Question 1

In which year did Sher Khan (later Sher Shah Suri) attack Bengal and defeat Sultan Ghiyasuddin Shah, marking an important step in his rise to power?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to the rise of Sher Shah Suri, an important ruler who briefly displaced the Mughal emperor Humayun and established the Sur Empire in North India. Before becoming emperor, Sher Khan (as he was then known) had to defeat regional rulers, including the Sultan of Bengal. Knowing the year in which he defeated Ghiyasuddin Shah of Bengal helps place his career in the correct historical sequence. Given Data / Assumptions: - The figure in question is Sher Khan, later known as Sher Shah Suri. - The event mentioned is his attack on Bengal and defeat of Sultan Ghiyasuddin Shah. - The options list years: 1358, 1583, 1538, 1540 and 1556. - We assume familiarity with the fact that Sher Shah s main rise against the Mughals took place in the late 1530s and early 1540s. Concept / Approach: Sher Shah s struggle for power involved conflicts both with regional sultans and with Humayun. His victory over the Sultan of Bengal was an important step in consolidating his position in eastern India before his final clashes with Humayun. Historically, Sher Khan defeated Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah of Bengal around 1538. Later, in 1540, he defeated Humayun at the Battle of Kanauj (also called Bilgram), forcing the Mughal emperor into exile. Therefore, among the given years, 1538 is the correct one for the Bengal victory. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Sher Shah s rise is usually dated to the late 1530s, culminating in his defeat of Humayun in 1540. Step 2: Understand that before confronting Humayun, Sher Khan strengthened his position by defeating regional powers like the Sultan of Bengal. Step 3: Remember that historians place his defeat of Ghiyasuddin Shah of Bengal in the year 1538. Step 4: Note that 1540 is associated with his major victory over Humayun at Kanauj, not with the Bengal campaign. Step 5: Eliminate the obviously incorrect years 1358, 1583 and 1556, which lie far outside Sher Shah s lifetime, and select 1538. Verification / Alternative check: A good way to verify is to construct a brief timeline: Babur s victory at Panipat in 1526, Humayun s rule and challenges in the 1530s, Sher Shah s rise and the defeat of Humayun in 1540, followed by Sher Shah s own death in 1545. The defeat of the Bengal Sultan fits logically before the decisive battle with Humayun and is generally placed in 1538. Most exam oriented history books confirm this date for Sher Khan s Bengal victory, giving further confidence in the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1358: This is more than a century before Sher Shah s time and clearly does not match his career. 1583: This is several decades after Sher Shah s death in 1545 and belongs to the later Mughal period. 1540: This year is correctly linked with Sher Shah s defeat of Humayun at the Battle of Kanauj, not with his attack on Bengal. 1556: This year is famous for the second Battle of Panipat and Akbar s early reign, long after Sher Shah s death. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes remember only the year 1540 when thinking of Sher Shah Suri, because that is when he defeated Humayun and became emperor. Consequently, they may mistakenly choose 1540 for every question related to his victories. Another pitfall is not checking whether the dates fall within Sher Shah s lifetime. Creating a rough mental timeline of key events—1538 for Bengal, 1540 for Kanauj, mid 1540s for his reforms—helps avoid such mistakes. Final Answer: Sher Khan (later Sher Shah Suri) attacked Bengal and defeated Ghiyasuddin Shah in 1538.

Question 2

Gandhara art, a distinctive style of Buddhist visual art that developed between the 1st century BCE and the 7th century CE, flourished largely during the rule of which dynasty?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to ancient Indian and Central Asian art history. Gandhara art is famous for its unique blend of Indian Buddhist themes with Greco-Roman artistic influence, especially in the realistic sculpting of the Buddha and bodhisattvas. It developed in the northwestern regions that now cover parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan. To answer the question, you need to know during which dynasty this artistic style reached its peak. Given Data / Assumptions: - The art style mentioned is Gandhara art. - It is described as a Buddhist visual art form between the 1st century BCE and 7th century CE. - The options list several dynasties: Kushan, Gupta, Pallava, Maurya and Satavahana. - We assume familiarity with the approximate time periods of these dynasties and their cultural contributions. Concept / Approach: Gandhara art flourished especially under the Kushan dynasty, whose empire included the Gandhara region. King Kanishka in particular is remembered as a great patron of Buddhism and Buddhist art. Under the Kushans, sculptors produced remarkable images of the Buddha with Hellenistic features such as draped robes and realistic body proportions. While later dynasties like the Guptas also fostered important art styles, the specific Gandhara school is mainly linked with the Kushan period in the northwest. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Gandhara was located in the northwestern part of the Indian cultural sphere, near today s Pakistan and Afghanistan. Step 2: Remember that the Kushan empire, with rulers like Kanishka, controlled this region and patronised Buddhism and Buddhist art. Step 3: Understand that Gandhara sculptures of the Buddha show a mixture of Indian religious ideas and Greco-Roman artistic techniques. Step 4: Note that the Gupta dynasty is more closely linked with the classical Indian style of art centred around Sarnath and Mathura, not Gandhara. Step 5: Therefore, select the Kushan dynasty as the correct answer for the period when Gandhara art flourished. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, think of how culture chapters in history books are organised. Gandhara art is typically discussed in connection with the Kushan empire and Kanishka, while Gupta art is treated separately as a golden age with its own distinctive style. The Maurya dynasty is associated with Ashokan pillars and polished stone sculptures, not with the Greco-Buddhist Gandhara style. This clear grouping of topics strongly confirms that Gandhara art flourished during the Kushan dynasty. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Gupta dynasty: Known for its own classical style of art and sculpture, especially at Sarnath and Mathura, but not for the Greco-Buddhist Gandhara school. Pallava dynasty: A south Indian dynasty associated with rock cut temples and sculptures at Mahabalipuram, far from the Gandhara region. Maurya dynasty: Linked with Ashokan pillars, stupas and polished stone sculptures, which predate the Gandhara style. Satavahana dynasty: A Deccan based dynasty that supported Buddhist monuments in western and central India, but not the Gandhara school in the northwest. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes pick the Gupta dynasty whenever they see the words classical art or golden age, forgetting that Gandhara is a geographically and stylistically different school. Another pitfall is to lump all Buddhist art together and assume it belongs to a single dynasty. Keeping a simple association—Gandhara with Kushans and northwestern region, Gupta art with Ganga valley and classical Indian style—helps you quickly choose the correct dynasty for Gandhara art. Final Answer: Gandhara art flourished largely under the Kushan dynasty.

