reorganising the army on European lines, including uniforms, drill, and formation of disciplined infantry and artillery units.3. Tipu Sultan also introduced modern rocketry, improved fortifications, and experimented with state-controlled trade and administrative changes influenced by Western models.4. Murshid Quil Khan, though an efficient administrator in Bengal, is not associated with Western-style reforms; his methods were essentially traditional Mughal systems.5. Malhar Rao Holkar was a prominent Maratha leader and military commander but is not highlighted as a pioneer of Western administrative methods.6. From these points, the ruler most clearly associated with consciously applying Western-style methods is Tipu Sultan. Verification / Alternative check: Historical accounts frequently describe Tipu Sultan as an innovator who employed French officers, reorganised his army, and tried to bring Mysore up to the technological level of contemporary European powers. He established arms factories, adopted Western artillery tactics, and introduced administrative reforms in revenue and trade. While Haider Ali began some of these processes, standard exam-oriented history texts clearly highlight Tipu Sultan as the best answer to this question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Haider Ali: He did initiate reforms and used European gunners, but Tipu Sultan is more strongly credited as the first systematic adopter of Western-style methods in administration and the military. Murshid Quil Khan: Known mainly for revenue reforms in Bengal following Mughal traditions, not for Western military or administrative experiments. Malhar Rao Holkar: A Maratha general and ruler with conventional cavalry-based warfare; he did not introduce distinct Western-style reforms on a large scale. None of these: Incorrect because Tipu Sultan clearly fits the description in standard exam references. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan, treating them as a single reforming figure. Others may think any effective administrator like Murshid Quil Khan must be the answer. The key is to focus on explicit adoption of Western-style methods, technology, and organisational structures, which is most closely associated with Tipu Sultan in mainstream Indian history surveys. Final Answer: The first Indian ruler to consciously apply Western-style methods to his administration and army was Tipu Sultan.

Question 10

During the anti-partition movement in 1905, who first clearly visualised and advocated the twin programme of Swadeshi (use of indigenous goods) and Boycott (rejection of foreign goods) in response to the partition of Bengal?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The partition of Bengal in 1905 by Lord Curzon triggered a massive wave of national protest in India. In this phase, the Swadeshi and Boycott movements emerged as powerful tools of resistance, combining economic self-reliance with political agitation. This question asks which nationalist thinker first clearly visualised and articulated the twin programme of Swadeshi and Boycott as an organised response to the partition of Bengal. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is the anti-partition agitation of Bengal (around 1905). The key concepts are Swadeshi (promoting indigenous goods) and Boycott (refusing foreign goods and institutions). The options list leading nationalist figures active in the early twentieth century. We are looking for the intellectual architect who first clearly visualised this combined programme. Concept / Approach: To solve this, we must recall which leader not only participated in but also ideologically framed the Swadeshi and Boycott movements. Various leaders such as Surendranath Banerjee and B. C. Pal were prominent speakers and organisers, but one figure, Aurobindo Ghose, is especially noted for providing the radical ideological basis and envisioning Swadeshi and Boycott as powerful instruments of passive resistance and national regeneration. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Surendranath Banerjee played a major role in early Congress politics and in the anti-partition movement, but he was more moderate in his methods.2. B. C. Pal (Bipin Chandra Pal) was an important extremist leader who strongly supported Swadeshi and Boycott, but the conceptual framework was heavily shaped by Aurobindo Ghose.3. Aurobindo Ghose, through his writings and speeches, particularly in journals like Bande Mataram, advocated Swadeshi and Boycott as a comprehensive programme of national awakening, spiritual discipline, and economic struggle.4. Ras Behari Bose was associated more with later revolutionary activities and the Ghadar movement context, not primarily with the 1905 Swadeshi-Boycott formulation.5. Bal Gangadhar Tilak also championed similar ideas in western India, but in the context of this question on Bengal's partition, Aurobindo Ghose is widely credited with visualising the combined programme.6. Therefore, the correct answer is Aurobindo Ghose. Verification / Alternative check: Standard history textbooks describing the Swadeshi movement highlight Aurobindo Ghose as a key ideologue who transformed the agitation from a mere constitutional protest into a broader movement of national self-assertion. His writings emphasised boycott of foreign cloth, goods, and institutions alongside building indigenous industries, national schools, and cultural self-confidence. These ideas clearly show that he did not just support Swadeshi and Boycott but systematically visualised them as a coordinated programme. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Surendranath Banerjee: A moderate leader who opposed the partition but preferred constitutional methods and did not conceptualise Swadeshi-Boycott as radically as Aurobindo. B. C. Pal: A powerful orator and supporter of Swadeshi, but the deeper ideological formulation is more strongly attributed to Aurobindo Ghose. Ras Behari Bose: Mainly associated with revolutionary plots and later the Indian National Army context, not with the earliest formulation of Swadeshi-Boycott. Bal Gangadhar Tilak: A leading extremist in western India, but the question is framed around the Bengal partition agitation where Aurobindo's role is central. Common Pitfalls: Many aspirants assume that any extremist leader associated with Swadeshi must be the answer, leading them to choose B. C. Pal or Tilak. Another mistake is to focus only on organisational leadership and ignore who actually elaborated the ideological and strategic framework. It is important in such questions to connect the movement with the thinker most credited for its intellectual blueprint, not just its public face. Final Answer: The twin programme of Swadeshi and Boycott during the anti-partition movement in Bengal was visualised most clearly by Aurobindo Ghose.

