Question 1

In Vedic literature, Purushamedha, that is the symbolic male sacrifice, is referred to in which of the following traditional texts?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to the study of Vedic literature and ritual practices. The Vedas and their associated Brahmanas and Samhitas describe various sacrificial rituals. Purushamedha, or male sacrifice, is one of the more complex and symbolically important rituals mentioned in some Vedic texts. The question asks you to identify in which specific text Purushamedha is referred to, testing detailed knowledge of Vedic sources. Given Data / Assumptions: - The term Purushamedha is given, translated as male sacrifice. - The question asks which text contains reference to this ritual. - The options include Krishna Yajurveda, Shukla Yajurveda, Shatapatha Brahmana, Panchavimsha Brahmana and Atharvaveda Samhita. - We assume the exam expects the standard association made in Vedic studies, linking Purushamedha with the Shukla Yajurveda tradition. Concept / Approach: Purushamedha is a ritual mentioned in certain Yajurvedic traditions, often understood symbolically rather than as a literal human sacrifice. The Shukla Yajurveda, particularly through its textual corpus, is associated with detailed descriptions of complex sacrifices, including Purushamedha. The Shatapatha Brahmana is a Brahmana text of the Shukla Yajurveda and elaborates on various rituals, but typical exam oriented questions often directly link Purushamedha to the Shukla Yajurveda when you are given a choice between different Vedic categories. The approach is to recognise that the question is focusing on the main Veda branch rather than all subsidiary texts and to recall the standard pairing made in many reference books. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that Purushamedha is a Yajurvedic ritual, associated with sacrificial ceremonies. Step 2: Recall that the Yajurveda exists in two principal recensions, Krishna Yajurveda and Shukla Yajurveda. Step 3: Remember that Purushamedha is often specifically connected in exam literature with the Shukla Yajurveda tradition rather than the Krishna Yajurveda. Step 4: Note that while Shatapatha Brahmana is indeed a Brahmana of the Shukla Yajurveda, the multiple choice question offers Shukla Yajurveda as a more general and therefore expected answer. Step 5: Eliminate the Atharvaveda and Panchavimsha Brahmana, which are not the primary sources linked in standard references for Purushamedha, and select Shukla Yajurveda. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, you can recall that many exam guides and standard histories of Vedic rituals state that Purushamedha is described in the Yajurveda, particularly in the Shukla Yajurveda tradition. When questions offer a choice between the two recensions, Shukla Yajurveda is usually indicated as the correct one. Shatapatha Brahmana elaborates on many rituals of Shukla Yajurveda, but since the options separate the Veda and its Brahmana, the broader category Shukla Yajurveda is the safer and more widely accepted answer in this format. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Krishna Yajurveda: Although a Yajurvedic recension, it is not the standard association for Purushamedha in basic exam questions when Shukla Yajurveda is also offered as an option. Shatapatha Brahmana: A Brahmana text of Shukla Yajurveda, heavily ritualistic, but the question generally expects the name of the Veda branch rather than a specific Brahmana when both appear as separate choices. Panchavimsha Brahmana: Associated with the Sama Veda and not primarily linked with Purushamedha in exam level discussions. Atharvaveda Samhita: Focuses on spells, charms and everyday concerns rather than the complex sacrificial ritual of Purushamedha described in Yajurvedic literature. Common Pitfalls: Students may be confused by the presence of Shatapatha Brahmana, knowing that it is ritualistic, and may incorrectly select it instead of Shukla Yajurveda. Another error is to choose Krishna Yajurveda simply because it is also a Yajurvedic branch without recalling which one is highlighted in standard references for Purushamedha. Keeping track of how exam questions usually frame these associations, where Shukla Yajurveda is highlighted for this ritual, helps to avoid these traps. Final Answer: Purushamedha, the symbolic male sacrifice, is referred to in Shukla Yajurveda.

Question 2

With reference to Indian cultural institutions, which among the following is the largest museum in India in terms of size and collection?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question concerns Indian museums and cultural institutions. Museums preserve the archaeological, artistic and historical heritage of a country. The largest museum in India is an important fact that often appears in general knowledge exams. The question asks you to identify which museum holds this distinction, focusing on size and richness of collection. Given Data / Assumptions: - The question asks which is the largest museum in India. - Options include Salar Jung Museum, Indian Museum, Subhash Chandra Bose Museum, Tagore Museum and National Museum, New Delhi. - We assume the standard general knowledge classification, which recognises the Indian Museum in Kolkata as the largest and one of the oldest museums in India. Concept / Approach: The Indian Museum in Kolkata, founded in 1814, is widely regarded as the largest and also one of the oldest museums in India. It houses extensive collections of art, archaeology, anthropology and natural history. Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad is also large and famous, but standard general knowledge references usually treat the Indian Museum, Kolkata, as the largest national level museum. The approach is to distinguish between size and fame, and to recall the special standing of the Indian Museum in the museum system of India. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that India has several major museums, including those in Kolkata, Hyderabad and New Delhi. Step 2: Remember that the Indian Museum in Kolkata is one of the oldest museums in Asia and is often described as the largest museum in India. Step 3: Note that Salar Jung Museum, though very famous for its art collection, is usually not cited as the largest in standard GK references. Step 4: Recognise that Subhash Chandra Bose Museum and Tagore Museum are more specialised and smaller institutions. Step 5: Compare with the National Museum in New Delhi, which is a major museum but typically comes second to the Indian Museum in terms of historical recognition as the largest. Verification / Alternative check: Verification can be done by recalling that many GK books state the Indian Museum, Kolkata, as the largest and oldest museum in India, founded by the Asiatic Society. Photographs and descriptions often highlight its vast building complex and wide ranging collections. Salar Jung Museum and National Museum are very important, but they are not usually designated as the largest in standard quiz style questions, which confirms the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Salar Jung Museum, Hyderabad: A major museum famous for its private art collection donated by the Salar Jung family, but not generally cited as the largest in India. Subhash Chandra Bose Museum: A thematic museum devoted to the life and contribution of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, smaller in scale. Tagore Museum: Focused on Rabindranath Tagore and his works, not comparable in size or scope to the Indian Museum. National Museum, New Delhi: A leading national level museum with significant collections, but typically the Indian Museum in Kolkata holds the title of largest in general knowledge references. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes select Salar Jung Museum because of its fame or assume that the National Museum in the capital city must be the largest. Another pitfall is to ignore the historical dimension; the Indian Museum in Kolkata is both very old and very large. Remembering that this museum was founded in the early nineteenth century and became a model for later institutions helps to anchor it in memory as the largest museum in India. Final Answer: The largest museum in India is the Indian Museum, Kolkata.