Question 3

In the religious life of the Indus Valley Civilization, archaeological evidence suggests that the people especially worshipped which type of deity or divine form?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question deals with the religious practices of the Indus Valley or Harappan Civilization. Because the script remains undeciphered, historians rely mainly on seals, statues and other artefacts to infer religious beliefs. One famous image is a horned figure seated in a yogic posture, surrounded by animals. Many scholars see this as an early or proto form of Shiva, referred to as Pashupati, meaning lord of animals. The question asks which type of deity the people especially worshipped according to such evidence. Given Data / Assumptions: - The civilisation concerned is the Indus Valley Civilization. - The question asks which deity form the people worshipped, based on archaeological finds. - The options include Vishnu, Pashupati, Indra, Brahma and Durga. - We assume familiarity with the famous Pashupati seal and related interpretations. Concept / Approach: Among the many seals discovered at Harappa and Mohenjodaro, a well known seal shows a horned figure sitting cross-legged in what appears to be a yogic posture, with animals around him. Many scholars interpret this as a precursor to the later Hindu god Shiva, particularly in his aspect as Pashupati, lord of animals and nature. While fertility goddesses and other symbols also appear, the question focuses on this key male deity form. The other options, such as Vishnu or Brahma in their classical Hindu forms, are not clearly evidenced in Indus artefacts. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Indus Valley people left behind seals showing various animals, symbols and human figures, but no clear textual descriptions. Step 2: Remember that one famous seal, often reproduced in textbooks, shows a horned, possibly three-faced figure seated in a posture resembling yogic meditation, surrounded by animals. Step 3: Understand that many historians interpret this figure as a proto-Shiva, especially in the form of Pashupati, the lord of animals. Step 4: Recognise that Vishnu, Indra and Brahma in their classical Vedic or Puranic forms are not directly identified in Indus seals with the same certainty. Step 5: Select the option that refers to a proto-Shiva Pashupati figure as the deity worshipped by the Indus people. Verification / Alternative check: Verification is easy if you recall standard statements from history textbooks: they say that the Indus people seem to have worshipped a mother goddess and a male deity resembling Shiva as Pashupati, based on seals. While some scholars debate the exact identity, exam oriented material consistently treats the Pashupati seal as evidence of a proto-Shiva cult. On the other hand, clear evidence of Vishnu, Brahma or Durga in familiar later forms is not emphasised for this civilisation. This consistent teaching supports the choice of the Pashupati-type deity. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Vishnu as the preserver god in classical Vaishnavism: There is no strong, direct archaeological evidence from Indus sites showing Vishnu in his later classical iconography. Indra as the Vedic god of thunder and war: Indra is a major Vedic deity but is not clearly identifiable in Indus artefacts. Brahma as the four-faced creator god: Brahma s iconography appears in later Hindu temples, not in Indus Valley seals. Goddess Durga in her many warrior forms: While a mother goddess figure may have existed, specific warrior forms like Durga slaying demons are later developments and not clearly seen in Indus artefacts. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse Vedic and later Hindu deities with those of the Indus Valley Civilization, assuming they must be the same. Another pitfall is to overlook the archaeological basis of our knowledge and rely instead on later religious ideas. Remembering the famous Pashupati seal and its association with a proto-Shiva figure helps you avoid these errors and choose the option that matches the material evidence. Final Answer: The people of the Indus Valley Civilization especially worshipped a proto-Shiva figure often identified as Pashupati, lord of animals.

Question 4

In the history of the independent Sultanate of Bengal, which ruler is especially known for maintaining friendly diplomatic and commercial relations with Ming China?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question touches on the external relations of the medieval Bengal Sultanate. While we often focus on North Indian empires when studying foreign contacts, some regional kingdoms also developed diplomatic and commercial links with distant powers. One ruler of Bengal in particular is remembered for his friendly relations and correspondence with Ming China, highlighting the maritime and trade connections of the time. Given Data / Assumptions: - The region in question is the Bengal Sultanate in medieval times. - The question asks which ruler had relations with China, specifically the Ming dynasty. - The options list several Bengal sultans: Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, Sikandar Shah, Nusrat Shah, Alauddin Husain Shah and Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah. - We assume familiarity with the fact that some Bengal sultans engaged in overseas trade and diplomatic missions across the Bay of Bengal and beyond. Concept / Approach: Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, who ruled Bengal in the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century, is particularly noted for maintaining cordial relations with the Ming court in China. Historical records and Chinese sources mention envoys and gifts exchanged between Bengal and China during his reign. This reflects the importance of Bengal s ports in the Indian Ocean trade network. The other rulers listed in the options are important in their own ways but are not as specifically associated with documented relations with China. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Bengal Sultanate was a powerful regional kingdom with access to the sea and busy ports. Step 2: Remember that Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah is frequently mentioned in history books as a ruler who sent envoys to the Ming court and maintained friendly ties with China. Step 3: Understand that these relations included diplomatic correspondence and the exchange of gifts, indicating recognition by the Chinese emperor. Step 4: Note that while Sikandar Shah, Nusrat Shah, Alauddin Husain Shah and Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah were important Bengal sultans, they are not as specifically highlighted for links with China in standard exam material. Step 5: Based on this, select Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah as the ruler known for relations with China. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, think of how chapters on the Bengal Sultanate mention foreign relations. Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah and his contacts with Ming China are usually mentioned as examples of Bengal s maritime diplomacy. Additionally, some Chinese records from the Ming period list Bengal among the states sending tribute or missions. The other sultans are more commonly associated with regional politics or internal developments, not with Sino-Bengal relations. This pattern in the literature confirms that Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah is the expected answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Sikandar Shah: A Bengal ruler, but not particularly noted in exam-oriented history texts for relations with China. Nusrat Shah: Known for his role in regional politics, including interactions with the early Mughals, rather than with the Ming dynasty. Alauddin Husain Shah: A powerful and culturally important Bengal sultan, but again not primarily associated with documented diplomatic missions to China. Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah: Founder of the independent Bengal Sultanate, important for unifying Bengal, but the best known Sino-Bengal links are tied to Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah. Common Pitfalls: Students may not be very familiar with the detailed history of the Bengal Sultanate and may guess randomly among the names. Some might choose the founder Ilyas Shah assuming that first rulers always have the most foreign contacts. Others might choose Husain Shah because he is often described as a powerful and culturally advanced ruler. The key is to remember that Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah is the one specifically mentioned with reference to friendly relations with Ming China, making him the correct choice for exam purposes. Final Answer: The Bengal ruler especially known for maintaining relations with Ming China was Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah.

Question 5

In modern Indian history, who was serving as the Viceroy of India when the Simon Commission visited India in 1928?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Simon Commission is an important episode in the history of the Indian national movement. It was a statutory commission sent by the British government to review the working of the Government of India Act 1919 and to suggest further constitutional reforms. The question tests whether you can correctly connect this famous commission with the Viceroy of India who was in office when it visited India in 1928, a useful factual detail for modern Indian history and competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The commission referred to is the Simon Commission. It visited India in the year 1928. The post in question is the Viceroy of India. Several well known Viceroys are listed as options: Lord Chelmsford, Lord Reading, Lord Irwin and Lord Wellington. We assume the standard chronology of British Viceroys in India as taught in history books. Concept / Approach: To answer this, you need to recall the sequence of Viceroys in the 1910s and 1920s and match the dates of their tenure with the date of the Simon Commission's visit. Lord Chelmsford was associated with the Government of India Act 1919 and the events around the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy. Lord Reading held office in the early 1920s. Lord Irwin was Viceroy during the late 1920s and early 1930s and is associated with the Simon Commission protests and the later Gandhi Irwin Pact. By correctly placing these Viceroys in time, you can identify who was in office in 1928. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Simon Commission arrived in India in 1928. Step 2: Note that Lord Chelmsford served as Viceroy roughly from 1916 to 1921, earlier than the Commission. Step 3: Lord Reading served as Viceroy after Chelmsford, approximately from 1921 to 1926. Step 4: Lord Irwin took charge after Lord Reading and served from about 1926 to 1931, covering the year 1928. Step 5: Lord Wellington was not the Viceroy associated with the Simon Commission in 1928. Step 6: Therefore, the Viceroy when the Simon Commission visited India was Lord Irwin. Verification / Alternative check: Standard lists of British Viceroys confirm the timeline: Chelmsford (1916–1921), Reading (1921–1926), Irwin (1926–1931). The Simon Commission is always dated to 1927–28, with its actual visit and the famous slogan “Simon, go back” occurring in 1928. Since Irwin was in office from 1926, he was the Viceroy during the Commission's visit. Cross checking multiple modern Indian history references will show the same association between Lord Irwin and the Simon Commission protests. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Lord Chelmsford: His tenure ended in 1921, well before the Simon Commission was appointed or visited India, so he could not have been the Viceroy in 1928. Lord Reading: He left office in 1926, two years before the Commission arrived in India. Lord Wellington: He is not recorded in standard lists as the Viceroy connected with the Simon Commission in 1928. Common Pitfalls: Many students mix up the Viceroys around this period because several major events occurred close together: the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Montagu Chelmsford reforms, the Non Cooperation Movement, the Simon Commission agitation and the Civil Disobedience Movement. Another common error is to guess Lord Chelmsford or Lord Reading simply because their names feel more familiar. Keeping a mental timeline that clearly places Irwin in the late 1920s and early 1930s helps avoid such confusion. Final Answer: The Viceroy of India when the Simon Commission visited in 1928 was Lord Irwin.