Question 11

Who was the first Indian National Congress and nationalist leader to face repeated imprisonment by the British due to his assertive and radical political activities?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: During the freedom struggle, several Indian National Congress leaders were imprisoned by the British colonial government. Among them, one early nationalist became famous not only as a leader of the extremist wing but also as the first prominent Congress leader to face repeated imprisonment for his fiery writings, speeches, and mass mobilisation efforts. This question asks you to identify that leader. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is early phases of the Indian National Congress. The leader faced repeated imprisonment, not just a single arrest. The options list both moderate and extremist leaders. We focus on who is widely remembered as the first to suffer repeated jail terms for nationalist agitation. Concept / Approach: We must recall which Congress leader was most famously associated with the slogan 'Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it', edited nationalist newspapers, and frequently faced sedition charges. This leader belonged to the extremist group within the Congress and clashed with the moderates over methods. His confrontational stance led directly to several jail terms, setting an example for later generations of nationalists. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Pherozeshah Mehta was a respected moderate leader and municipal reformer, but he was not known for repeated imprisonment.2. B. G. Tilak (Bal Gangadhar Tilak) edited the newspaper 'Kesari' and used strong nationalist language, for which he was charged with sedition more than once.3. Tilak was imprisoned in 1897 and again in 1908, including deportation to Mandalay, which clearly qualifies as repeated imprisonment.4. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a moderate who favoured constitutional methods and did not face repeated long-term jail sentences.5. Dadabhai Naoroji, though a towering intellectual figure, was mostly active in British parliamentary politics and constitutional agitation, not in confrontational mass politics that led to repeated jail terms.6. Therefore, B. G. Tilak is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Historical narratives of the nationalist movement consistently describe Bal Gangadhar Tilak as the first popular leader to face multiple sedition trials and imprisonments. His prosecutions became major political events, symbolising colonial repression and inspiring future revolutionaries. The fact that he was repeatedly jailed well before mass leaders like Mahatma Gandhi underscores his unique position in early Congress history. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Pherozeshah Mehta: Known as the 'Lion of Bombay' for civic work, but not for repeated imprisonment. Gopal Krishna Gokhale: A moderate reformer and founder of the Servants of India Society, he believed in persuasion and debate rather than confrontational agitation. Dadabhai Naoroji: Famous for the 'Drain of Wealth' theory and as the first Indian MP in the British Parliament, but again not for extensive prison history. None of these: Incorrect because B. G. Tilak clearly fits the question. Common Pitfalls: Candidates sometimes confuse 'most influential' with 'most imprisoned'. While Naoroji and Gokhale were very influential, they were not repeatedly jailed. Another common error is to think only of Gandhi when imagining a leader often imprisoned, but the question specifically refers to the first Congress and nationalist leader to face repeated imprisonment, which points to Tilak's earlier generation. Final Answer: The first Congress and nationalist leader to face repeated imprisonment was B. G. Tilak (Bal Gangadhar Tilak).

