Question 1

The Red Fort in Delhi was built by which Mughal ruler?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Red Fort in Delhi is a UNESCO World Heritage site and a national symbol of India. It is also an important topic in medieval Indian history and architecture sections of exams. This question tests whether you know which Mughal ruler commissioned and built this iconic fort. Given Data / Assumptions: The monument mentioned is the Red Fort in Delhi. The options include Mughal rulers and a generic British authority option. You must identify the ruler associated with the construction of the fort. Concept / Approach: Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor, is renowned for major architectural works, the most famous being the Taj Mahal. He also shifted the capital from Agra to a new city called Shahjahanabad in Delhi and built the Red Fort as its main palace complex. Babur was the founder of the Mughal Empire, Aurangzeb was a later ruler, and British authorities only used the fort after the decline of Mughal power. Recognising Shah Jahan role in Mughal architecture leads to the correct answer. Step by Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Shah Jahan is associated with several grand monuments including the Taj Mahal and the Jama Masjid in Delhi. Step 2: Remember that he planned a new capital city, Shahjahanabad, on the banks of the Yamuna. Step 3: The Red Fort was built as the main fort and palace complex of this new capital. Step 4: Babur and Aurangzeb were important emperors but are not credited with constructing the Red Fort. Step 5: The British used the fort as a symbol of their authority but did not build it, so that option is clearly wrong. Verification / Alternative check: Tourism literature, history textbooks, and government documents all attribute the construction of the Red Fort to Shah Jahan. Independence Day celebrations in modern India, held at the Red Fort, often mention the Mughal heritage of the site. No credible source claims that any other ruler built the fort, which confirms this as a straightforward fact based question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Babur: Although he founded the Mughal Empire, he did not build the Red Fort in Delhi. The British authorities: They later occupied and modified the fort but did not construct it originally. Aurangzeb: He added some structures in various cities but the main construction of the Red Fort is credited to Shah Jahan. Common Pitfalls: Students may confuse the contributions of different Mughal rulers to Delhi architecture. A helpful memory aid is to associate Shah Jahan with white marble and grand palace complexes, including both the Taj Mahal at Agra and the Red Fort at Delhi. Remembering this pairing makes such questions very easy. Final Answer: The Red Fort in Delhi was built by Shah Jahan.

Question 2

To mark the birth centenary of M G Ramachandran, the Reserve Bank of India issued commemorative coins of which rupee denomination?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Reserve Bank of India occasionally issues special commemorative coins to mark important anniversaries of national leaders and cultural icons. M G Ramachandran, often known as MGR, was a popular film star and Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. His birth centenary was an event for which special coins were released. This question checks whether you remember the denomination of those coins. Given Data / Assumptions: The event is the birth centenary of M G Ramachandran. The issuer of the coin is the Reserve Bank of India. The options list various rupee denominations including 20, 100, 200, and 500. Concept / Approach: Commemorative coins are often issued in standard and higher denominations, with 100 rupees being a common high denomination used for special occasions. While the Reserve Bank has occasionally issued various denominations for different personalities, the commemorative coin specifically linked with the M G Ramachandran centenary is the 100 rupee coin. Recognising the pattern of such releases and recalling this particular case leads to the correct answer. Step by Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that this is a commemorative coin question, not a regular circulation coin question. Step 2: Recall news coverage of the M G Ramachandran centenary celebrations, which mentioned the release of coins. Step 3: Remember that the commemorative high value coin for this occasion was of 100 rupees. Step 4: Compare this memory with the listed options and see that 100 rupees is indeed included. Step 5: Therefore, select rupees 100 as the correct denomination. Verification / Alternative check: If you are unsure, consider the usual pattern of commemorative coin issues in India, where denominations like 5, 10, and 100 rupees are commonly used. Very high denominations such as 500 rupees coins are rare and generally not associated with personality centenaries that have wide public engagement. The fact that news articles on the centenary specifically mention a 100 rupee coin supports this answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Rupees 200: Although 200 rupee coins exist in some contexts, this specific centenary is not widely associated with that denomination, so this is not the expected answer. Rupees 500: This denomination would be unusually high for a commemorative coin aimed at broad public recognition. Rupees 20: This is a relatively low denomination and not the main high value coin that marked the centenary of M G Ramachandran. Common Pitfalls: Candidates sometimes guess the highest denomination listed, assuming that the more important the person, the larger the value of the coin. This is not a reliable rule. The safer approach is to remember actual news reports or to know that 100 rupees is a standard high value commemorative denomination used by the Reserve Bank of India. Final Answer: To mark the birth centenary of M G Ramachandran, the Reserve Bank of India issued commemorative coins of rupees 100 denomination.