Question 3

Regarding the works of Annie Besant, which one of the following books was not authored by her and therefore does not belong to her list of writings on India and its politics?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question focuses on the writings of Annie Besant, a prominent theosophist and political leader who played an important role in the Indian national movement. She wrote extensively about Indian self rule, culture and politics. Examinations often ask which books or pamphlets were authored by her and which were written by others. Here, you are asked to identify the work that was not written by Annie Besant. Given Data / Assumptions: - The question lists several titles associated with the Indian national movement and political commentary. - It asks which one was not authored by Annie Besant. - The options include The Future of Indian Politics, How India Wrought for Freedom, The Case for India, India Old and New and India: Bond or Free?. - We assume the exam expects recognition that The Case for India is widely associated with another author, not Besant. Concept / Approach: Annie Besant wrote books such as The Future of Indian Politics, India: Bond or Free?, How India Wrought for Freedom and India Old and New, in which she argued for Indian self government and discussed Indian civilisation. The title The Case for India, on the other hand, is notably associated with another writer who argued against British imperialism and highlighted the injustice done to India. In popular GK and exam references, The Case for India is not listed among Besants works. The approach is to match each title with its most recognised author and decide which one stands out as not belonging to Besants bibliography. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Annie Besant was an important leader of the Home Rule movement and wrote many books advocating self government for India. Step 2: Recognise that The Future of Indian Politics, India Old and New and India: Bond or Free? are almost always listed among her works. Step 3: Note that How India Wrought for Freedom is also associated with her detailed account of the struggle. Step 4: Identify that The Case for India is generally associated with another critic of imperialism and is not catalogued as a work by Annie Besant. Step 5: Conclude that The Case for India is the option not authored by Annie Besant. Verification / Alternative check: Verification can be done by mentally recalling lists of books by Annie Besant given in history or political science textbooks. These lists typically include The Future of Indian Politics, India Old and New and India: Bond or Free? but do not include The Case for India as her work. Instead, The Case for India is more often linked with other anti imperialist authors. This mismatch clearly identifies it as the odd one out in relation to Besants writings. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The Future of Indian Politics: A well known work by Annie Besant discussing the direction of Indian self government. How India Wrought for Freedom: Associated with Annie Besant, presenting a narrative of the struggle for freedom. India Old and New: A book by Annie Besant exploring Indias ancient heritage and modern political aspirations. India: Bond or Free?: Another political work by Annie Besant related to the issue of Indian self rule. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes rely on the similarity of titles and may assume that all options are by Besant, missing the trick in the question. Others may confuse The Case for India with India: Bond or Free? because both sound like arguments for Indian freedom. Remembering at least a core list of Besants titles and knowing that The Case for India is not among them helps to pick the correct answer confidently. Final Answer: The book that was not authored by Annie Besant is The Case for India.

Question 4

In Mughal history, Mumtaz Mahal, in whose memory the Taj Mahal was built, originally bore which of the following names before she became a queen?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests knowledge of Mughal royal history, specifically about Mumtaz Mahal, the beloved wife of Emperor Shah Jahan. The Taj Mahal, one of the most famous monuments in the world, was constructed in her memory. Before becoming queen and being given the title Mumtaz Mahal, she had a personal name. Exams often ask for this original name to connect architectural history with personal details of Mughal royalty. Given Data / Assumptions: - The question is about the original name of Mumtaz Mahal. - It mentions that she was the queen in whose memory the Taj Mahal was built. - The options include names of different Mughal royal women such as Mihr un Nisa, Jagat Gosain, Arjumand Banu, Man Bai and Nur Jahan. - We assume the question expects the commonly accepted historical detail that Mumtaz Mahal was born as Arjumand Banu Begum. Concept / Approach: Mumtaz Mahal was the chief consort of Shah Jahan and died in 1631. Her original name before marriage and elevation to the title Mumtaz Mahal was Arjumand Banu Begum. Mihr un Nisa is the birth name of Nur Jahan, the influential wife of Jahangir. Jagat Gosain and Man Bai were other queens associated with different Mughal emperors. The approach is to match each name with the correct historical figure and identify which one corresponds to Mumtaz Mahal. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in memory of his consort Mumtaz Mahal. Step 2: Remember that historical records state her original name as Arjumand Banu Begum. Step 3: Identify Mihr un Nisa as the original name of Nur Jahan, the powerful queen of Jahangir. Step 4: Note that Jagat Gosain and Man Bai were queens of Akbar and Jahangir in other contexts, not Shah Jahans Mumtaz. Step 5: Match this knowledge with the options and select Arjumand Banu as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, you can recall commonly repeated facts in history books, where Arjumand Banu Begum is consistently mentioned as the woman later titled Mumtaz Mahal. In contrast, Mihr un Nisa is always connected with Nur Jahan. Remembering these distinct name and title combinations, such as Arjumand Banu Mumtaz Mahal and Mihr un Nisa Nur Jahan, provides a reliable cross check. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Mihr un Nisa: The original name of Nur Jahan, wife of Jahangir, not of Mumtaz Mahal. Jagat Gosain: A queen associated with Akbars family, not identified as Mumtaz Mahal. Man Bai: Another Mughal royal lady, but not the consort for whom the Taj Mahal was built. Nur Jahan: This is itself a title referring to Mihr un Nisa, not the original name of Mumtaz Mahal. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse Mughal queens because of multiple names and titles, such as Mihr un Nisa and Nur Jahan for the same person. Another error is to guess based on the most familiar sounding name. Organising the information into simple pairs such as Arjumand Banu Mumtaz Mahal and Mihr un Nisa Nur Jahan helps keep these identities clear and prevents mixing them up. Final Answer: The original name of Mumtaz Mahal was Arjumand Banu.

Question 5

In the history of medieval India, which ruler is widely credited with building and improving the Grand Trunk Road, the long highway connecting various parts of northern India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question concerns medieval Indian infrastructure and administration. The Grand Trunk Road is one of the oldest and longest highways in the Indian subcontinent, connecting regions from Bengal to the northwestern frontier. While various rulers contributed to its maintenance, one medieval ruler is especially remembered for constructing and improving this road on a large scale. Exams often test this association as a key fact of medieval Indian history. Given Data / Assumptions: - The question asks which ruler is credited with building and improving the Grand Trunk Road. - The options list Krishnadeva Raya, Babur, Sher Shah Suri, Jahangir and Akbar. - We assume the question refers to the major reconstruction and extension of the road during the mid sixteenth century. Concept / Approach: Sher Shah Suri, founder of the Sur Empire, is widely credited with constructing and significantly improving the road which later came to be known as the Grand Trunk Road. He connected Sonargaon in Bengal to the Indus region and introduced rest houses, milestones and planted trees along the route. Although later Mughal rulers, including Akbar, maintained and used the road, Sher Shah Suri is the central figure in its development. The approach is to recall which ruler is most strongly associated with this highway in standard history books. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the question is about a major road project covering long distances across northern India. Step 2: Recall that Sher Shah Suri undertook extensive road building as part of his administrative reforms. Step 3: Remember that he constructed a road from Bengal to the northwestern frontier, adding sarais, trees and milestones. Step 4: Note that Babur was mainly a conqueror who founded the Mughal Empire but did not focus on such an extensive road project. Step 5: Recognise that Krishnadeva Raya ruled the Vijayanagara Empire in the south and is not associated with the Grand Trunk Road, and that Akbar and Jahangir came later and mainly used and maintained the road built by Sher Shah. Verification / Alternative check: Verification can be done by recalling that many textbooks describe Sher Shah as a great administrator who standardised currency, improved revenue administration and built roads and sarais. The Grand Trunk Road is frequently mentioned in that context. While later Mughal emperors maintained this route, the name of Sher Shah Suri is always linked with its major construction and improvement. This repeated association in educational material confirms that Sher Shah Suri is the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Krishnadeva Raya: A powerful ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in south India, not associated with the Grand Trunk Road of northern India. Babur: Founder of the Mughal Empire, but his short reign did not focus on long distance road building of this scale. Jahangir: Known for his interest in justice and travel, but not credited with building the Grand Trunk Road. Akbar: A major Mughal emperor who used and possibly improved existing routes, but it is Sher Shah Suri who is singled out for constructing the Grand Trunk Road in standard histories. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes mistakenly choose Akbar because he is a well known Mughal emperor associated with many reforms. Another mistake is to underestimate Sher Shah Suri due to his relatively short reign. Remembering Sher Shahs contributions, including standard coinage, revenue reforms and road building, helps fix his name to the Grand Trunk Road. Also, noting that Krishnadeva Raya belongs to southern India prevents mixing regional histories. Final Answer: The ruler credited with building and improving the Grand Trunk Road is Sher Shah Suri.