Question 12

Under the provisions of Pitt's India Act of 1784, the Governor-General of Bengal was specially empowered with which additional authority in relation to his council?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Pitt's India Act of 1784 was a turning point in the constitutional relationship between the British Government in London and the East India Company in India. One of its aims was to streamline control over the Company's political and administrative functions. This question focuses on the specific power given to the Governor-General of Bengal regarding his council under this Act. Given Data / Assumptions: The Act in question is Pitt's India Act, passed in 1784. The setting is the Governor-General of Bengal and his executive council. The Act was aimed at better coordination and control rather than full parliamentary sovereignty over daily decisions. The options list different possible powers related to voting and council structure. Concept / Approach: Under earlier arrangements, the Governor-General often had to work with a council in which he could be outvoted, leading to administrative deadlocks. Pitt's India Act sought to clarify lines of authority. The key concept to recall is that the Governor-General was given the right to have a deciding vote when the council was evenly split, thereby ensuring smoother decision-making. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. All council members already had a regular vote; the issue was what happened in case of a tie.2. Pitt's India Act gave the Governor-General a special power so that he could resolve deadlocks rather than remain bound by a divided council.3. That power took the form of a casting vote, used only when the regular votes of the council resulted in a tie.4. The Act did not give the Governor-General unchecked power to dismiss the council unilaterally.5. It also did not permit him to add members to the council at will; that remained under metropolitan control.6. Therefore, the most accurate answer is that Pitt's India Act empowered the Governor-General with a casting vote. Verification / Alternative check: Standard constitutional histories of British India mention that under Pitt's India Act, the Governor-General of Bengal became the principal executive authority in India and was given a casting vote in his council. This change ensured that, in the event of a tie, the Governor-General's decision would prevail, preventing administrative paralysis. No serious historical source claims that he was granted the power to dismiss or expand his council on his own initiative as part of this specific Act. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Power of vote like any other member: He already had an ordinary vote; this was not a new power granted by Pitt's India Act. The power to dismiss the entire council: This would have been far too sweeping and is not mentioned in the Act. The power to add more members to the council: Council composition remained under the control of the Company and British authorities, not solely the Governor-General. Power to overrule the British Parliament: This is clearly impossible and contrary to the entire logic of imperial governance. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the Governor-General's powers under different Acts, mixing up features of the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784, and later Charter Acts. Another mistake is to assume that 'stronger control' must mean extreme powers like dismissing the council, which was not the case. The key is to remember that Pitt's India Act refined control by giving the Governor-General a casting vote, not absolute authority over the council structure itself. Final Answer: Under Pitt's India Act, the Governor-General of Bengal was empowered with a casting vote in case of a tie in his council.

Question 13

Who was the first president of the Indian National Congress (INC), presiding over its inaugural session in 1885?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Indian National Congress (INC), founded in 1885, became the principal organisation leading India's struggle for independence. Its first session was held in Bombay (Mumbai), and a prominent Indian lawyer and nationalist was chosen to preside over the meeting. This question tests your knowledge of the first president of the INC. Given Data / Assumptions: The year of the first INC session is 1885. The location was Bombay (now Mumbai). The question is about the presiding officer, that is, the president of the session. The options list several early Congress leaders and prominent public men. Concept / Approach: To answer correctly, we must connect the founding of the Congress with the name of the person who chaired its first meeting. Historical references frequently mention him as a leading barrister from Bengal, who helped lend prestige and credibility to the infant organisation. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Recall that the INC was founded with the encouragement of A. O. Hume and a group of Indian leaders.2. The first session took place in December 1885 in Bombay, with 72 delegates.3. The president of this first session was Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, often written as W. C. Banerji or Bonnerjee.4. Ananda Charlu, S. Subramania Iyer, and Surendranath Banerjee were important figures but presided over later sessions.5. Dadabhai Naoroji was an early Congress president but not the very first; he presided at later sessions (e.g., 1886 and subsequent years).6. Therefore, the correct answer is W. C. Banerji. Verification / Alternative check: Most standard textbooks state clearly that W. C. Banerji presided over the first INC session. His presidency symbolised the Congress's early character as a constitutional and moderate body, seeking reform within the British Empire. Cross-checking multiple history guides confirms this consistent detail, leaving no doubt regarding the correct option. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Ananda Charlu: A later Congress president, not associated with the 1885 inaugural session. S. Subramania Iyer: A respected leader and jurist, but not the first INC president. Surendranath Banerjee: A leading nationalist and orator, but he did not preside over the first Congress session. Dadabhai Naoroji: Although very prominent and one of the earliest Congress presidents, he was not the first; he presided at later sessions. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse 'earliest leaders' with 'first president'. Because names like Dadabhai Naoroji and Surendranath Banerjee are very famous, learners may mistakenly select them. Always remember the specific pairing: first INC session in 1885 at Bombay and first president W. C. Banerji. Final Answer: The first president of the Indian National Congress in 1885 was W. C. Banerji (Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee).