Question 6

In Akbar’s imperial court, Raja Todar Mal was especially associated with which important area of administration and statecraft?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to the administration of the Mughal emperor Akbar, one of the most important rulers in Indian history. Akbar's court included several talented nobles who handled different aspects of governance. Raja Todar Mal is a particularly famous name, and he is strongly associated with reforms that strengthened the revenue and land administration of the empire. Knowing his main area of responsibility is a standard general knowledge requirement. Given Data / Assumptions: The setting is Akbar's durbar (imperial court). The personality in question is Raja Todar Mal. We are asked what field he was mainly associated with. The options cover music, literature, finance and law reforms. We assume familiarity with the key members of Akbar's administrative team. Concept / Approach: Akbar is often praised not only for his conquests but also for his efficient administration. Raja Todar Mal is celebrated as his finance minister and revenue expert. He introduced systematic land measurement, classification and revenue assessment, sometimes referred to as the zabti or dahsala system. While Akbar's court also had great musicians and writers, Todar Mal's name is consistently linked to finance and revenue policy rather than to music or literature. Therefore, identifying his role correctly is largely a matter of accurate recall of Mughal administrative history. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify Todar Mal as one of the Navaratnas (nine gems) in Akbar's court, known for his administrative talents. Step 2: Recall that he is most famous for his revenue settlements, land surveys and the introduction of uniform systems of tax assessment. Step 3: Match this expertise with the option that refers to finance and revenue administration. Step 4: Recognise that Akbar had separate specialists for music (like Tansen) and literature (like Abul Fazl), not Todar Mal. Step 5: Conclude that "Finance and revenue administration" is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Textbooks on Mughal history consistently describe Todar Mal as Akbar's finance minister or Diwan, credited with major revenue reforms. He is associated with accurate land measurement (using the bigha unit), detailed records of cultivated land and rational assessment of taxes. These details firmly place him in the financial and revenue sphere, not in music or literature. Checking any standard summary of the Navaratnas confirms this linkage. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Music and court entertainment: This area is primarily associated with figures like Tansen, not Todar Mal. Literature and Persian chronicles: Abul Fazl, the author of the Akbarnama and Ain i Akbari, is the key name in literature and chronicles, not Todar Mal. Judicial law reforms: Although revenue laws and regulations affect society, Todar Mal is not mainly described as a law reformer; his fame rests on fiscal administration. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes memorise the names of Akbar's Navaratnas without clearly distinguishing their roles. This can lead to confusion between Todar Mal, Abul Fazl, Birbal and Tansen. Another common mistake is to mix up revenue reforms under different rulers. To avoid such errors, it helps to remember a simple association: Todar Mal equals revenue and finance; Tansen equals music; Abul Fazl equals history and literature; Birbal equals wit and counsel. Final Answer: In Akbar's court, Raja Todar Mal was chiefly associated with finance and revenue administration.

Question 7

At the time of the Battle of Talikota in 1565, which ruling dynasty was in power in the Vijayanagar Empire?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Battle of Talikota, fought in 1565, was a turning point in the history of the Vijayanagar Empire in South India. A confederacy of Deccan Sultanates defeated the Vijayanagar forces, leading to the sack of the capital city. This question asks you to identify which dynasty was officially ruling the Vijayanagar state at that time. Understanding the sequence of Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and later dynasties helps build a clear picture of Vijayanagar political history. Given Data / Assumptions: The battle mentioned is the Battle of Talikota (also written as Talikota or Rakshasa Tangadi) in 1565. The setting is the Vijayanagar Empire in South India. Several dynasties associated with Vijayanagar are listed: Sangama, Aravidu (written here as Aniridu), Tuluva and Saluva. The task is to identify which dynasty was ruling when the battle took place. Concept / Approach: Vijayanagar history is generally divided into four main ruling dynasties: Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva and Aravidu. The empire was founded under the Sangama rulers in the 14th century. After them came the Saluva and then the Tuluva dynasty, to which Krishnadevaraya, the most celebrated Vijayanagar ruler, belonged. By around the mid 16th century, during and just before the Battle of Talikota, the official ruling house was still the Tuluva dynasty, although power was exercised by powerful regents from the Aravidu family. For exam purposes, the recognised answer is that the Tuluva dynasty was ruling at the time of the battle. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the sequence of dynasties: Sangama (founders), followed by Saluva, then Tuluva and finally Aravidu. Step 2: Note that Krishnadevaraya, who reigned in the early 16th century, was a Tuluva ruler. Step 3: Understand that the Battle of Talikota occurred in 1565, not long after the time of Krishnadevaraya and his successors. Step 4: Historical summaries of Vijayanagar generally state that at the time of Talikota, the Tuluva dynasty was still the ruling house. Step 5: Therefore, among the options given, the Tuluva dynasty is the correct choice. Verification / Alternative check: Popular history references and exam oriented books consistently mention that the Vijayanagar Empire at the time of Talikota was under the Tuluva line, even though effective authority was exercised by Aliya Rama Raya, who came from the Aravidu family and acted as a powerful regent. This nuance sometimes causes confusion, but the official royal house is still recorded as Tuluva in many standard lists, which is why exam keys accept Tuluva as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Sangama dynasty: This was the original founding dynasty of Vijayanagar in the 14th century and had already been replaced long before 1565. Aniridu (Aravidu) dynasty: Although the Aravidu family gained prominence around this time and later formed the last ruling dynasty, exam oriented histories usually regard the official line at the Battle of Talikota as Tuluva, not yet fully Aravidu. Saluva dynasty: The Saluva rulers came between the Sangama and Tuluva lines and had lost power before the time of the battle. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse the de facto power of Aliya Rama Raya, who belonged to the Aravidu family, with the de jure ruling dynasty of the empire. This can lead to the mistaken selection of Aravidu as the answer. Others may mix up the chronological order of the dynasties or simply guess. To avoid errors, remember the basic sequence and associate Talikota with the later phase of the Tuluva period, shortly before the empire's decline. Final Answer: At the time of the Battle of Talikota in 1565, the Vijayanagar Empire was ruled by the Tuluva dynasty.