Question 6

In 1934 Mahatma Gandhi withdrew from active politics and even resigned from the Indian National Congress. What was the main reason for this decision?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question concerns an important phase in the Indian national movement during the 1930s. After leading several mass movements, including the Non Cooperation and Civil Disobedience movements, Mahatma Gandhi temporarily stepped back from active politics. In 1934 he resigned from the Indian National Congress. Understanding Gandhi s reasons for this step provides insight into his broader strategy and priorities, which included constructive work at the grassroots level in addition to mass agitation. Given Data / Assumptions: - The question focuses on the year 1934 and Gandhis decision to withdraw from active politics. - It asks for the main reason behind his resignation from the Congress. - The options mention the failure of Civil Disobedience, unsuitability of political climate, his desire for constructive work and Harijan welfare, opposition to council entry and total retirement from public life. - We assume the question expects the well documented reason emphasised by historians: his wish to focus on constructive programmes, especially work for Harijans. Concept / Approach: Although the Civil Disobedience Movement had been suspended and there were debates within the Congress about future strategy, Gandhis decision to withdraw in 1934 was driven mainly by his emphasis on constructive work. He believed that spinning, village industries, removal of untouchability and uplift of Harijans, along with education and social reform, were essential for building a strong foundation for real swaraj. He felt he could not devote sufficient energy to these tasks while remaining bound by routine party politics. The approach is to distinguish between immediate political setbacks and his long term constructive programme, and to select the option that reflects his own stated priorities. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that after the Civil Disobedience Movement, Gandhi reassessed methods of struggle and turned increasingly towards constructive work. Step 2: Recognise that in 1934 he resigned from the Congress, even though the organisation continued under other leaders. Step 3: Remember that Gandhi repeatedly stated that removal of untouchability and improvement of the condition of Harijans were central to his mission. Step 4: Note that he believed spinning, village uplift and social reform were as important as, or even more important than, direct political agitation. Step 5: From the options, identify the one that explicitly mentions his desire to devote himself fully to constructive work and Harijan welfare and select it as the correct reason. Verification / Alternative check: Verification can be done by recalling Gandhis statements and actions in the mid 1930s, where he led campaigns against untouchability, promoted the Harijan Sevak Sangh and focused on rural reconstruction. Historians consistently point out that his resignation from Congress posts was not a retirement from public service but a shift of focus from formal party politics to social and constructive work. The Government of India Act of 1935 and debates on council entry were important, but they were not the primary cause of his withdrawal in 1934, which confirms the selected option. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The failure of the Civil Disobedience Movement made further struggle impossible: Although the movement had been suspended, Gandhi did not believe further struggle was impossible; he simply chose a different path for a time. The political climate of India was completely unsuitable for any mass movement: Gandhi did not describe the climate in such absolute terms; he remained open to future struggles. He opposed the desire of Congress leaders to enter legislatures under the Government of India Act of 1935: While he had reservations about council entry, this was not the main reason for his resignation in 1934. He wished to retire permanently from all public life: Gandhi remained active in public life through constructive programmes and influence, so he did not retire completely. Common Pitfalls: A frequent mistake is to attribute Gandhis withdrawal solely to the failure of the Civil Disobedience Movement, assuming a direct link between a political setback and his resignation. Another pitfall is to focus on legislative politics and think that opposition to council entry was the decisive factor. In reality, Gandhi shifted his energy to long term social reforms, especially Harijan welfare, and did not abandon public work. Understanding the dual track of his strategy, combining agitation with constructive work, helps avoid these misunderstandings. Final Answer: In 1934 Gandhi withdrew from active politics and resigned from the Congress mainly because he wanted to devote himself fully to constructive work and the welfare of Harijans.

Question 7

In the Indian National Army, Subhas Chandra Bose selected the best soldiers from the existing Gandhi, Azad and Nehru brigades and reorganised them into a new elite formation. What name did the soldiers themselves give to this new brigade?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to the history of the Indian National Army (INA) and the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose during India's freedom struggle. The INA was reorganised under Bose to make it more effective and symbolically inspiring for Indian soldiers fighting against British colonial rule. Understanding the names of its brigades and their reorganisation helps students remember key details of the freedom movement beyond the mainstream narrative of non-violent struggle. Given Data / Assumptions: The question is about the Indian National Army (INA). There were three existing brigades named Gandhi, Azad and Nehru. Subhas Chandra Bose selected the best soldiers from these brigades. He organised them into a new elite brigade. The question asks what name the soldiers themselves gave to this new brigade. Concept / Approach: To answer this, we recall the structure and symbolism of the INA under Bose. He used brigade names associated with prominent national leaders to inspire patriotism. Later, an elite formation was created which bore Bose's own name. The approach is simple factual recall from modern Indian history: identify which brigade name is historically documented as the new elite unit formed from the best soldiers of the Gandhi, Azad and Nehru brigades. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the INA had brigades named after leaders such as Gandhi, Nehru and Azad. Step 2: Subhas Chandra Bose, as Supreme Commander of the INA, wanted a highly motivated elite fighting formation. Step 3: He selected the best soldiers from the three existing brigades and reorganised them. Step 4: Historical accounts mention that this new elite unit was named after Bose himself. Step 5: Among the options, the only name that clearly reflects this is "Subhas Brigade". Verification / Alternative check: One can cross-check standard modern Indian history references on the INA. They consistently list brigades such as Gandhi Brigade, Nehru Brigade, Azad Brigade and Subhas Brigade. The Subhas Brigade is specifically noted as a key formation, confirming that this is the correct answer. No reliable source describes an elite unit called Himalayan Brigade, Swatantra Bharat Brigade or Bhagat Singh Brigade within the INA structure in this particular context. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Himalayan Brigade: There is no widely accepted historical record of a Himalayan Brigade created from the Gandhi, Azad and Nehru brigades in the INA. Swatantra Bharat Brigade: Although the idea of a "Free India Brigade" sounds patriotic, it is not the documented name of this particular elite unit. Bhagat Singh Brigade: While Bhagat Singh is a revered revolutionary, the brigade formed from the three named brigades was not called by his name in standard INA histories. Common Pitfalls: Students may guess a name that sounds patriotic or revolutionary without recalling the exact historical detail. Another common mistake is to assume that because other brigades were named after famous leaders, the new brigade must have a completely different concept name, when in reality it honoured Bose himself. Confusing different revolutionary or military units from other parts of the freedom movement can also lead to wrong answers. Final Answer: The new elite brigade formed from the Gandhi, Azad and Nehru brigades in the Indian National Army was called the Subhas Brigade.