Question 14

Which one of the following famous monuments in Delhi was not constructed by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor, is celebrated as one of India's greatest builders, responsible for several magnificent monuments. However, not every famous structure in or around Delhi belongs to his period. This question checks whether you can correctly identify which listed monument was not constructed by Shah Jahan. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on prominent monuments associated with Delhi and the Mughal era. Shah Jahan's well-known architectural works include major forts, mosques, and palaces. We must distinguish monuments of Shah Jahan from those of earlier rulers. The options reference various iconic buildings: Red Fort, Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, and Jama Masjid. Concept / Approach: We should recall which monuments were built by Shah Jahan and which predate him. Red Fort and Jama Masjid in Delhi are central to his reign, while the Taj Mahal, though located in Agra, is also Shah Jahan's creation. Qutub Minar, however, predates the Mughal period and belongs to the early Delhi Sultanate era, begun by Qutb-ud-din Aibak and completed by later rulers. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Red Fort (Lal Qila) in Delhi was commissioned by Shah Jahan and completed in the mid-seventeenth century as the new Mughal capital, Shahjahanabad.2. The Taj Mahal, though mistakenly tagged with Delhi in the option, is located at Agra and was also constructed by Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz Mahal.3. Jama Masjid in Delhi, one of the largest mosques in India, was constructed under Shah Jahan's patronage.4. Kuthubminar (Qutub Minar) in Delhi was started by Qutb-ud-din Aibak in the late twelfth century and further completed by Iltutmish and others of the Delhi Sultanate, long before the Mughals.5. Thus, among the listed monuments, the one clearly not constructed by Shah Jahan is Qutub Minar, here written as Kuthubminar, Delhi. Verification / Alternative check: Architectural histories consistently date Qutub Minar to the early thirteenth century, well before Babur founded the Mughal Empire in India. On the other hand, Shah Jahan's reign (1628–1658 CE) is firmly associated with the Taj Mahal (1630s–1650s), Red Fort (1638 onwards), and Jama Masjid (completed around 1656). This chronological separation leaves no doubt that Qutub Minar was not his work. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Red Fort, Delhi: Constructed by Shah Jahan as part of his new capital at Shahjahanabad. Taj Mahal (commonly linked with Delhi but located at Agra): An iconic mausoleum commissioned by Shah Jahan in memory of Mumtaz Mahal, though actually built in Agra, not Delhi. Jama Masjid, Delhi: Another major Shah Jahan-era monument, built as a grand congregational mosque. None of the above: Incorrect because one monument, Qutub Minar, definitely predates Shah Jahan. Common Pitfalls: Students may be distracted by the incorrect mention of 'Tajmahal, Delhi' and assume it must be wrong. While the location tag is inaccurate, the monument itself was indeed built by Shah Jahan. The real test is not geographic correctness but the identity of the builder. The only structure whose construction is historically unrelated to Shah Jahan is Qutub Minar. Final Answer: The monument that was not constructed by Shah Jahan is Kuthubminar, Delhi (Qutub Minar).