Question 8

The famous Dilwara temples located at Mount Abu in Rajasthan are a sacred pilgrimage centre for followers of which religion?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to the cultural and religious geography of India. The Dilwara temples at Mount Abu are world famous for their exquisite marble architecture and intricate carvings. They are often mentioned in questions about Indian art and pilgrimage centres. Knowing which religious community regards these temples as especially sacred helps you link important monuments with the traditions they represent. Given Data / Assumptions: The site mentioned is the Dilwara temples. They are located at Mount Abu in Rajasthan. The question asks for the religion for which these temples are an important pilgrimage place. The options are Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism and Zoroastrianism (Parsi faith). We assume familiarity with major Indian architectural and religious landmarks. Concept / Approach: The Dilwara temples are a group of finely carved marble temples constructed by Jain patrons between the 11th and 13th centuries. They are dedicated to Jain Tirthankaras such as Adinatha and Neminatha. Their design reflects the Jain emphasis on purity, simplicity and intricate symbolic art. While India has many important Buddhist stupas, Sikh gurdwaras and Parsi fire temples, the Dilwara complex is specifically and historically associated with Jainism. Therefore, the correct answer must be the religion whose followers consider these temples a major holy site. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the Dilwara temples as a group of marble temples at Mount Abu. Step 2: Recall that these temples are dedicated to Jain Tirthankaras and were built by Jain merchants and rulers. Step 3: Understand that they are considered among the finest examples of Jain temple architecture in India. Step 4: Match this information with the options given, focusing on which religion worships Tirthankaras. Step 5: Conclude that Jainism is the correct answer, as Buddhists, Sikhs and Parsis have their own distinct types of sacred buildings elsewhere. Verification / Alternative check: Travel guides, art history books and encyclopaedias on Indian architecture consistently describe the Dilwara temples as Jain temples. They often highlight five main temples: Vimal Vasahi, Luna Vasahi, Pittalhar, Parshvanath and Mahavir Swami, all dedicated to Jain saints. None of these references identify the site as a centre for Buddhist, Sikh or Parsi worship. This consistent description across sources verifies that the complex is a Jain pilgrimage centre. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Buddhism: Important Buddhist sites in India include Bodh Gaya, Sarnath and Sanchi, not the Dilwara temples. Sikhism: Key Sikh pilgrimage centres are gurdwaras such as the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) at Amritsar, not Jain marble temples at Mount Abu. Zoroastrianism (Parsi faith): Parsis worship at fire temples and do not regard the Dilwara complex as a special religious site. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes assume that any famous ancient temple must be Hindu or Buddhist if they are not familiar with Jain architecture. Others may confuse Mount Abu with other northern or western Indian pilgrimage centres. A useful strategy is to remember that Rajasthan and nearby regions have several important Jain temple complexes, including Dilwara at Mount Abu and the Ranakpur temples, both strongly associated with Jainism. Final Answer: The Dilwara temples at Mount Abu are a sacred pilgrimage place for followers of Jainism.

Question 9

Who was the first Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia University (then located at Aligarh) in its early years as a nationalist educational institution?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to the history of modern Indian education and the national movement. Jamia Millia Islamia was founded in 1920 by nationalist leaders who wanted an institution free from direct colonial control and influence. In its early years, when it was based at Aligarh before shifting to Delhi, Jamia had a distinguished first Chancellor. Knowing who held this position helps students connect educational institutions with key figures of the freedom struggle. Given Data / Assumptions: The institution is Jamia Millia Islamia University in its early Aligarh phase. The question asks for the name of its first Chancellor. The options are Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. We assume awareness that Jamia Millia Islamia emerged from nationalist circles separate from the older Aligarh Muslim University. Concept / Approach: Jamia Millia Islamia was founded by a group of Muslim nationalists, including Maulana Mohammad Ali, Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari and Hakim Ajmal Khan, in response to political circumstances after the Non Cooperation Movement and the Khilafat agitation. Hakim Ajmal Khan, a renowned physician and nationalist leader, became the first Chancellor of Jamia. Although Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the founder of the earlier Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College at Aligarh (which later became Aligarh Muslim University), he predated Jamia and was not associated with this newer institution as Chancellor. The other listed personalities made important contributions to the freedom movement but did not serve as Jamia's first Chancellor. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Distinguish between Jamia Millia Islamia and Aligarh Muslim University. Jamia was founded in 1920, while AMU evolved from Sir Syed's college founded in the 19th century. Step 2: Recall that Jamia Millia Islamia was established by nationalist leaders who were dissatisfied with institutions seen as too close to colonial authorities. Step 3: Among its founding leaders, Hakim Ajmal Khan is remembered for taking up the role of the first Chancellor. Step 4: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan is associated with the founding of the Aligarh movement, not with Jamia Millia Islamia. Step 5: Conclude that Hakim Ajmal Khan was the first Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia. Verification / Alternative check: Historical notes on Jamia Millia Islamia repeatedly list Hakim Ajmal Khan as its first Chancellor, Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari as an early Vice Chancellor and Zakir Husain as one of its most famous later Vice Chancellors. In contrast, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan died before Jamia was founded and so could not have been its Chancellor. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur were important nationalist leaders, but their main work lay in other areas such as non violent mobilisation in the North West Frontier Province and health or social reforms respectively. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan: A leading Pashtun freedom fighter known as Frontier Gandhi, not recorded as Jamia's first Chancellor. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur: A prominent woman leader and India's first Health Minister, but not the founding Chancellor of Jamia. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan: Founder of the Aligarh movement and the Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College, not the later Jamia Millia Islamia, and he died before Jamia was created. Common Pitfalls: A common source of confusion is the shared location of Aligarh and Jamia in the early period and the similar sounding names of educational institutions. Some students mistakenly assume that because Sir Syed was associated with Aligarh, he must also have been the first Chancellor of any university connected to Aligarh. Others may simply guess a very famous nationalist name without considering chronological and institutional details. Keeping a clear mental distinction between Jamia Millia Islamia and Aligarh Muslim University helps prevent such mistakes. Final Answer: The first Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia University at Aligarh was Hakim Ajmal Khan.

Question 10

In the Delhi Sultanate period, the silver coin known as the ‘‘tanka’’ was first formally introduced by which ruler?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question concerns the monetary history of the Delhi Sultanate and the introduction of standard coinage. The silver tanka and copper jital became important units of currency under the early Sultans. Knowing which ruler was responsible for introducing the silver tanka helps students link economic reforms with key personalities in medieval Indian history. Given Data / Assumptions: The coin mentioned is the silver tanka. The context is the Delhi Sultanate period, not later Mughal or regional kingdoms. The options include Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Iltutmish, Balban and Bahram Shah. The question asks who first introduced this silver coin. We assume that the standard textbook narrative of Delhi Sultanate coinage is being followed. Concept / Approach: Iltutmish, who reigned in the early 13th century, is known as one of the real consolidators of the Delhi Sultanate. He is credited with introducing a proper currency system, including the silver tanka and the copper jital, which remained influential for later Muslim rulers in India. Qutb-ud-din Aibak, his predecessor, laid the political foundations but did not establish as stable a coinage system. Balban and Bahram Shah were later rulers who did not have the same reputation for currency reforms as Iltutmish. Therefore, correctly identifying the ruler requires recognising Iltutmish's special role in standardising the coinage. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Place the rulers chronologically: Qutb-ud-din Aibak first, followed by Iltutmish, then Bahram Shah and later Balban. Step 2: Recall that Iltutmish is considered the real founder and organiser of the Delhi Sultanate's administration. Step 3: Remember that he introduced the silver tanka and copper jital as recognised currency units. Step 4: Observe that no similar major coin reform is attributed to Qutb-ud-din Aibak, Balban or Bahram Shah in standard accounts. Step 5: Therefore, select Iltutmish as the ruler who introduced the silver tanka. Verification / Alternative check: Histories of medieval Indian coinage and Delhi Sultanate administration consistently mention that Iltutmish introduced the silver tanka (weighing about 175 grains) and the copper jital, forming the basis of a stable currency system. This reform is often highlighted alongside his political achievements like recognising Delhi as a sovereign sultanate and gaining formal investiture from the Abbasid Caliph. By contrast, Qutb-ud-din Aibak is remembered for construction and military achievements, not major coinage innovations, and Balban for his strong centralised rule and strict court discipline. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Qutb-ud-din Aibak: As the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, he did not systematise coinage in the same way and is not credited with the introduction of the silver tanka. Ghiyas-ud-din Balban: A later Sultan, known for his policy of kingship and suppression of nobles, but not for pioneering the tanka coin. Bahram Shah: A relatively weak ruler in the line of Iltutmish, without major currency reforms attributed to his reign. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes assume that the founder of a dynasty or the most famous strong ruler must automatically be responsible for all key reforms. This can lead them to choose Aibak or Balban by guesswork. To avoid such errors, it is important to remember specific associations: Iltutmish equals coinage reforms (tanka and jital), Balban equals strict monarchy, and Aibak equals early conquests and monumental architecture like the Qutb complex. Final Answer: The silver tanka was first introduced in the Delhi Sultanate by Iltutmish.