Question 8

India was partitioned in 1947 as a consequence of the constitutional formula contained in which of the following official plans or declarations?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question focuses on the constitutional and political steps that directly led to the partition of India in 1947. Several important plans and announcements were made by the British government in the mid 1940s, including the Cabinet Mission Plan, Attlee's declaration and finally the June 3 Plan, also called the Mountbatten Plan. Knowing which of these actually contained the operative formula for partition is crucial for a clear understanding of the decolonisation process. Given Data / Assumptions: The year of partition is 1947. Multiple British plans and declarations are listed as options. Only one of these contained the detailed formula that directly led to the partition. The question asks which specific plan or declaration contained that operative formula. Concept / Approach: The approach is to recall the role of each measure. The Cabinet Mission Plan tried to keep India united within a loose federal framework and did not itself implement partition. The Attlee Declaration announced the intent to transfer power but did not spell out the final territorial scheme. The Indian Independence Act 1947 legally enacted the partition already decided. The June 3 Plan, announced by Lord Mountbatten, outlined the concrete constitutional scheme under which India would be partitioned into two dominions, India and Pakistan. Therefore we identify which option corresponds to that June 3 Plan. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) proposed a united India with groupings of provinces and aimed to avoid partition. Step 2: Attlee's declaration in February 1947 stated that the British would leave India by a fixed deadline but did not contain the final partition formula. Step 3: The June 3 Plan, also called the Mountbatten Plan, specifically laid down that provinces could decide whether to join India or Pakistan and described the method of partition. Step 4: The Indian Independence Act 1947 implemented the decisions of the June 3 Plan in legal form. Step 5: Therefore, the plan which actually contained the constitutional formula of partition was the June 3 or Mountbatten Plan. Verification / Alternative check: Any standard text on modern Indian history mentions that the June 3 Plan provided the framework for the partition of British India into India and Pakistan. The Indian Independence Act followed that framework. The Cabinet Mission Plan is always described as an attempt to preserve unity, and Attlee's declaration is treated as a political commitment to transfer power rather than as a detailed partition formula. This confirms that option "June 3 Plan or Mountbatten Plan" is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Cabinet Mission Plan: This plan aimed to keep India united through a complex federal structure and did not prescribe partition as the operative solution. Attlee Declaration of 20 February 1947: It announced the decision to leave India but did not itself lay down the final partition scheme. Indian Independence Act 1947: It translated the already agreed partition plan into law but did not originate the constitutional formula; that came from the June 3 Plan. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse the chronological sequence of these measures and think that whichever act or declaration is closest to 1947 must be the source of the partition formula. Another error is to assume that the Indian Independence Act was itself the "plan", when in fact it was the legal implementation of the Mountbatten Plan. It is important to separate announcing the intention to leave, proposing a united framework, and finally laying down the specific conditions of partition. Final Answer: India was partitioned as a consequence of the formula contained in the June 3 Plan or Mountbatten Plan.

Question 9

Lord Lytton was selected as Viceroy of India in order to fulfil the ambitious imperial plans of British Prime Minister Disraeli in which region?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question concerns the foreign policy aims of the British Empire during the late nineteenth century, especially under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, and the role played by Lord Lytton as Viceroy of India. The period is closely connected with the so called Great Game between Britain and Russia for influence in Central Asia, in which Afghanistan played a strategic role as a buffer state between Russian expansion and British India. Given Data / Assumptions: Benjamin Disraeli was the British Prime Minister. Lord Lytton was appointed as Viceroy of India during Disraeli's tenure. The phrase "ambitious plans" refers to imperial foreign policy objectives. The question asks in which region these plans were mainly to be fulfilled. Concept / Approach: The approach is to recall the strategic concerns of Disraeli's government. Disraeli adopted a forward policy aimed at checking Russian influence in Central Asia. Afghanistan, lying between Russian territories and British India, became a key theatre. Lytton was sent to India with instructions that included a more aggressive stance towards Afghanistan, leading ultimately to the Second Anglo Afghan War. The other listed regions like Oudh, Bengal and Burma had their own administrative issues, but they were not the focus of Disraeli's specific Great Game strategy at this time. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the time period: Lord Lytton served as Viceroy from 1876 to 1880 under Disraeli's Conservative government. Step 2: Recall that British policy then was concerned with Russian expansion towards Central Asia. Step 3: Afghanistan, located between Russian controlled territories and British India, was central to this strategic contest. Step 4: Lytton carried out a forward policy that led to the Second Anglo Afghan War (1878–1880). Step 5: Therefore, the region in which Disraeli's ambitious plans were to be fulfilled was Afghanistan. Verification / Alternative check: Historical accounts consistently highlight Lytton's aggressive foreign policy toward Afghanistan, including the demand for a British envoy in Kabul and subsequent military campaigns. There is no similar association of Lytton's viceroyalty with special initiatives in Oudh, Bengal or Burma that match the phrase "ambitious plans of Disraeli". This confirms Afghanistan as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Oudh: Issues like annexation and administrative reorganisation of Oudh arose earlier under different regimes, not specifically as part of Disraeli's grand strategy through Lytton. Bengal: While Bengal was an important province, Lytton is not particularly remembered for a major strategic initiative there in connection with Disraeli's foreign policy objectives. Burma: Expansion into Burma did occur in the nineteenth century, but the major campaigns occurred under different viceroys and were not central to Disraeli's Central Asian strategy in this period. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to associate any viceroy with internal administrative regions like Bengal or Oudh, without considering the foreign policy context. Another error is to overlook the importance of the Great Game and the Second Anglo Afghan War when thinking about Lytton. Keeping the link between Disraeli, Lytton and Afghanistan clearly in mind helps avoid such confusion in exam questions. Final Answer: Lord Lytton was selected as Viceroy of India to carry out Disraeli's ambitious plans in Afghanistan.