Question 3

In which year was the Pulitzer Prize first established as a major journalism and literary award?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Pulitzer Prize is one of the most prestigious awards in journalism, literature, and musical composition, particularly in the United States. Many general knowledge and competitive exams ask about its origin and establishment year. This question focuses on identifying the year when the Pulitzer Prize was first instituted. Given Data / Assumptions: The subject is the establishment of the Pulitzer Prize. Four potential years are provided: 1762, 1883, 1917, and 1965. The correct year should correspond to the first set of awards. Concept / Approach: The Pulitzer Prizes were established following the will of Joseph Pulitzer, a newspaper publisher. The Columbia University School of Journalism administers the awards. Although Joseph Pulitzer lived in the nineteenth century, the first prizes were awarded in 1917. By connecting the timeline of his life with the creation of the journalism school and the prize, you can identify the correct year. Step by Step Solution: Step 1: Note that 1762 is far too early and predates Joseph Pulitzer life, so it is unlikely. Step 2: Recognise that 1883 lies within the lifetime of Joseph Pulitzer but before the awards were actually created. Step 3: Remember that the Pulitzer Prizes were first awarded in 1917, with categories in journalism and letters. Step 4: Observe that 1965 is too late and comes long after the prizes had already gained international recognition. Step 5: Therefore, 1917 stands out as the correct year of establishment. Verification / Alternative check: Any short history of the Pulitzer Prize mentions that the first awards were given in 1917, reflecting Joseph Pulitzer bequest to Columbia University. The journalism school and prize system took time to develop after his death, which explains the gap between his career and the award start date. No credible source lists 1762, 1883, or 1965 as the founding year of the prize system. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1762: This year is much earlier than the lifetime of Joseph Pulitzer and cannot be associated with the prize named after him. 1883: Although Joseph Pulitzer was active during this period, the prize system was not yet instituted and the first awards did not occur then. 1965: By this time, the Pulitzer Prize was already a mature institution; 1965 is not an establishment year but part of its ongoing history. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse the year Pulitzer began his newspaper career with the year the prize was created. Others assume a more recent date like 1965 because they only learned about the prize in modern contexts. It helps to fix the year 1917 in memory by associating it with the First World War era and the rise of modern professional journalism. Final Answer: The Pulitzer Prize was established and first awarded in 1917.

Question 4

Kalhana work Rajatarangini is an important historical chronicle of which region?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Rajatarangini is a famous historical work written in Sanskrit verse by Kalhana, a twelfth century Kashmiri poet historian. It is often asked about in exams because it provides an unusually continuous narrative of the kings of a specific region in early medieval India. This question checks whether you can correctly identify the region whose history is described in Rajatarangini. Given Data / Assumptions: The author named is Kalhana. The work mentioned is Rajatarangini, which literally means river of kings. The options list Kashmir, the reign of Harsha, Rajasthan, and the reign of Chandragupta. Concept / Approach: Rajatarangini focuses on the line of kings who ruled the Kashmir valley. It weaves together legend, earlier records, and Kalhana own observations to create a chronicle of that region. It is not a biography of Harsha of Kanauj, nor is it a record of Rajasthan or the Mauryan period. Recognising the core association between Kalhana and Kashmir helps you select the correct answer. Step by Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Kalhana was a historian and poet from Kashmir in the twelfth century. Step 2: Understand that Rajatarangini is a long poetic chronicle narrating the succession of rulers of Kashmir. Step 3: Recognise that while it sometimes mentions wider Indian events, its primary focus remains on Kashmir dynasties. Step 4: Note that the reign of Harsha of Kanauj and Chandragupta Maurya belongs to different texts and eras. Step 5: Therefore, among the options, Kashmir is the only accurate region linked with this work. Verification / Alternative check: Standard references in Indian historiography describe Rajatarangini as a unique regional chronicle for Kashmir. Many exam guides explicitly state that it is a history of Kashmir and often pair this fact with the name of its author. No credible text identifies Rajatarangini as a history of Rajasthan or as a dedicated account of Harsha or Chandragupta Maurya, which confirms that these options are distractors. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The reign of Harsha in North India: Information about Harsha is primarily drawn from texts like Harshacharita by Bana and the travel accounts of Xuanzang, not from Rajatarangini. Rajasthan: While other chronicles and inscriptions deal with Rajput kingdoms, Rajatarangini is not centred on this region. The reign of Chandragupta Maurya: Early Mauryan history relies on sources like the writings of Megasthenes and later texts, not Kalhana work. Common Pitfalls: Some learners mix up different Sanskrit historical works because they all deal with kings and dynasties. It is helpful to create a simple association in memory: Kalhana plus Rajatarangini equals history of Kashmir. Linking each historian with a specific region or ruler helps prevent confusion in objective questions. Final Answer: Kalhana Rajatarangini is a historical chronicle of Kashmir.