Question 11

During the British period, the decisive official step to introduce English education in India at the state level was taken under whose authority?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question deals with the social and educational policy of the British in India. The introduction of English education as a state supported medium was a turning point in the cultural and intellectual history of colonial India. It created a new English educated middle class that played an important role in later political developments. The question asks you to identify under whose authority the major official decision to promote English education was made. Given Data / Assumptions: The theme is the introduction of English education in India as official policy. We are asked who was responsible for this decisive step. The options are Lord Curzon, Thomas Babington Macaulay, Lord Dalhousie and Lord William Bentinck. We assume familiarity with the Macaulay Minute and the role of the Governor General. Concept / Approach: Thomas Babington Macaulay, as a member of the Governor General's Council, wrote the famous Minute on Education in 1835, strongly advocating English as the medium of higher education and dismissing traditional oriental learning. However, it was Lord William Bentinck, the then Governor General of India, who accepted Macaulay's recommendations and issued the resolution that formally adopted the promotion of English education as state policy. Later figures like Lord Dalhousie and Lord Curzon made other educational reforms but did not originate this decisive shift. Therefore, while Macaulay provided the influential argument, the official introduction at the government level is credited to Lord William Bentinck. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Macaulay wrote his Minute on Indian Education in 1835, arguing for English as the medium of instruction. Step 2: Recognise that Macaulay himself was not the Governor General but a legal member of the Council. Step 3: The formal government resolution accepting Macaulay's ideas and promoting English education was issued by Lord William Bentinck. Step 4: Lord Dalhousie and Lord Curzon belonged to later periods and are better known for other policies such as railways, annexations and university reforms. Step 5: Therefore, the decisive official step is ascribed to Lord William Bentinck. Verification / Alternative check: Most history texts clearly state that the English Education Act of 1835, which endorsed English as the medium for higher education and redirected funds from oriental learning to English institutions, was passed under Lord William Bentinck. Macaulay's Minute is usually reproduced or summarised alongside this, showing that he influenced the decision as an adviser. Lists of reforms under Bentinck highlight both social legislation like the abolition of sati and the adoption of English education policy, confirming his central role. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Lord Curzon: Known for the Universities Act of 1904 and his controversial policies in Bengal, but not for initiating English education in the 1830s. Thomas Babington Macaulay: Authored the famous Minute advocating English, but as he was not the Governor General, he did not officially promulgate the policy; Bentinck did. Lord Dalhousie: Associated with railways, telegraphs, the Doctrine of Lapse and expansion of British territory, rather than the original introduction of English education as state policy. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse influence with official authority. Because Macaulay's name is so strongly linked with English education, some candidates choose him as the person who "introduced" it. However, exam questions usually expect you to identify the Governor General under whose rule the policy was implemented. Remembering that Bentinck accepted Macaulay's recommendations and issued the key resolution helps avoid this mistake. Final Answer: The decisive official step to introduce English education in India was taken under Lord William Bentinck as Governor General.

Question 12

The collapse of share prices on Wall Street in 1929, often called the Wall Street Crash, directly led to which major global economic crisis?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question connects economic history with world affairs. The Wall Street collapse of 1929, also called the Wall Street Crash or the Great Crash, was a dramatic fall in share prices on the New York Stock Exchange. It is widely regarded as the trigger for one of the most severe and prolonged global economic crises of the twentieth century. Recognising the link between the crash and the subsequent Great Depression is a key part of modern world history and general awareness. Given Data / Assumptions: The event mentioned is the collapse of share prices on Wall Street. The year, though not stated in the stem, is historically 1929. The question asks what this collapse led to. The options link it to World War II, a recession, a US attack on Iraq and the Great Depression. We assume knowledge of the sequence of major twentieth century events. Concept / Approach: The Wall Street Crash of October 1929 sharply reduced share values, undermined investor confidence and led to bank failures and credit contraction. Because the United States was a major economic power, the effects soon spread worldwide. Declining output, falling prices, massive unemployment and contraction of international trade marked the global crisis of the 1930s, commonly known as the Great Depression. Although the depression created conditions that indirectly contributed to the rise of extremist regimes and eventually World War II, the immediate and direct outcome of the crash was the onset of the Great Depression rather than war or a specific military attack. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the Wall Street collapse as the stock market crash of 1929 in the United States. Step 2: Recall that this crash undermined banks and businesses and led to widespread economic hardship. Step 3: Understand that this hardship was not confined to the US; it spread to Europe and other parts of the world. Step 4: Recognise that the name given to this global economic downturn of the 1930s is the Great Depression. Step 5: Match this with the options and choose the one that explicitly mentions the Great Depression. Verification / Alternative check: Histories of the interwar period consistently state that the Great Depression began after the 1929 crash and lasted roughly until the late 1930s. They describe the crash as the starting point or trigger, though they also mention underlying structural problems in the world economy. World War II, by contrast, began later in 1939, about a decade after the crash, and cannot be said to have been directly "led to" by the crash in the narrow sense asked in the question. The US attack on Iraq belongs to a much later period of world history and is unrelated to the 1929 financial crisis. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Outbreak of the Second World War: While economic instability in the 1930s helped extremist politics to grow, the crash did not immediately or directly cause World War II; there were many intervening political events. A brief local recession only in the United States: The downturn was neither brief nor local; it became a prolonged worldwide depression. A United States military attack on Iraq: This is an event from the late twentieth or early twenty first century and has no direct connection with the 1929 Wall Street collapse. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the terms "recession" and "depression" or treat them as interchangeable. Another mistake is to compress the 1930s timeline and assume that everything from the crash to World War II is one continuous event. It is better to remember the sequence clearly: Crash (1929) leads to Great Depression in the 1930s, and only later do unresolved political and economic tensions contribute to the outbreak of World War II in 1939. Final Answer: The Wall Street collapse of 1929 led directly to the worldwide Great Depression.