Question 15

In the Mauryan Empire of Ashoka, which important official post with wide-ranging responsibilities for supervising moral conduct and welfare was specially created by the emperor?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Ashoka, one of the greatest Mauryan emperors, is renowned not only for his military conquests but also for his emphasis on dharma (righteous conduct) and welfare of his subjects after the Kalinga war. To implement his moral and administrative policies, he created certain special posts. This question asks which official post, with broad responsibilities, was specially created by Ashoka for promoting dharma and public welfare. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is the Mauryan Empire under Ashoka. Ashoka issued rock and pillar edicts emphasising dhamma (dharma). He created new offices to ensure that these ethical policies reached people across the empire. The options list different Mauryan officials such as rajuka, yukta, and others. Concept / Approach: We must recall which officer is explicitly mentioned in Ashokan inscriptions as being responsible for promoting dhamma, overseeing the moral life of people, looking after prisoners, and ensuring justice and welfare. These are the 'Dhamma Mahamatras' (often spelled Dharamamahamatya in some texts), appointed by Ashoka in the fourteenth year of his reign to propagate his ethical code. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Rajukas were Mauryan officials associated with revenue and judicial functions, similar to modern district officers, but they were not uniquely created by Ashoka.2. Yuktas were general officials, often associated with accounting and record-keeping functions in the Mauryan system.3. Prativedakas functioned as informers or reporters, bringing local information to the higher authorities.4. In contrast, Dhamma Mahamatras (here given as Dharamamahamatya) were a new class of high officials created by Ashoka to look after moral welfare, supervise adherence to dhamma, attend to the needs of different communities, and ensure humane treatment of prisoners.5. Ashoka's edicts specifically mention the appointment of Dhamma Mahamatras, describing their widespread jurisdiction over different parts of the empire.6. Therefore, the correct answer is Dharamamahamatya. Verification / Alternative check: Inscriptions such as Rock Edict V and others mention that Ashoka appointed Dhamma Mahamatras to oversee the moral upliftment of his subjects, supervise charitable works, and promote non-violence and compassion. These officers travelled to different regions and interacted with various religious communities. No other office among the options is described in the sources as being newly created by Ashoka with such broad, explicitly ethical responsibilities. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Rajuka: Already part of the Mauryan administrative structure, responsible for revenue and justice, not uniquely created by Ashoka. Yukta: An established official category dealing with accounting and records, not specifically introduced to propagate dhamma. Prativedaka: Mainly functioned as a reporter or messenger, without the broad moral and welfare mandate associated with Ashoka's reforms. Mahamatya of finance: A plausible-sounding but generic post; the question clearly points to the distinctive Dhamma Mahamatras. Common Pitfalls: Examinees often confuse different Mauryan designations because they all sound similar. Another frequent error is to choose a more familiar-sounding term like rajuka, ignoring the question's emphasis on a special post created by Ashoka for ethical, not purely administrative, purposes. Remember that Dhamma Mahamatras are directly tied to Ashoka's post-Kalinga moral policy. Final Answer: The special post created by Ashoka with wide responsibilities for moral and welfare administration was that of the Dharamamahamatya (Dhamma Mahamatra).

Question 16

Who was the last ruler of the Maurya dynasty, whose assassination led to the establishment of the Shunga dynasty?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Maurya dynasty, founded by Chandragupta Maurya, was one of the largest and most powerful empires in ancient India. After reaching its peak under Ashoka, the empire gradually declined. Eventually, the last Mauryan ruler was killed by one of his own generals, leading to the rise of a new dynasty. This question asks you to identify that last Mauryan ruler. Given Data / Assumptions: The dynasty in question is the Maurya dynasty. We know that the Shunga dynasty succeeded the Mauryas in Magadha. The last Mauryan ruler was murdered by Pushyamitra Sunga, his commander-in-chief. The options list several prominent ancient Indian rulers. Concept / Approach: We must recall the sequence of Mauryan rulers after Ashoka. After several lesser-known successors, the last ruler was Brihadratha. According to historical tradition, he was assassinated during a military parade by Pushyamitra Sunga, who then established the Shunga dynasty. Therefore, we need to connect the end of the Mauryas with the name Brihadratha. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Chandragupta Maurya founded the Mauryan Empire, followed by Bindusara and then Ashoka.2. After Ashoka's death, the empire weakened, passing through the hands of several little-known rulers.3. Brihadratha is recorded in tradition as the last Mauryan ruler.4. Pushyamitra Sunga, the commander-in-chief, killed Brihadratha at a military review and took power.5. Pushyamitra thus became the founder of the Shunga dynasty, not a Mauryan ruler himself.6. Therefore, the last Mauryan king was Brihadratha. Verification / Alternative check: Basic ancient Indian history texts consistently present the narrative that Brihadratha was the last Mauryan emperor and that his assassination marked the formal end of the Maurya dynasty. Pushyamitra Sunga is always described as the founder of the Shunga dynasty, not as a Mauryan king. Ashoka and Bindusara, though important rulers, lived earlier; Harsha belonged to a much later dynasty altogether. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Pushyamitra Sunga: He killed the last Mauryan ruler and founded the Shunga dynasty; he was not himself a Mauryan king. Ashoka: One of the greatest Mauryan rulers but not the last; he ruled earlier and was followed by several successors. Harsa: Harshavardhana (Harsha) ruled in the seventh century CE, many centuries after the Mauryas, and belongs to a different dynasty. Bindusara: Son of Chandragupta and father of Ashoka, who reigned before Ashoka, not at the end of the dynasty. Common Pitfalls: Many students confuse the founder of the successor dynasty with the last ruler of the earlier dynasty, leading them to wrongly choose Pushyamitra Sunga. Others may mistakenly choose Ashoka simply because he is the most famous Mauryan. Always pay attention to the words 'last ruler' and relate them to the transition from Maurya to Shunga rule in Magadha. Final Answer: The last ruler of the Maurya dynasty was Brihadratha.