Question 5

In Gupta period Indian history, Aryabhatta and Kalidasa were in the court of which Gupta emperor?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: During the Gupta period, often called the golden age of ancient India, several great scholars and literary figures flourished at royal courts. Two of the most famous names from this era are the mathematician and astronomer Aryabhatta and the classical Sanskrit poet and dramatist Kalidasa. Many exam questions in Indian history test the association of these luminaries with specific Gupta rulers, because this helps students connect cultural achievements with political history. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to the Gupta period of ancient Indian history. It specifically asks about the Gupta emperor whose court included Aryabhatta and Kalidasa. The options list several prominent Gupta rulers: Samudragupta, Chandragupta I, Chandragupta II, Kumara Gupta I and Skandagupta. The task is to identify the ruler whose reign is strongly linked with a cultural golden age and the presence of these scholars at court. Concept / Approach: The key concept is the cultural history of the Gupta empire. Chandragupta II, also known by the title Vikramaditya, is famous for presiding over a brilliant court filled with scholars, poets and scientists. Traditional accounts and later literary traditions associate Kalidasa and Aryabhatta with the court of Vikramaditya. Therefore, by recalling which Gupta ruler is known as Vikramaditya and associated with such a circle of learned men, we can pick the correct option. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Gupta dynasty included rulers such as Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, Chandragupta II, Kumara Gupta and Skandagupta. Step 2: Remember that Chandragupta II took the title Vikramaditya and ruled during a period of great cultural and artistic achievement. Step 3: Traditional narratives and many history texts describe Kalidasa as a court poet of Vikramaditya, identified with Chandragupta II. Step 4: Aryabhatta is also linked by tradition with the Gupta cultural milieu around the same time, strengthening the association with Chandragupta II. Step 5: Compare each option and select Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya) as the emperor whose court is most strongly connected with both Aryabhatta and Kalidasa. Verification / Alternative check: A quick verification is to match rulers with their key achievements. Samudragupta is remembered more for his conquests and military campaigns than for a circle of nine gems. Chandragupta I is known as the founder who gave the initial royal status to the family. Skandagupta is famous for fighting the Hunas. Kumara Gupta is associated with founding Nalanda but not directly with Kalidasa. Chandragupta II, on the other hand, is repeatedly linked with a golden cultural age and the legendary group of learned men. This cross check confirms the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Samudragupta: Mainly renowned as a great conqueror and military leader, not specifically for hosting Kalidasa and Aryabhatta at his court. Kumara Gupta I: Known for stability and possibly for Nalanda, but not clearly associated with both these figures. Skandagupta: Famous for defending the empire against the Hunas rather than for cultural patronage on this scale. Chandragupta I: Credited with consolidating Gupta power but not with the specific cultural circle linked to Aryabhatta and Kalidasa. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse Chandragupta I, Chandragupta II and Chandragupta Maurya because of the similarity in names. Another common mistake is to assume that the first or most militarily famous ruler must also be the cultural patron. Careful reading of history texts shows that it is Chandragupta II Vikramaditya whose court is famous for learned men, including Kalidasa, and whose era overlaps with the work of Aryabhatta. Final Answer: Correct answer: Chandragupta II (Vikramaditya).