Question 13

In India, which of the following cities is popularly known by the nickname ‘‘City of Palaces’’ because of its numerous grand buildings and mansions from the colonial era?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Many Indian cities are known by distinctive nicknames that reflect their history, architecture or culture, such as the Pink City or the City of Lakes. The title "City of Palaces" refers to a city known for its large number of grand palatial buildings and mansions, many of them built during the colonial period. The question tests whether you can correctly associate this nickname with the right Indian city, an important part of basic geography and general knowledge. Given Data / Assumptions: The nickname in question is "City of Palaces". The options are Jaipur, Kolkata, Gwalior and Udaipur. We assume familiarity with at least some of these cities' architectural reputations. The question asks which city in India is popularly called by this name. Concept / Approach: Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), the capital of British India until 1911, is famous for its imposing colonial era architecture, including mansions built by wealthy merchants (often called "rajbaris") and grand public buildings like the Victoria Memorial. Because of these numerous palatial structures, it earned the nickname "City of Palaces". While Jaipur is more commonly known as the "Pink City", and Udaipur as the "City of Lakes", Gwalior is famous for its fort and Scindia palaces but is not usually referred to in general knowledge as the City of Palaces in the same way. Therefore, the city most strongly associated with this nickname is Kolkata. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall common nicknames: Jaipur is widely called the Pink City; Udaipur is called the City of Lakes; Mysore (not listed here) is sometimes also called a city of palaces. Step 2: Note that Kolkata, as a former capital of British India, has many grand colonial buildings and merchant mansions. Step 3: Recognise that these large houses and public buildings led to the popular description of Kolkata as the City of Palaces. Step 4: Compare this with the options and eliminate Jaipur, Gwalior and Udaipur based on their better known nicknames. Step 5: Conclude that Kolkata is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Travel guides, city history books and exam preparation materials frequently refer to Kolkata as the City of Palaces, highlighting colonial structures along Chowringhee, Dalhousie Square and various old neighbourhoods. They point out that while newer Indian cities also have palaces, this specific nickname has stuck more strongly to Kolkata, reflecting its mix of colonial government buildings and aristocratic mansions. Jaipur and Udaipur, in contrast, are consistently branded by their colour and lakes respectively in tourism and general knowledge sources. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Jaipur: Most widely known as the Pink City because of the distinctive colour of its city walls and buildings in the old quarter. Gwalior: Famous for its hill fort and palaces, but not commonly named in general GK as the City of Palaces in the same way Kolkata is. Udaipur: Often called the City of Lakes due to its picturesque lakes like Pichola and Fateh Sagar, not the City of Palaces. Common Pitfalls: Because multiple Indian cities have impressive palaces, students may confuse various nicknames or assume that any city with palaces might be the answer. Another pitfall is to forget that nicknames are usually linked to tourism branding and popular culture more than strict architectural counts. A good memory trick is to associate Kolkata's grand colonial mansions and buildings with the idea of many palaces, which justifies the label "City of Palaces". Final Answer: In India, the city popularly known as the "City of Palaces" is Kolkata.

Question 14

During the reign of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, who was the first Englishman to appear at the Mughal court seeking trading privileges?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to the beginnings of formal contact between the Mughal Empire and the English in the early seventeenth century. The first Englishman to appear at Jahangir's court played an important role in trying to secure trading privileges for the English East India Company. Identifying him correctly helps students connect the early history of European trading companies in India with the Mughal political context of the time. Given Data / Assumptions: The setting is the Mughal court during Emperor Jahangir's reign. The question asks for the first Englishman to appear in that court. The options include Paul Canning, Captain William Hawkins, William Edwards and Ralph Fitch. We assume knowledge of early English travellers to India and their approximate timelines. Concept / Approach: Captain William Hawkins arrived at Jahangir's court in 1609 as a representative of the English East India Company. He sought permission to establish factories and trading rights. Ralph Fitch was an earlier English traveller who visited the court of Akbar in the late sixteenth century, not that of Jahangir. Paul Canning and William Edwards were other English figures involved in company affairs but are not usually identified as the first Englishman at Jahangir's court. Therefore, correctly answering the question involves distinguishing between travellers under Akbar and envoys under Jahangir, and then selecting Hawkins as the first in Jahangir's time. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Place Jahangir's reign in time: he ruled from 1605 to 1627. Step 2: Recall that Captain William Hawkins came to India as an English East India Company agent and reached Jahangir's court around 1609. Step 3: Note that Ralph Fitch had visited India earlier, during Akbar's reign, and thus does not fit the description for Jahangir's court. Step 4: Recognise that Paul Canning and William Edwards are not usually cited as the first English representatives at Jahangir's court in standard histories. Step 5: Conclude that Captain William Hawkins was the first Englishman to appear in Jahangir's court seeking trade privileges. Verification / Alternative check: Historical accounts of the English East India Company mention that Hawkins sailed in the ship Hector, landed at Surat and then proceeded to Jahangir's court. He stayed there for some time, attempting to negotiate favourable conditions for English trade. Ralph Fitch is described as an earlier merchant traveller who visited Akbar's empire in the 1580s but did not carry formal company credentials comparable to Hawkins' mission under Jahangir. This chronological and contextual evidence confirms that Hawkins was the first Englishman to appear in Jahangir's court in an official capacity. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Paul Canning: Though connected with early English East India Company activities, he is not recorded as the first Englishman at Jahangir's court. William Edwards: Another Englishman involved in trade, but not the earliest official visitor to Jahangir's court according to standard histories. Ralph Fitch: An important early English traveller, but his journey occurred during Akbar's reign, so he cannot be the first Englishman at Jahangir's court. Common Pitfalls: A frequent source of confusion is mixing up the reigns of Akbar and Jahangir and the travellers associated with each. Students may remember Ralph Fitch as a famous early English visitor to India and assume he fits any question about "first Englishman at the Mughal court" without reading the name of the emperor carefully. To avoid such errors, always note which Mughal ruler is mentioned and connect the correct traveller or envoy to that specific time period. Final Answer: The first Englishman to appear in the Mughal court during Jahangir's reign was Captain William Hawkins.

Question 15

Which Sultan of Delhi is historically known for shifting his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad (in the Deccan) in an ambitious but controversial move?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question deals with a famous and often criticised decision in the history of the Delhi Sultanate. One of the Sultans attempted to shift the capital of his empire from Delhi in North India to Daulatabad in the Deccan. The plan was ambitious but caused great hardship and is frequently cited as an example of over ambitious or impractical policy making. Identifying the correct ruler is an essential fact in medieval Indian history. Given Data / Assumptions: The action in question is the shifting of the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. The ruler was a Sultan of Delhi, not a Mughal emperor. The options list Iltutmish, Akbar, Ghiyas-ud-din Balban and Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. We assume familiarity with the distinctive policies of major Delhi Sultans. Concept / Approach: Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, who ruled in the 14th century, is well known for a series of bold but often unsuccessful experiments, including the issue of token currency and the shifting of the capital. He decided to move the capital to Daulatabad (then called Devagiri), presumably to have a more central location for controlling the entire subcontinent. However, the forced migration caused severe suffering and the plan had to be abandoned. Iltutmish and Balban are associated with consolidation and strong rule, while Akbar was a Mughal emperor, not a Delhi Sultan, and did not move his capital to Daulatabad. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the policy: moving the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad. Step 2: Recall that this policy is often mentioned in history books as an example of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq's ambitious but problematic decisions. Step 3: Confirm that Iltutmish and Balban, earlier Sultans, did not undertake such a move. Step 4: Recognise that Akbar was a Mughal ruler who shifted his main residence between places like Agra and Fatehpur Sikri, not to Daulatabad. Step 5: Conclude that the Sultan behind the Delhi to Daulatabad shift was Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. Verification / Alternative check: Standard narratives of the Tughlaq dynasty highlight Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq's relocation of the capital as one of his most controversial policies. They describe how he ordered the population of Delhi to move to Daulatabad, how the journey caused death and hardship, and how the capital was later shifted back. These accounts clearly name him, not Iltutmish, Balban or any Mughal, as the author of this decision. This cross checking firmly supports Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Iltutmish: Known for consolidating the Delhi Sultanate and introducing the silver tanka, but not for shifting the capital to Daulatabad. Akbar: A Mughal emperor whose capitals were mainly in Agra and Fatehpur Sikri; he was not a Delhi Sultan and is not associated with Daulatabad as capital. Ghiyas-ud-din Balban: A strong ruler famous for his policy of kingship and suppression of nobles; he did not relocate the capital to the Deccan. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse medieval and Mughal rulers or remember that Akbar moved between several capitals and mistakenly attribute every capital shift to him. Another error is to mix up Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq's policies, such as token currency and taxation experiments, and forget which one involved Daulatabad. A simple memory aid is to associate Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq with both token currency and the Delhi to Daulatabad capital move, marking him as an over ambitious planner whose experiments often failed. Final Answer: The Sultan of Delhi who shifted his capital from Delhi to Daulatabad was Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq.