Question 17

According to the Greek historian Strabo, which ancient Tamil kingdom was the first to send emissaries or envoys to meet the Roman emperor Augustus around 20 BCE?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Ancient South India maintained extensive maritime and trade contacts with the Roman Empire. Classical writers such as Strabo and Pliny mention embassies from Indian kings to Roman emperors. This question asks which Tamil kingdom is recorded by Strabo as having sent emissaries to meet Augustus around 20 BCE, reflecting early diplomatic and commercial links between India and Rome. Given Data / Assumptions: The source mentioned is Strabo, a Greek geographer and historian. The Roman emperor involved is Augustus. The time frame is roughly 20 BCE. The options list major ancient South Indian dynasties: Pallava, Chola, Pandya, and Chera. Concept / Approach: We must remember which of the three famous ancient Tamil kingdoms—Chera, Chola, and Pandya—is most often linked in classical sources with early Roman trade and embassies. Many historical accounts state that the Pandya kingdom of Madurai had especially active trade relations and is specifically mentioned as sending embassies to Augustus. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. The Pallavas rose to prominence mainly in the early medieval period (around the 4th century CE onwards), which is much later than 20 BCE.2. The Chera, Chola, and Pandya dynasties were the major early historic Tamil kingdoms, and all three had maritime trade with the Roman world.3. However, classical writers like Strabo and Pliny particularly mention the Pandya kingdom sending an embassy to Augustus, highlighting its political and commercial importance.4. Chola and Chera contacts with Rome are known through archaeology and texts but are not specifically linked in Strabo's account to a 20 BCE embassy to Augustus.5. Therefore, the kingdom in question is the Pandya kingdom.6. Among the given options, 'Pandya' is thus the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Historians of Indo-Roman trade often refer to the account of Strabo, who notes that a Pandyan embassy came to Augustus. This is cited as evidence of formal diplomatic relations as an extension of flourishing commerce between the Tamil coast and the Mediterranean world. The chronological mismatch with the Pallavas and the lack of specific Strabo references about Chola and Chera embassies in 20 BCE reinforce the correctness of the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Pallava: This dynasty flourished much later than 20 BCE and is not recorded by Strabo as sending an embassy to Augustus. Chola: An important Tamil power with trade links, but Strabo's specific embassy reference is associated with the Pandya kingdom, not the Cholas. Chera: Also a significant trading polity, yet not the one named in Strabo's account of the embassy to Augustus. Kalabhra: The Kalabhra interregnum belongs to a later and controversial period in South Indian history, with no connection to Augustus. Common Pitfalls: Because the Cholas are extremely famous in later South Indian history, students sometimes pick them reflexively. Others may incorrectly assume all three Tamil kingdoms are equally likely. Careful reading of standard references, however, shows that Strabo's named kingdom in relation to an embassy to Augustus is the Pandya kingdom. Final Answer: According to Strabo, the first Tamil kingdom to send emissaries to Augustus around 20 BCE was the Pandya kingdom.