Question 10

By the Government of India Act of 1858, the powers of the Board of Control and the Court of Directors of the East India Company were transferred to which constitutional authority?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question deals with the important constitutional change brought about by the Government of India Act 1858. After the Revolt of 1857, the British government decided to end the rule of the East India Company and bring Indian administration directly under the Crown. Understanding which authority replaced the Company's Board of Control and Court of Directors is essential for grasping the new administrative structure introduced after 1858. Given Data / Assumptions: The Act referred to is the Government of India Act 1858. Before 1858, the Board of Control and the Court of Directors controlled the East India Company's Indian affairs. The Act transferred their powers to a new constitutional authority. The options list various possible authorities within the British imperial system. Concept / Approach: The approach is to recall the administrative reforms after the 1857 Revolt. The Government of India Act 1858 abolished the Company's rule and created the office of the Secretary of State for India, assisted by a Council of India, in London. This new Secretary of State took over the functions previously exercised by the Board of Control and the Court of Directors, giving the British Cabinet direct control over Indian policy. The Viceroy administered India on the ground, but ultimate authority lay with the Secretary of State. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note that the Board of Control and Court of Directors were bodies of the East India Company system. Step 2: The Government of India Act 1858 ended Company rule and transferred authority to the Crown. Step 3: This Act created a new office, the Secretary of State for India, based in Britain. Step 4: The new Secretary of State, with the Council of India, exercised the powers over Indian governance that had formerly belonged to the Company's organs. Step 5: Therefore, the powers of the Board of Control and the Court of Directors were transferred to the Secretary of State for India. Verification / Alternative check: Standard constitutional histories of British India clearly state that the Government of India Act 1858 vested the governance of India in the Crown, to be exercised through the Secretary of State for India. The Viceroy is described as the Crown's representative in India but subordinate to the Secretary of State and his Council. Parliament remained the supreme legislative body in Britain, but day to day control of Indian affairs went to the Secretary of State, not directly to Parliament or the Commander in Chief. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The British Parliament as a whole: Parliament passed the Act and remained sovereign, but it did not directly take over the specific administrative powers of the Board and Court; these went to the Secretary of State for India. The Viceroy of India: The Viceroy administered India on behalf of the Crown but reported to the Secretary of State and did not replace the Board and Court in London. The Commander-in-Chief in India: This was a military office responsible for the army, not a constitutional authority replacing the Company's governing organs. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse "Crown rule" with Parliament itself or assume the Viceroy had ultimate control, ignoring the London based Secretary of State. Another mistake is to think that the military Commander-in-Chief took charge after the Revolt because of the uprising's violent nature. Remember that the 1858 Act centralised authority in a cabinet level minister, the Secretary of State for India, with advisory support from the Council of India. Final Answer: By the Act of 1858, the powers of the Board of Control and the Court of Directors were transferred to the Secretary of State for India.

Question 11

After the first provincial elections held under the Government of India Act 1935 (conducted in 1937), the only two provinces out of eleven that had non-Congress ministries were which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to the political situation in British India following the first provincial elections held under the Government of India Act 1935. These elections, conducted in 1937, allowed Indian political parties to form ministries in the provinces. The Indian National Congress formed governments in several provinces, but there were a few exceptions where non Congress parties held power. Knowing which provinces did not have Congress ministries helps in understanding the regional political diversity of that period. Given Data / Assumptions: The elections referred to are the provincial elections under the Government of India Act 1935, held in 1937. There were eleven provinces in British India at that time. Most provinces had Congress ministries, but two did not. The options give different combinations of provinces. Concept / Approach: The approach is to recall the electoral performance of the Congress and regional parties in 1937. Congress formed ministries in provinces like the United Provinces, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, Madras, Bombay and others. In Bengal, regional parties such as the Krishak Praja Party, in alliance with the Muslim League, played a major role. In Punjab, the Unionist Party was dominant. These two provinces had non Congress ministries, even though Congress had influence there as well. Assam and Kerala do not fit this historical pattern, and Kerala was not even a province in that form in 1937. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: List the provinces where Congress clearly formed the ministry after 1937: United Provinces, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, Madras, Bombay and others. Step 2: Recall that in Punjab, the Unionist Party, representing a coalition of Muslim, Hindu and Sikh landed interests, formed the ministry. Step 3: In Bengal, the ministry was formed by a combination of the Krishak Praja Party and the Muslim League, not by the Congress. Step 4: Therefore, Bengal and Punjab stand out as the two provinces with non Congress ministries. Step 5: Match this conclusion with the options to identify "Bengal and Punjab" as the correct pair. Verification / Alternative check: Standard textbooks on modern Indian history, when discussing the 1937 provincial elections, consistently list Bengal and Punjab as exceptions where Congress did not form the government. Assam had a Congress ministry and Kerala did not exist as a separate province in that form at the time. This independent cross check confirms that Bengal and Punjab are the accurately remembered provinces. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Assam and Kerala: Assam did have Congress influence and ministry, and Kerala as a separate state was not yet formed in 1937. Bengal and Assam: Assam is wrongly included here because it had a Congress ministry, so this combination is historically inaccurate. Punjab and Kerala: Again, Kerala is not a correct unit in this context, and the combination does not reflect the real distribution of ministries. Common Pitfalls: Students often mix up the constitutional year (1935) with the actual election year (1937) and may also confuse later state boundaries with earlier provincial divisions. Another frequent mistake is assuming that Congress either ruled everywhere or nowhere, without recognising strong regional parties in provinces like Punjab and Bengal. Keeping track of the specific exceptions is key to answering such questions correctly. Final Answer: After the 1937 provincial elections under the Government of India Act 1935, the two provinces with non Congress ministries were Bengal and Punjab.

Question 12

Which constitutional measure created the office of the Secretary of State for India, through which the British Crown exercised direct control over Indian administration?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question asks about the origin of the office of the Secretary of State for India, a crucial position through which the British Crown directed Indian affairs after the end of East India Company rule. Understanding which specific act created this office helps students place later constitutional reforms like the Indian Councils Acts and the Montagu Chelmsford Reforms in the correct sequence. Given Data / Assumptions: Several important constitutional reforms are listed as options. Only one of them actually created the office of the Secretary of State for India. The office symbolised the transfer of power from the East India Company to the British Crown. The question is about the first creation of this office, not later modifications. Concept / Approach: The key concept is the shift from Company rule to Crown rule after the Revolt of 1857. The Government of India Act 1858 abolished the East India Company's authority and vested the government of India in the Crown, to be exercised through a Secretary of State for India and his Council in London. The Indian Councils Acts and later reforms changed legislative councils and introduced limited self government, but they did not create this office. Therefore, we identify which option corresponds to the 1858 Act that marks this fundamental transition. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note that the Montagu Chelmsford Reforms (1919) dealt mainly with diarchy and provincial self government. Step 2: The Indian Councils Act 1861 mainly expanded and reorganised legislative councils in India. Step 3: The Minto Morley Reforms (Indian Councils Act 1909) introduced separate electorates and further council changes. Step 4: The Government of India Act 1858, passed soon after the Revolt of 1857, ended Company rule and created the Secretary of State for India. Step 5: Therefore, the correct option is "The Government of India Act 1858". Verification / Alternative check: Any reliable history of British India clearly states that the Government of India Act 1858 created the office of the Secretary of State for India in Council, replacing the Company's Board of Control and Court of Directors. Later reforms such as those of 1861, 1909 and 1919 are discussed mainly in terms of council composition and the gradual introduction of Indian participation in governance. This confirms that only the 1858 Act originated the office in question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Montagu Chelmsford Reforms: These reforms did not create the Secretary of State; they modified the structure of Indian governance much later, especially at the provincial level. The Indian Councils Act 1861: This Act expanded legislative councils but assumed that the Secretary of State for India already existed as created by the 1858 Act. Minto Morley Reforms 1909: These reforms focused on representation, separate electorates and council powers, not on creating the office of Secretary of State. Common Pitfalls: Students might memorise the names of reforms but confuse their purposes and dates. Another common mistake is to think that any act mentioning councils or reforms might have created all major offices. Keeping a clear timeline, where 1858 marks the end of Company rule and the establishment of the Secretary of State, helps in avoiding such confusion in multiple choice questions. Final Answer: The office of the Secretary of State for India was created by the Government of India Act 1858.