Question 6

In the context of the 1856 Summary Settlement in Awadh, which assumption about the talukdars guided British policy?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Summary Settlement of 1856 in Awadh was an important step in the expansion of British land revenue administration in North India. The British sought to reorganise land rights, revenue collection and control over rural society. A crucial feature of this process was the attitude of colonial officials toward the talukdars, who were powerful intermediaries controlling large estates. Many exam questions test which assumption underlay British policy during this settlement, because this assumption explains why many talukdars lost their traditional authority. Given Data / Assumptions: The event is the Summary Settlement of 1856 carried out in Awadh just before annexation. The question asks about the core assumption regarding talukdars held by British officials. Options present different views: rightful owners, interlopers, power to evict peasants, guaranteed share of revenue or village officials. We must identify the historically accurate assumption that guided policy decisions. Concept / Approach: Colonial officials believed that talukdars in Awadh were recent usurpers who had taken control over land and revenue from village communities. As a result, British policy aimed to weaken them and establish a direct relationship with peasants or village level proprietors. Therefore, the correct option is the one that describes talukdars as interlopers without permanent rights, justifying their displacement from revenue management. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Summary Settlement in Awadh was intended to quickly decide who held proprietary rights for the purpose of land revenue. Step 2: British officials viewed talukdars with suspicion and believed that they had taken over the rights of smaller landholders. Step 3: This view led the administration to reduce or ignore talukdari claims and to settle revenue directly with peasants or village proprietors. Step 4: Compare the options and look for the one that captures this distrustful attitude, namely that talukdars were interlopers without permanent stakes. Step 5: Select the statement that the talukdars were mere interlopers with no permanent rights in the land as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: An alternative way to verify is to consider the consequences of the settlement. After the annexation of Awadh, many talukdars were dispossessed or saw their authority drastically reduced, which supports the idea that they were not recognised as rightful proprietors. British official writings from that period often describe talukdars as oppressive middlemen rather than legitimate landlords, further confirming that policy was driven by the assumption that they were interlopers. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The talukdars were the rightful hereditary owners of the land: If this had been the assumption, British officials would have strengthened talukdari rights instead of weakening them. The talukdars could legally evict peasants at will from their holdings: This describes power, not the assumption about their legitimacy, and does not match the guiding principle of the settlement. The talukdars were guaranteed a fixed share of state revenue: In fact, their revenue role was curtailed rather than guaranteed. The talukdars were village record keepers similar to patwaris: Patwaris are different local officials and this does not describe the colonial view of talukdars. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse what talukdars actually did in practice with what the British administration assumed about them. Another pitfall is mixing up this policy with later attempts to conciliate talukdars after the revolt of 1857, when the British realised they needed their support. The question, however, focuses on the initial assumption at the time of the 1856 settlement, which was that talukdars were illegitimate intermediaries who had seized village lands. Final Answer: Correct answer: The talukdars were mere interlopers without permanent rights in the land.

Question 7

In 1921, during which tour in India did Mahatma Gandhi shave his head and begin wearing a simple loincloth to identify with the poor?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Mahatma Gandhi is remembered not only for his political strategies but also for his personal lifestyle choices, which he used as powerful symbols. In 1921, he made a dramatic decision to adopt a very simple style of dress, shaving his head and wearing only a loincloth and shawl, in order to identify more closely with poor Indian peasants. This question asks during which tour in India this transformation took place, a detail often tested in modern Indian history. Given Data / Assumptions: The year mentioned is 1921, a key period in the Non Cooperation Movement. The event involves Gandhi shaving his head and adopting a loincloth as clothing. Several tours are suggested: Champaran, Ahmedabad, Chauri Chaura, South India and Kheda. We must recall which region and specific journey led to this change. Concept / Approach: The important concept is Gandhi's effort to identify with the poorest sections of Indian society. During his tour of South India in 1921, especially after his experiences in Madurai, he felt that his earlier dress still reflected elite status. He therefore decided to change to the very simple clothing of a poor villager. Recognising the link between this decision and his South Indian tour helps us choose the correct option. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note the year 1921, which coincides with the Non Cooperation Movement and many travels by Gandhi across India. Step 2: Recall that the Champaran and Kheda movements took place earlier, in 1917 and 1918, before this change in dress. Step 3: Remember that the Chauri Chaura incident occurred in 1922 in United Provinces and was related to a violent clash, not to Gandhi's change of clothing. Step 4: Connect the decision to wear a loincloth with Gandhi's observations of deep rural poverty in South India, especially in Madurai. Step 5: Based on this connection, select his tour of South India including Madurai as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: A quick verification is to match the timeline of Gandhi's major campaigns. Champaran and Kheda were agrarian satyagrahas before 1920, while the Ahmedabad mill strike involved urban labour issues. The dramatic adoption of a loincloth came later, once Gandhi had become a national leader and was consciously shaping his personal image to reflect peasant life. Historical accounts consistently locate this decision in Madurai during a South Indian tour in 1921, confirming the chosen option. Why Other Options Are Wrong: His tour of Champaran in Bihar: This was an earlier indigo peasant struggle in 1917 and did not coincide with the change of dress in 1921. His tour of Ahmedabad mill areas: Related to workers wage disputes and Gandhi's hunger strike, not this symbolic change in clothing. His tour of Chauri Chaura in United Provinces: Chauri Chaura is linked to a violent incident in 1922 that led Gandhi to suspend the Non Cooperation Movement. His tour of the Kheda district in Gujarat: Another important peasant satyagraha before 1920, but not associated with the loincloth decision. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse the various locations of Gandhi's early satyagrahas and assume that any famous campaign might have been the moment of personal change. Another pitfall is to focus only on the movement, such as Non Cooperation, rather than on the specific regional tour where Gandhi drew direct inspiration from the clothing of poor villagers. Remembering the name Madurai and connecting it with the South Indian tour in 1921 helps avoid this confusion. Final Answer: Correct answer: His tour of South India including Madurai.