Question 18

Which ancient Indian ruler has been described by the historian V. A. Smith as the "Napoleon of India" because of his extensive military campaigns and conquests?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Historians sometimes compare Indian rulers to famous European figures to highlight their characteristics. One such comparison is the label 'Napoleon of India', used to describe a king known for his remarkable military campaigns and rapid conquests. This question asks which ancient Indian ruler received this title from the historian V. A. Smith. Given Data / Assumptions: The phrase 'Napoleon of India' refers to a ruler with outstanding military achievements. The label was popularised by the historian V. A. Smith. The options list major ancient Indian rulers associated with large empires and campaigns. We must match the epithet exactly to the correct king. Concept / Approach: We need to recall which ruler's inscriptions and historical narratives describe a long list of battles and victories, much like Napoleon's European campaigns. The Allahabad Pillar inscription, praising the achievements of a Gupta ruler, is central to this association. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka were great Mauryan emperors, but the specific phrase 'Napoleon of India' is not commonly used for them.2. Harshavardhana ruled in the seventh century CE and also conducted campaigns, but again, the title in question is not usually linked to him.3. Samudragupta, a Gupta emperor, is celebrated as a great military conqueror; the Allahabad Pillar inscription lists his numerous victories over northern and southern rulers.4. V. A. Smith, impressed by Samudragupta's campaign record, likened him to Napoleon, calling him the 'Napoleon of India'.5. Skandagupta was another Gupta ruler known for defending the empire against the Hunas, but the specific epithet is reserved for Samudragupta.6. Therefore, the correct answer is Samudragupta. Verification / Alternative check: Biographical sketches of Samudragupta in standard history texts almost always mention that V. A. Smith described him as the 'Napoleon of India'. This label is directly tied to the extensive list of his conquests recorded in the Allahabad Prashasti (inscription), which presents him as an energetic and successful military leader, parallel to Napoleon in terms of campaign frequency and reach. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Harshavardhana: A powerful king but not the one labelled as the 'Napoleon of India'. Chandragupta Maurya: Founder of the Mauryan Empire, compared more to rulers like Alexander in some narratives, but not usually called the 'Napoleon of India'. Ashoka: Famous for his transformation from a conqueror to a champion of dhamma, not for a label emphasising military conquest. Skandagupta: Known for repelling Hun invasions, but the famous epithet is clearly associated with Samudragupta. Common Pitfalls: Because Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka are more widely known, students sometimes assume that any grand title must belong to them. Another mistake is confusing different historians' nicknames (for example, 'Indian Napoleon' vs. 'Indian Napoleon of the East'). Reading the question carefully and linking it to the Allahabad inscription helps avoid such errors. Final Answer: The ruler described by V. A. Smith as the 'Napoleon of India' is Samudragupta.

Question 19

Which famous Buddhist stupa site is not directly associated with any major event in the personal life of Lord Buddha, such as his enlightenment, first sermon, or Mahaparinirvana?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Buddhism is closely associated with several sacred sites that mark key events in the life of Lord Buddha, such as his birth, enlightenment, first sermon, and Mahaparinirvana (final passing away). Many stupas were later erected at or near these places. This question asks you to identify a major stupa site that, despite its religious significance, is not directly connected to any of those central life events of the Buddha. Given Data / Assumptions: We are dealing with famous Buddhist sites with stupas or related monuments. Some of these are tied to specific events in Buddha's life; others are later devotional centres. The options include Sarnath, Bodh Gaya, Sanchi, and Kushinagar, among others. We must pick the site not directly linked to a major life event. Concept / Approach: We recall which site corresponds to which key event: Lumbini: place of Buddha's birth. Bodh Gaya: place of enlightenment under the Bodhi tree. Sarnath: place of the first sermon (Dharmachakra Pravartana). Kushinagar: place of Mahaparinirvana (Buddha's passing away). Sanchi: an important stupa site largely developed under Ashoka and later dynasties, but not a location of a main life event. Therefore, the site that does not correspond to a direct life event is Sanchi. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. Identify which sites are directly connected to the life of Buddha: Bodh Gaya (enlightenment), Sarnath (first sermon), Kushinagar (Mahaparinirvana), and Lumbini (birth).2. Note that Sanchi is primarily known for its large stupas and gateways built by Ashoka and others as a centre of Buddhist art and devotion.3. There is no major canonical event in Buddha's own life that is said to have occurred at Sanchi.4. In contrast, Sarnath, Bodh Gaya, and Kushinagar have explicit textual and traditional links to Buddha's biography.5. Therefore, among the options, the site that is not connected with a specific life incident of Buddha is Sanchi. Verification / Alternative check: Standard Buddhist pilgrimage lists mention four principal sites: Lumbini, Bodh Gaya, Sarnath, and Kushinagar, directly linked to Buddha's life events. Sanchi is certainly a very important Buddhist site and a UNESCO World Heritage location, but it is categorised as an important monastic and artistic centre developed later, not as one of the main four life-event sites. This confirms our conclusion. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Sarnath: Place where Buddha delivered his first sermon and set the wheel of dharma in motion. Bodh Gaya: Site of Buddha's enlightenment under the Bodhi tree. Kushinagar: Place where Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana. Lumbini: Traditionally accepted as the birthplace of Siddhartha Gautama. All of these are directly linked to the Buddha's life, unlike Sanchi. Common Pitfalls: Because Sanchi is so famous for its stupas and beautiful gateways, candidates often assume it must be linked to a major event in Buddha's life. Another error is confusing 'important Buddhist site' with 'life-event site'. The question is specifically about connection to major incidents in Buddha's own biography, not about artistic or architectural importance. Final Answer: The stupa site not directly associated with a major event in the life of Lord Buddha is Sanchi.