Question 13

Which medieval Indian Muslim poet, historian and musician, famous at the Delhi Sultanate court, affectionately described himself as the "parrot of India"?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question concerns the cultural history of medieval India, particularly the composite Indo Persian tradition that flourished at the courts of the Delhi Sultans. One of the most celebrated figures of this era was a poet, historian and musician who styled himself the "Tuti e Hind" or "parrot of India". Recognising this title helps students link literary nicknames to the personalities and works that shaped medieval Indian culture. Given Data / Assumptions: The personality was a medieval Indian Muslim poet, historian and musician. He served at the Delhi Sultanate court. He called himself the "parrot of India". Several well known literary and musical figures are given as options. Concept / Approach: The approach is to match the description with known historical personalities. Amir Khusrau is widely known as a multi talented genius: a Sufi poet, Persian and Hindavi writer, historian, courtier and musician. He is traditionally credited with contributions to Indian classical music and is remembered as "Tuti e Hind" or the "parrot of India" because of his eloquent and colourful poetry. Mulla Daud and Malik Muhammad Jayasi were important poets but not usually described with this title, and Tansen was a later musician at Akbar's Mughal court, not a medieval historian poet of the Delhi Sultanate in the same sense. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note the combination of roles: poet, historian and musician, associated with a medieval Indian Muslim court. Step 2: Recall that Amir Khusrau served several Delhi Sultans, including Alauddin Khalji, and wrote in Persian and early Hindavi. Step 3: Remember that he has the famous epithet "Tuti e Hind", translated as "parrot of India". Step 4: Compare this profile with the options: Mulla Daud and Malik Muhammad Jayasi were poets but not especially known as musicians and historians combined. Step 5: Identify Amir Khusrau as the only option that fully matches the description. Verification / Alternative check: Biographical notes on Amir Khusrau consistently mention his role as a disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya, his prolific writing in Persian and Hindavi, and his reputation as the "parrot of India". He is also linked with innovations in music and with chronicling events at the Delhi Sultanate court. Tansen, though extremely famous as a musician, lived later in the Mughal period and is not given the title "parrot of India". This clear distinction verifies the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Mulla Daud: A medieval poet known mainly for his romance "Chandayan", but not widely called the parrot of India or equally noted as a musician and historian. Malik Muhammad Jayasi: A Sufi poet famous for "Padmavat", but he is not typically described as a court musician historian with the epithet "parrot of India". Tansen: A legendary musician of Akbar's court in the Mughal era, renowned for his ragas, but not a medieval Delhi Sultanate poet historian with this nickname. Common Pitfalls: A frequent mistake is to choose Tansen whenever music is mentioned, ignoring other clues in the stem such as the Delhi Sultanate context and the self description as "parrot of India". Another error is to confuse different Sufi poets and assume that any medieval writer of romances must be the one with this title. Carefully reading all descriptive elements in the question prevents these mix ups. Final Answer: The medieval Indian Muslim poet, historian and musician who called himself the "parrot of India" was Amir Khusrau.

Question 14

The Sunga ruler Bhaga (often identified with King Bhagabhadra) erected a famous monolithic Garuda pillar at which of the following places?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to the art and religious history of the Sunga period in ancient India. It specifically refers to a monolithic Garuda pillar erected by a Sunga ruler named Bhaga, often identified by historians with King Bhagabhadra. Garuda, the mythical bird vehicle of Vishnu, serves as a significant religious symbol, and the location of this pillar is an important landmark in the study of early Vaishnavism and Sunga architecture. Given Data / Assumptions: The ruler mentioned is a Sunga king called Bhaga, associated with Bhagabhadra. He erected a monolithic Garuda pillar. The question asks for the place where this Garuda pillar was set up. The options list four ancient cities or sites: Varanasi, Besnagar, Rajagriha and Pataliputra. Concept / Approach: The approach is to recall well known archaeological finds. The famous Garuda pillar associated with the Sunga ruler Bhagabhadra is located at Besnagar, near present day Vidisha in Madhya Pradesh. This pillar carries an inscription of a devotee, Heliodorus, who is described as a Yavana (Greek) ambassador and a worshipper of Krishna as Vasudeva. Thus, the column is sometimes called the Heliodorus pillar. Knowing this connection points us directly to Besnagar as the correct location. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Sunga dynasty succeeded the Mauryas and ruled parts of northern India. Step 2: The Garuda pillar mentioned in early Vaishnava history is associated with the city of Besnagar near Vidisha. Step 3: This pillar includes an inscription mentioning the Sunga ruler Bhagabhadra (deemed Bhaga in the question). Step 4: The pillar is dedicated to Garuda, the vehicle of Lord Vishnu, and is a monolithic stone column. Step 5: Among the given options, Besnagar is therefore the historically correct location. Verification / Alternative check: Descriptions of the Heliodorus pillar in standard archaeology and history sources consistently identify its location as Besnagar. Varanasi, Rajagriha and Pataliputra are major religious and political centres in other contexts but are not the site of this particular Garuda column. The association of Besnagar with early Vaishnavite worship and Sunga rule reinforces the correctness of this answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Varanasi: Although a very ancient and sacred city on the Ganga, it is not the known site of the Sunga era Garuda pillar described in the question. Rajagriha: An important centre in early Buddhist and Jain traditions and a capital of Magadha, but not linked to the Heliodorus Garuda pillar of Bhagabhadra. Pataliputra: The famous imperial capital of the Mauryas and later dynasties, yet again, not the location of this specific monolithic Garuda pillar. Common Pitfalls: Students may be tempted to pick a more famous religious city such as Varanasi or a major capital like Pataliputra simply because they are more familiar. Another common mistake is to confuse Besnagar with other archaeological sites in central India. Carefully linking the Garuda pillar, Heliodorus inscription and the Sunga ruler Bhagabhadra to Besnagar helps avoid such errors. Final Answer: The Sunga ruler Bhaga (Bhagabhadra) erected the monolithic Garuda pillar at Besnagar.

Question 15

Who was the first ruler and founder of the Satavahana dynasty in ancient Deccan history?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to the political history of ancient India, specifically the Deccan region. The Satavahanas were one of the earliest important dynasties of the Deccan after the fall of the Mauryan Empire. Knowing the founder and first ruler of the Satavahana line helps in constructing a clear chronological framework for early Deccan history and for understanding how regional powers emerged after Mauryan decline. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks for the first ruler of the Satavahanas. The options include names associated with Deccan dynasties and contemporaries. There is an expectation that we recognise which name is considered the founder. We assume that standard historical reconstructions of Satavahana genealogy are being followed. Concept / Approach: The Satavahanas are often identified with the Andhras mentioned in ancient texts. Epigraphic and literary evidence generally identifies a ruler named Simuka as the founder of the Satavahana dynasty. Sri Satakarni was a later and powerful king, but not the first. Nahapana was actually a ruler of the Western Kshatrapas, not a Satavahana king, and Govinda in this context does not match the role of founder. Therefore, we select the name recognised in historical scholarship as the earliest Satavahana monarch, namely Simuka. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Satavahanas rose to power in the Deccan after the Mauryas. Step 2: Historical sources and inscriptions identify Simuka as the first ruler and founder of the Satavahana dynasty. Step 3: Sri Satakarni, another well known Satavahana ruler, came later and expanded the kingdom. Step 4: Nahapana was not a Satavahana; he belonged to the Western Kshatrapas who later clashed with the Satavahanas. Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is Simuka. Verification / Alternative check: Standard textbooks on ancient Indian history mention Simuka as the founder of the Satavahana dynasty and often place his reign in the first century BCE. Sri Satakarni is portrayed as a significant successor who extended Satavahana power, while Nahapana appears as a rival western Kshatrapa ruler. This independent check confirms that Simuka is the first ruler of the line. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Govinda: This name is not generally associated with the founding of the Satavahana dynasty in standard lists of rulers. Sri Satakarni: He was an important and powerful Satavahana king, but not the earliest ruler and not the founder of the dynasty. Nahapana: A foreign (Western Kshatrapa) ruler who fought against the Satavahanas, especially against Gautamiputra Satakarni, and cannot be considered a Satavahana king at all. Common Pitfalls: Many learners remember Sri Satakarni better because of his military conquests and famous inscriptions and may therefore mistakenly choose him as the founder. Others may confuse different Deccan dynasties or blend the Satavahanas with the Western Kshatrapas. To avoid such errors, it is important to separate the founder (Simuka) from later prominent rulers and from rival dynasties. Final Answer: The first ruler and founder of the Satavahana dynasty was Simuka.