Question 8

The statement "A sound body means one which bends itself to the spirit and is always a ready instrument at its service" is attributed to which leader?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question comes from the field of modern history and moral education, and it revolves around a famous quotation about the relationship between body and spirit. The statement emphasises that a truly sound body is one that is obedient to the spirit and ready to serve higher ideals. Such themes are common in the writings of leaders connected with youth movements and character building. Identifying which leader used this wording helps test familiarity with historical personalities and their philosophies. Given Data / Assumptions: The quotation clearly values physical fitness as a servant of spiritual and moral goals. The leaders listed include Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Winston Churchill, Mahatma Gandhi, Robert Baden Powell and Jawaharlal Nehru. Among these names, one is especially linked to youth training and the scouting movement. The question expects recognition of the distinctive style and context of the quote. Concept / Approach: The key idea is to connect the theme of the quote with the movement championed by the leader. Robert Baden Powell, founder of the Boy Scout movement, repeatedly stressed that the body should be trained to serve the mind and spirit, and that physical strength without moral purpose is incomplete. The language of the quote fits his emphasis on discipline, service and character building in youth. Therefore, by aligning the quote with that philosophy, we can deduce the correct answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Read the quote carefully and note that it combines physical fitness with obedience to the spirit. Step 2: Recall that Robert Baden Powell wrote extensively about training boys to become physically fit, morally upright and spiritually oriented. Step 3: Compare this focus with the other leaders. Gandhi and Nehru discussed body and mind, but their most famous quotes use different wording and contexts. Step 4: Winston Churchill spoke powerfully about courage and war but is not known for this specific type of character education quote. Step 5: Conclude that the quote aligns most closely with the ideals of Baden Powell and select his name as the answer. Verification / Alternative check: The quote is often cited in discussions about the aims of scouting and guiding, reinforcing that it comes from the founder of the movement. Reference books and moral education texts usually attribute it to Robert Baden Powell. In contrast, compilations of Gandhi or Nehru quotations do not highlight this exact sentence. This external alignment with the scouting tradition verifies that Baden Powell is the correct choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Known as the Iron Man of India, he focused on political integration and administration rather than youth training through scouting language. Winston Churchill: Famous for speeches during the Second World War, but not for emphasising the body as an instrument of the spirit in this particular way. Mahatma Gandhi: He valued simplicity, self control and physical work, yet this specific quote is not from his writings. Jawaharlal Nehru: Wrote about science, nationalism and childhood, but the style and emphasis here do not match his usual tone. Common Pitfalls: Students may be tempted to choose Gandhi because he often spoke about the harmony of body and spirit. Others may pick Nehru due to his popularity and association with youth. However, careful attention to the scouting flavour of the words and some familiarity with Baden Powell's teachings help avoid these mistakes. Knowing a few well known quotations connected to key historical figures is a useful exam strategy. Final Answer: Correct answer: Robert Baden-Powell.