Question 20

Which one of the following was an important political result of the French Revolution (1789) in terms of who gained dominant power within French society?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The French Revolution (1789) was a landmark event in world history, transforming France from an absolute monarchy structured around feudal privileges into a society based more on principles of citizenship, rights, and legal equality. This question asks you to identify one major political result: which social group gained primary influence after the old order was dismantled. Given Data / Assumptions: The event is the French Revolution beginning in 1789. The question is about political power, not just temporary events during the revolution. Different social groups in pre-revolutionary France included nobility, clergy, peasants, and the bourgeoisie (middle class). The options describe various possible outcomes, some clearly inaccurate. Concept / Approach: Before the revolution, power in France was concentrated in the hands of the monarchy, the nobility, and the higher clergy, supported by feudal privileges. The bourgeoisie—wealthy merchants, professionals, and educated middle classes—resented their exclusion from political power. The revolution systematically dismantled feudal privileges and opened political life to property-owning citizens, especially the bourgeoisie. Step-by-Step Solution: 1. The old regime's estates system gave the clergy and nobility special privileges, while the Third Estate (including the bourgeoisie) carried most of the tax burden.2. The revolution abolished feudal privileges and weakened both the traditional nobility and the Church as political powers.3. Although peasants gained from the abolition of feudal dues, they did not become the primary political rulers; many were focused on land and local concerns.4. The bourgeoisie, with their education, economic strength, and leadership roles in revolutionary assemblies, emerged as the dominant political class in post-revolutionary France.5. Far from restoring the Church or strengthening absolute monarchy, the revolution curtailed both institutions.6. Therefore, the most accurate political result is that power shifted to the bourgeoisie. Verification / Alternative check: Historians widely note that the French Revolution marked the political rise of the bourgeoisie. While the revolution had turbulent phases—such as the Reign of Terror and Napoleonic wars—the long-term structure of society changed in favour of the capitalist middle classes. Feudal privileges and the unquestioned authority of the Church and monarchy were permanently undermined, confirming that the middle classes emerged as the main long-term beneficiaries. Why Other Options Are Wrong: France lost its spirit of nationalism: In fact, the revolution helped strengthen French nationalism, especially during wars against foreign powers. France enjoyed a long period of peace and prosperity: The revolution was followed by years of internal conflict and wars across Europe; peace and stability did not immediately follow. The Church was restored to its former dominant role: On the contrary, the Church's lands were confiscated, and its political influence declined dramatically. Absolute monarchy became stronger than before: The revolution directly attacked absolute monarchy, eventually abolishing it and later replacing it with various republican and constitutional forms of government. Common Pitfalls: Students may focus too much on short-term revolutionary chaos and forget the long-term structural changes. Another mistake is to assume that peasants or the working poor became the dominant rulers, whereas in practice, the property-owning bourgeoisie captured most of the political benefits and institutional power. Final Answer: One important political result of the French Revolution was that political power shifted to the bourgeoisie.

Indian History Questions