Question 16

Who among the following was the personal physician of the Kushana ruler Kanishka and is also regarded as the author or redactor of a famous treatise on the Indian system of medicine?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question concerns the history of ancient Indian medicine (Ayurveda) and its connection with the Kushana emperor Kanishka. Some of the most famous names in classical Indian medical literature are Charaka and Susruta. The question asks which physician was associated personally with Kanishka and also linked with an important medical treatise, making it a test of both dynastic and scientific history. Given Data / Assumptions: Kanishka was a prominent Kushana ruler. He had a personal physician associated with his court. The physician in question is connected with a famous medical treatise. The options include Charaka, Susruta, Nagarjuna and Jevaka, all connected with Indian science or medicine in different ways. Concept / Approach: The core concept is the association of Charaka with both Kanishka and the Charaka Samhita. Tradition holds that Charaka served as a court physician to Kanishka and contributed to the compilation or redaction of the Charaka Samhita, one of the foundational texts of Ayurveda. Susruta is associated with the Susruta Samhita and with surgery, but not specifically with Kanishka. Nagarjuna is known for Buddhist philosophy and alchemy, and Jevaka is traditionally associated with the Buddha, not with Kanishka. Therefore, Charaka best fits all parts of the description. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the ruler mentioned: Kanishka, a well known Kushana emperor. Step 2: Recall that Charaka is a classical Ayurvedic authority linked to the text Charaka Samhita. Step 3: Traditional accounts mention Charaka as a physician at the court of Kanishka, aligning him with the dynasty mentioned. Step 4: Cross check that Susruta, though a great surgeon, is not usually connected with Kanishka's personal court in standard narratives. Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is Charaka. Verification / Alternative check: Histories of Indian medicine typically mention that the Charaka Samhita is one of the earliest and most authoritative texts of Ayurveda and that Charaka is linked by tradition to the Kushana court of Kanishka. Susruta, by contrast, is associated with surgical techniques and another major text, the Susruta Samhita. Jevaka is remembered as the physician of the Buddha, and Nagarjuna is better known as a Buddhist philosopher and alchemist. These distinctions verify Charaka as the correct choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Susruta: A legendary surgeon and author of the Susruta Samhita, but not commonly identified as Kanishka's personal physician. Nagarjuna: Famous as a Buddhist philosopher and sometimes as an alchemist, with no strong traditional claim of being Kanishka's court physician and the author of an Ayurvedic samhita in this sense. Jevaka: Traditionally regarded as the personal physician to Gautama Buddha, not to Kanishka, and associated with an earlier period. Common Pitfalls: A common error is to confuse Charaka and Susruta because both are central names in Ayurveda. Some students also mix up Jevaka's connection with the Buddha and Kanishka's court due to both being tied to Buddhism. Carefully matching each personality with the correct ruler and text helps keep these figures distinct in memory. Final Answer: The personal physician of Kanishka and author redactor of a famous medical treatise was Charaka.

Question 17

In the Vedic marriage system, which two acts or rituals were regarded as the most important core ceremonies that solemnised the union?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to ancient Hindu law and ritual practice, specifically the Vedic system of marriage. In traditional texts, certain acts are identified as the essential rites that complete a marriage. Among these, Pani Grahana and Sapta Padi occupy a central status, and knowing their significance helps in understanding how marriage was legally and religiously recognised in Vedic culture. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is the Vedic marriage system. Several acts and rituals are listed as options. The question asks which two acts were the most important and essential. Pani Grahana refers to the taking of the bride's hand, and Sapta Padi refers to the seven steps around the sacred fire. Concept / Approach: Dharmashastra literature and traditional practice emphasise that certain rites are indispensable for a marriage to be considered valid. Pani Grahana symbolises the groom formally taking the bride's hand, accepting responsibility for her. Sapta Padi, in which the couple takes seven steps together around the sacred fire with mantras, is often regarded as the central, binding act. Many sources explicitly state that after the seventh step is completed, the marriage becomes irrevocably established. Therefore, when the question asks which two acts are most important, the answer points to these two core rituals together. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify each ritual named in the options: Pani Grahana and Sapta Padi are clearly Vedic marriage rites. Step 2: Recall the meaning of Pani Grahana: the groom formally takes the bride's hand in front of the fire and witnesses. Step 3: Recall the meaning of Sapta Padi: the bride and groom take seven steps around the sacred fire, each step accompanied by a vow. Step 4: Note that traditional texts often state that the completion of Sapta Padi marks the legal completion of the marriage. Step 5: Therefore, the two most important acts together are Pani Grahana and Sapta Padi. Verification / Alternative check: Descriptions of Hindu marriage rites in standard works on religion and law emphasise that while many supplementary ceremonies may be performed, Pani Grahana and Sapta Padi are the essential core. Legal interpretations in some modern Hindu personal law decisions also highlight Sapta Padi as a critical marker of marital completion. This independent confirmation supports the answer that both of these acts are considered central rituals. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Pani-Grahana (taking the bride’s hand) alone: This is indeed a very important act, but the question asks for two core acts, not just one. Sapta-Padi (seven steps) alone: This is also crucial, yet tradition emphasises the combination of taking the hand and walking the seven steps together. Recitation of general marriage vows only: While vows are important, Vedic ritual focuses on specific acts associated with the sacred fire rather than only spoken promises. Common Pitfalls: Students may think that modern ideas of "marriage vows" are central and might therefore treat generic vows as more important than traditional fire based rituals. Another common confusion is to pick only one of the two acts rather than recognising that the pair of Pani Grahana and Sapta Padi together form the ritual core. Carefully reading that the question asks for "two most important acts" avoids this mistake. Final Answer: The two most important acts in the Vedic marriage system are Pani-Grahana and Sapta-Padi performed together.