Question 16

Damdama Lake, a popular weekend getaway and bird-watching spot near Gurgaon (Gurugram), is located in which Indian state?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question concerns basic Indian geography and tourism. Damdama Lake is a well known reservoir and picnic spot in North India, often visited by people from Delhi and nearby areas for boating, leisure and bird watching. The question checks whether you can correctly identify the state in which this lake is situated, which is a typical general awareness topic for competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The geographical feature is Damdama Lake. It is near Gurgaon (now Gurugram), a major city close to India's capital region. The options list the neighbouring states: Punjab, Rajasthan, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. The question asks which state actually contains this lake. Concept / Approach: Gurgaon (Gurugram) is located in the state of Haryana, bordering the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Damdama Lake lies in the Sohna region, which is part of Haryana's Gurugram district. Although Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh are also nearby states in North India, the specific location of the lake falls within Haryana. Recognising this requires knowing the modern state boundaries around Delhi and distinguishing Haryana from the adjoining states. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify Gurgaon (Gurugram) as a city in the state of Haryana, just southwest of Delhi. Step 2: Recall that Damdama Lake is frequently described as a weekend spot near Gurgaon, especially in travel guides for Delhi NCR. Step 3: Since Gurugram is in Haryana, a nearby lake in the same district logically lies within Haryana's boundaries. Step 4: Compare this with other options: Punjab and Rajasthan are further away to the northwest and west; Uttar Pradesh lies east of Delhi. Step 5: Conclude that Damdama Lake is located in Haryana. Verification / Alternative check: Maps and tourist information sources identify Damdama Lake as situated near Sohna in the Gurugram district of Haryana. It is often included in lists of attractions within Haryana tourism, not in those of Punjab, Rajasthan or Uttar Pradesh. Directions to the lake from Delhi usually specify routes entering Haryana via Gurgaon, reinforcing that the site lies inside that state's territory. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Punjab: Although a northern neighbour of Haryana, Punjab does not contain Gurgaon or Damdama Lake. Rajasthan: Lies to the west and southwest of Delhi and Haryana, and is famous for desert landscapes and other lakes, but not for Damdama Lake. Uttar Pradesh: Borders Delhi on the east and contains cities like Noida and Ghaziabad, but Damdama Lake is not situated there. Common Pitfalls: Candidates sometimes think of any area around Delhi as part of Uttar Pradesh, or they confuse Gurgaon's location because of its closeness to Delhi. Others may guess Rajasthan because they associate lakes and tourism in North India with that state. To avoid such errors, remember that Gurgaon (Gurugram), Faridabad and several other major suburbs south and west of Delhi are in Haryana, and Damdama Lake is one of Haryana's local attractions. Final Answer: Damdama Lake is located in the state of Haryana.

Question 17

The Battle of Haldighati, fought in 1576, was a major conflict between the Mughal forces of Emperor Akbar and which Rajput ruler?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Battle of Haldighati is one of the most famous battles in the history of the Mughal Rajput relations. It took place in 1576 in a narrow mountain pass in Rajasthan and has become a symbol of Rajput resistance and valour. This question asks you to identify the Rajput ruler who fought against the Mughal emperor Akbar's forces in that battle, an essential piece of information for students of Indian history and competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The battle mentioned is the Battle of Haldighati. It was fought in the year 1576. One side was the Mughal forces of Emperor Akbar. The options include Sher Shah Suri, Maharana Pratap, Hemu Vikramaditya and Nader Shah. We assume knowledge of key Rajput leaders of this period. Concept / Approach: Maharana Pratap, the ruler of Mewar, is widely remembered for resisting Mughal expansion under Akbar. At Haldighati, his forces fought against the Mughal army led by Man Singh of Amber. Although the battle did not end in a clear Mughal victory or Maharana Pratap's capture, it is celebrated in folklore as a heroic stand. Sher Shah Suri and Hemu Vikramaditya belong to earlier phases of Afghan and Sur rule, and Nader Shah was an 18th century Persian invader, so they cannot be the correct opponents at Haldighati in 1576. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Place the battle in time: 1576, during Akbar's reign (1556–1605). Step 2: Recall that Maharana Pratap of Mewar famously refused to accept Mughal suzerainty and fought several engagements against Akbar's forces. Step 3: The Battle of Haldighati is specifically associated with Maharana Pratap's stand in a narrow pass in the Aravalli hills. Step 4: Compare this with the options: Sher Shah Suri and Hemu Vikramaditya belonged to an earlier era, and Nader Shah invaded India much later in 1739. Step 5: Conclude that the Rajput leader in this battle was Maharana Pratap of Mewar. Verification / Alternative check: Historical summaries of Akbar's Rajput policy always mention that while many Rajput rulers allied with him, Maharana Pratap of Mewar did not. The Battle of Haldighati is consistently described as a clash between Maharana Pratap's forces and the Mughal army led by Man Singh, fought under Akbar's authority. Sher Shah Suri is instead linked with the Battle of Chausa and the Battle of Kannauj against Humayun, and Nader Shah with the later sack of Delhi during Muhammad Shah's reign. This confirms Maharana Pratap as the right choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Sher Shah Suri: An Afghan ruler who ousted Humayun earlier, not a Rajput ruler fighting Akbar at Haldighati. Hemu Vikramaditya: A Hindu general of the Sur dynasty who was defeated by Akbar at the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556, not in 1576 at Haldighati. Nader Shah: A Persian ruler who invaded India in 1739, long after Akbar's time, and has no connection to Haldighati. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse different battles involving the Mughals, such as Panipat, Chausa, Kannauj and Haldighati, and mix up which opponent fought which emperor. Another mistake is not distinguishing between Afghan rulers like Sher Shah Suri and Rajput rulers like Maharana Pratap. To avoid these errors, it helps to remember that Haldighati is the iconic Rajput resistance battle associated with Maharana Pratap and Akbar's expansion in Rajasthan. Final Answer: The Battle of Haldighati in 1576 was fought between Akbar's Mughal forces and Maharana Pratap of Mewar.