Question 18

The first Buddhist Council, convened shortly after the Mahaparinirvana (passing away) of the Buddha, was held in which of the following cities?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to early Buddhist history, specifically to the Councils where the teachings of the Buddha were recited and organised after his passing. The first Buddhist Council is considered especially important because it was convened soon after the Buddha's Mahaparinirvana in order to preserve his teachings accurately through collective recitation by his closest disciples. Given Data / Assumptions: The council in question is the first Buddhist Council. It was held shortly after the Buddha's passing. Several important Buddhist and educational centres are listed as options. The task is to identify the exact city where the first Council assembled. Concept / Approach: Standard Buddhist tradition records that the first Council was held at Rajgriha (also spelled Rajagriha or Rajgir) in the kingdom of Magadha, shortly after the Buddha's death. It was convened under the patronage of King Ajatashatru and led by Mahakasyapa, with Ananda and Upali playing key roles in reciting the Buddha's discourses and monastic rules. Nalanda became a great Buddhist university later, Gaya and Bodh Gaya are associated with the Buddha's enlightenment, not with the first Council itself. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the first Council was convened soon after the Buddha's Mahaparinirvana to compile his teachings. Step 2: Remember that King Ajatashatru of Magadha supported this council. Step 3: The location mentioned in the traditional accounts is Rajgriha (Rajagriha), the then capital of Magadha. Step 4: Bodh Gaya is the place of enlightenment, not the council site, and Nalanda rose as a university centuries later. Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is Rajgriha (Rajagriha). Verification / Alternative check: Buddhist chronicles like the Vinaya texts and later historical summaries uniformly mention that the first Council took place in Rajgriha, in the Sattapanni cave. By contrast, Bodh Gaya is described as the spot where the Buddha attained enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, and Nalanda is referenced as a major monastic university in the early medieval period. This consistent pattern across sources verifies Rajgriha as the correct location. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Nalanda: A renowned Buddhist monastic university that rose to prominence centuries after the Buddha, not the site of the first Council. Gaya: A sacred region, but in Buddhist context, Bodh Gaya nearby is associated with enlightenment; it is not recorded as the location of the first Council. Bodh Gaya: Important as the place where the Buddha attained enlightenment, yet the first Council was not held there but at Rajgriha. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse different key places in the Buddha's life and early Buddhism, such as the place of enlightenment, the place of the first sermon and the council sites. Seeing familiar names like Bodh Gaya can mislead them into choosing incorrectly. A good way to avoid this is to link Rajgriha specifically with the first Council and Ajatashatru's patronage, Bodh Gaya with enlightenment and Sarnath with the first sermon. Final Answer: The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajgriha (Rajagriha).

Question 19

In spiritual and cultural writings, who among the following great teachers is popularly known as the "Light of Asia"?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question deals with the honorary title "Light of Asia", which has been widely used in English literature to refer to a particular spiritual teacher. Recognising these poetic or literary epithets is important for general knowledge, as they often appear in competitive exam questions and in cultural discussions about major world religions. Given Data / Assumptions: The phrase "Light of Asia" is a literary and devotional title. Four major religious figures are listed: Jesus Christ, Lord Buddha, Prophet Muhammad and Zarathustra. The task is to identify which of these is popularly associated with the phrase. We assume familiarity with English works that have used this title. Concept / Approach: The approach centres on remembering that the title "Light of Asia" was especially popularised by Sir Edwin Arnold's long poem "The Light of Asia", which is about the life and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha. While all the listed figures are founders or central figures of major world religions, this specific English phrase is attached in common usage to the Buddha and not to the others. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the famous poem "The Light of Asia" by Sir Edwin Arnold. Step 2: Understand that this poem narrates the story of Prince Siddhartha who became the Buddha. Step 3: Because of the popularity of the work, the phrase "Light of Asia" became a widely used title for the Buddha. Step 4: Jesus Christ is often called the "Light of the World" in Christian tradition, not "Light of Asia". Step 5: Therefore, the correct answer is Lord Buddha. Verification / Alternative check: Literary references, encyclopaedias and dictionaries of religious terms consistently explain that "Light of Asia" is a poetic title for the Buddha, particularly in connection with Arnold's poem. Other religious leaders have their own familiar titles and phrases, but this specific one is not commonly used for them. This consistent usage across sources confirms that Lord Buddha is the right choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Jesus Christ: In Christian scripture and hymnody, Jesus is often called the "Light of the World", but the phrase "Light of Asia" is not standard for him. Prophet Muhammad: Revered in Islam as the final messenger and as a mercy to the worlds, but "Light of Asia" is not a widespread literary title associated with him. Zarathustra (Zoroaster): Founder of Zoroastrianism, an important prophet from ancient Iran, but again not commonly referred to in English literature as the "Light of Asia". Common Pitfalls: Some candidates may assume that any major religious figure from Asia, such as Prophet Muhammad or Zarathustra, could be called "Light of Asia" in a general sense. Others may mix up this phrase with similar expressions like "Light of the World". To avoid such confusion, it is helpful to tie the term directly to Edwin Arnold's work about the Buddha, which fixed this association in English literature. Final Answer: The teacher popularly known as the "Light of Asia" is Lord Buddha.

Question 20

The Kargil conflict between India and Pakistan, often referred to as the Kargil War, was fought in which year?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to contemporary Indian history and defence studies. The Kargil conflict was a limited war fought between India and Pakistan in the high altitude Kargil region of Jammu and Kashmir. It is important for students to know the correct year of this conflict, as it is frequently cited in discussions about national security and recent military history. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks specifically for the year of the Kargil conflict. The conflict is known as the Kargil War. Four different years are provided as options: 1979, 1989, 1999 and 1969. We assume familiarity with major post independence wars involving India. Concept / Approach: The approach is straightforward factual recall. India has fought major wars in 1947–48, 1962, 1965, 1971 and a limited conflict in 1999 at Kargil. The Kargil War is specifically associated with the period from May to July 1999, when Indian forces carried out Operation Vijay to evict infiltrators from high mountain positions. Therefore, among the given years, 1999 is the only correct one. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall significant Indo Pakistani conflicts: 1947–48 over Kashmir, 1965 war, 1971 war leading to Bangladesh, and the Kargil conflict. Step 2: Note that the Kargil War took place after India's nuclear tests in 1998 and before the early 2000s. Step 3: The conflict is dated specifically to 1999, with major operations during May–July 1999. Step 4: Compare this with the options: 1969, 1979 and 1989 do not match known major conflicts named "Kargil War". Step 5: Therefore, the correct year is 1999. Verification / Alternative check: Defence studies materials, government publications and media retrospectives consistently refer to the Kargil conflict as having occurred in 1999. Commemorations such as Kargil Vijay Diwas are also tied to this year. There is no recognised Kargil conflict in 1969, 1979 or 1989, which further supports 1999 as the only plausible answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1979: No major Kargil specific conflict occurred in this year between India and Pakistan. 1989: This period is associated with rising insurgency in Kashmir but not with the high altitude Kargil War referred to in the question. 1969: Again, there was no Kargil War in this year; the better known Indo Pakistani wars occurred earlier in 1965 and later in 1971. Common Pitfalls: Students may confuse the Kargil conflict with earlier Indo Pakistani wars or may vaguely remember it as occurring in the 1990s without recalling the exact year. Some may also mistakenly link it with the 1971 war, which instead was focused on East Pakistan and the creation of Bangladesh. Anchoring the event in memory as a late 1990s conflict after the nuclear tests helps fix the year 1999 clearly. Final Answer: The Kargil conflict, or Kargil War, was fought in the year 1999.

Indian History Questions