Question 18

The inscriptions of Emperor Ashoka, issued in the third century BCE, were primarily written in which ancient script in most regions of the Indian subcontinent?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to the study of ancient Indian epigraphy and scripts. Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya dynasty issued numerous rock edicts and pillar inscriptions across his empire in the third century BCE. These inscriptions are a major source of early Indian history. Knowing which script was primarily used for these inscriptions is essential for understanding the development of writing in the subcontinent. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to the inscriptions of Ashoka. They were issued in the third century BCE. We are asked about the script, not the language. The options include Brahmi, Devanagari, Gurmukhi and "Classical Sanskrit script". We assume awareness that different scripts evolved over time and that later scripts did not exist in Ashoka's period. Concept / Approach: Most of Ashoka's inscriptions in the heartland of his empire were written in the Brahmi script, using the Prakrit language. In the northwest, a few inscriptions used the Kharosthi script. However, the dominant and most widespread script was Brahmi. Devanagari, Gurmukhi and later standardised forms of Sanskrit script were developed centuries afterwards and therefore could not have been used in Ashoka's time. Thus, correctly answering the question is mainly a matter of recognising Brahmi as the earliest widely used Indian script for such inscriptions. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Place Ashoka in the historical timeline: he ruled in the third century BCE. Step 2: Recall that his inscriptions are among the earliest large bodies of written material from India and are primarily in Prakrit language. Step 3: Understand that these inscriptions were usually written in Brahmi script across much of the subcontinent, with some use of Kharosthi in the northwest. Step 4: Recognise that scripts like Devanagari and Gurmukhi developed much later in the first millennium CE. Step 5: Conclude that Brahmi is the correct answer for the script primarily used in Ashoka's inscriptions. Verification / Alternative check: Epigraphic studies and textbooks consistently state that Ashokan inscriptions are our main source for early Brahmi script. James Prinsep famously deciphered the Brahmi script in the 19th century using Ashokan inscriptions. Devanagari, used today for Hindi and Sanskrit, evolved from earlier forms of Nagari which in turn came from Brahmi, but only centuries after Ashoka. Gurmukhi is the script used for Punjabi and Sikh scriptures, developed in the 16th century by Guru Angad, long after the Mauryan period. These chronological facts confirm that Brahmi is the only correct choice among the options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Devanagari script: A later script used widely in North India, but not in existence during Ashoka's time. Gurmukhi script: Developed in the 16th century CE for Sikh scripture, far removed in time from the Mauryan era. Classical Sanskrit script as used later: Sanskrit as a language existed, but the standardised Nagari based script commonly associated with classical Sanskrit inscriptions came much later than Ashoka. Common Pitfalls: Students may confuse language with script and think that because Sanskrit is ancient, its later script forms were used in all early inscriptions. Another common mistake is to assume that the scripts used in modern North India, like Devanagari or Gurmukhi, must also have been used in the distant past. To avoid this, it helps to remember that Brahmi and Kharosthi are the earliest large scale Indian scripts, with Brahmi being the main script of Ashokan edicts. Final Answer: Ashoka's inscriptions were primarily written in the Brahmi script across most of his empire.

Question 19

In which year did the First World War (World War I), a global conflict involving many of the world’s great powers, officially break out?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question checks your basic knowledge of world history, specifically the dates of major global conflicts. The First World War, also known as World War I, dramatically reshaped international politics, empires and societies. Knowing the year in which this war officially began is fundamental for understanding 20th century history and for answering many related questions in exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The conflict is the First World War (World War I). The question asks in which year it broke out. The options are 1904, 1914, 1924 and 1934. We assume awareness that the war lasted from 1914 to 1918. Concept / Approach: World War I is universally dated as beginning in 1914 and ending in 1918. The immediate trigger was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in June 1914, followed by a series of diplomatic crises and declarations of war in July and August. None of the other years listed match the well established period of this war. Therefore, identifying the start year is mainly a matter of correctly recalling the basic timeline of the conflict. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the standard dates of World War I: 1914–1918. Step 2: Focus on the year in which hostilities officially began, which is 1914. Step 3: Compare this date with the options: 1904 (too early), 1924 and 1934 (too late). Step 4: Select 1914 as the correct year when the war broke out. Verification / Alternative check: Any world history textbook or reference work confirms that World War I began in 1914, following the assassination in Sarajevo and the July Crisis. Key events include Austria Hungary's declaration of war on Serbia and subsequent mobilisations by other powers. The year 1918 is recorded as the end of the war with the armistice. None of the other years listed in the options are associated with such a global conflict under the name World War I. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1904: This year is associated more with the Russo Japanese War, not with World War I. 1924: Comes after the war and falls in the interwar period; it is linked more to postwar reconstruction and the League of Nations, not the outbreak of World War I. 1934: Belongs to the interwar years leading up to World War II, not to the start of World War I. Common Pitfalls: Some students mix up the start dates of the two World Wars, sometimes mistakenly placing World War I at 1919 or 1939. Others may confuse the war's end date (1918) with its start date (1914). A simple memory aid is to remember the pair 1914–1918 as the bracket for World War I and 1939–1945 for World War II, keeping the timelines clearly separated in your mind. Final Answer: World War I broke out in the year 1914.

Question 20

India conducts a joint military exercise named ‘‘EKUVERIN’’ with which neighbouring country, as seen for example in the seventh edition of the bilateral exercise held in 2016 at Kadhdhoo?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to the area of defence and international relations. India regularly conducts joint military exercises with friendly countries to improve cooperation, interoperability and regional security. One such exercise is code named EKUVERIN. Knowing which country participates with India in this bilateral exercise is an important detail for defence related general knowledge, especially since it has been held multiple times, including the seventh edition in 2016 at Kadhdhoo. Given Data / Assumptions: The exercise name is EKUVERIN. It is a bilateral (two country) joint military exercise. The question mentions the seventh edition in 2016 at Kadhdhoo. The options are Nepal, Pakistan, Maldives and Bhutan. We assume familiarity with India's defence partnerships in the Indian Ocean region. Concept / Approach: EKUVERIN is the name used for a series of joint military exercises between India and the Republic of Maldives. The word "Ekuverin" itself means "friends" in the Maldivian Dhivehi language, reflecting the friendly nature of the partnership. Kadhdhoo is an island in the Maldives, further indicating the country involved. India also conducts other exercises with Nepal and Bhutan, but under different names, and not with Pakistan in this cooperative sense. Therefore, identifying the partner country requires recognising the link between the exercise name, venue and India's strategic relations in the Indian Ocean. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note that EKUVERIN is specifically mentioned as a bilateral exercise with India. Step 2: Recall that EKUVERIN is associated with India–Maldives joint exercises to enhance defence cooperation. Step 3: Recognise that Kadhdhoo is an island location in the Maldives, which hosted the 2016 edition. Step 4: Compare with other options: India conducts different named exercises with Nepal and Bhutan and has no such friendly bilateral military exercise with Pakistan under this title. Step 5: Conclude that the country partnering India in EKUVERIN is the Maldives. Verification / Alternative check: Official defence ministry releases and news reports on joint exercises consistently describe EKUVERIN as an annual or regular joint exercise between the Indian Army and the Maldives National Defence Force. They often highlight the goal of strengthening defence cooperation and mutual understanding. The choice of Maldivian locations such as Kadhdhoo for some editions further confirms that the partner is the Maldives, not Nepal, Pakistan or Bhutan. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Nepal: India and Nepal conduct joint exercises, such as Surya Kiran, but not under the name EKUVERIN. Pakistan: India does not conduct a friendly bilateral army exercise named EKUVERIN with Pakistan; relations are of a different nature. Bhutan: India and Bhutan cooperate closely in defence, but their joint exercises are not called EKUVERIN. Common Pitfalls: Candidates may confuse the names of various exercises, such as Surya Kiran (India–Nepal), Maitree (India–Thailand), Yudh Abhyas (India–USA) and EKUVERIN (India–Maldives). Another source of confusion is not recognising Kadhdhoo as a Maldivian location. To avoid mistakes, it is helpful to group exercises in memory by region: EKUVERIN can be remembered as a friendly Indian Ocean island exercise with the Maldives, whose name itself means "friends". Final Answer: The bilateral exercise EKUVERIN is conducted between India and the Maldives.

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