Question 9

In ancient Tamil literature, who is regarded as the author of the Buddhist epic Manimekalai?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Manimekalai is one of the great epics of ancient Tamil literature. It is particularly important because it reflects Buddhist philosophical ideas in a classical Tamil setting. Exam questions often ask about the authorship of major Tamil epics, such as Silappadikaram, Manimekalai and others, as this helps students remember the cultural and religious diversity of early South Indian literature. Given Data / Assumptions: The work mentioned is Manimekalai, a Tamil epic with strong Buddhist themes. The options list several famous names from Tamil literary history, including Ilango Adigal, Seethalai Sathanar, Thiruttakkadevar, Kovalan and Kamban. We must distinguish between authors, characters and poets known for other works. The question expects knowledge of which specific author is traditionally associated with Manimekalai. Concept / Approach: Silappadikaram, another famous Tamil epic, is attributed to Ilango Adigal. Manimekalai is seen as a kind of sequel, focusing on the story of Manimekalai, the daughter of Kovalan and Kannagi. However, the author of Manimekalai is not Ilango Adigal; it is traditionally ascribed to the poet Seethalai Sathanar. Remembering that Silappadikaram and Manimekalai have different authors but linked story lines is the key to answering correctly. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify Manimekalai as a Tamil Buddhist epic connected to the story of Silappadikaram. Step 2: Recall that Silappadikaram is attributed to Ilango Adigal, a different author. Step 3: Recognise that Manimekalai, focusing on the daughter of Kovalan, is traditionally credited to Seethalai Sathanar. Step 4: Eliminate names that are either characters, like Kovalan, or poets associated with other works, like Kamban. Step 5: Select Seethalai Sathanar as the correct author. Verification / Alternative check: Standard histories of Tamil literature and many exam preparation books provide a table of major epics and their authors. In such tables, Manimekalai is consistently listed under Seethalai Sathanar. Cross checking with these sources reinforces the association. In contrast, Kamban is famous for Kamba Ramayanam, and Thiruttakkadevar is known for the Jain epic Civa Jnana Siddhiyar in some traditions, not for Manimekalai. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Ilango Adigal: Associated with Silappadikaram, not with Manimekalai, although the stories are related. Thiruttakkadevar: Known for different Jain works and not linked to this Buddhist epic. Kovalan: A central character in Silappadikaram and father of Manimekalai, but not the author. Kamban: The author of the Tamil Ramayana, far removed in theme and period from the Buddhist Manimekalai. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse authors with characters and may think that because Manimekalai is the daughter of Kovalan, he must be the author. Another confusion arises from linking Ilango Adigal with both epics. A good strategy is to memorise a simple mapping of major Tamil epics to their authors and to remember that Manimekalai, unlike Silappadikaram, is the work of Seethalai Sathanar and is notable for its Buddhist message. Final Answer: Correct answer: Seethalai Sathanar.

Question 10

The Second Battle of Tarain (1192 CE) was fought between which two rulers in North India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The battles of Tarain occupy an important place in medieval Indian history, particularly in relation to the establishment of Turkish rule in North India. The Second Battle of Tarain, fought in 1192 CE, is especially significant because it marked a decisive victory for Muhammad Ghori over the Rajput ruler Prithviraj Chauhan. Many competitive exams test the pairing of rulers and dates for this battle. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers specifically to the Second Battle of Tarain in 1192 CE. Several pairs of rulers are listed, including Alexander and Porus, Jai Chand and Muhammad Ghori, Akbar and Hemu, Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan, and Babur and Ibrahim Lodi. We must identify the correct pair directly associated with the Second Battle of Tarain. Other options refer to different battles or time periods. Concept / Approach: The basic concept is to connect each pair of rulers to the correct historical battle. Alexander and Porus fought at the Battle of the Hydaspes. Babur and Ibrahim Lodi fought at the First Battle of Panipat. Akbar and Hemu faced each other at the Second Battle of Panipat. The Second Battle of Tarain was fought between the Ghurid ruler Muhammad Ghori and the Chauhan ruler Prithviraj Chauhan. Remembering this mapping allows quick elimination of wrong choices. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the First and Second Battles of Tarain involved Prithviraj Chauhan and Muhammad Ghori. Step 2: Note that the Second Battle of Tarain took place in 1192 CE and resulted in a decisive victory for Muhammad Ghori. Step 3: Compare the pairs given in the options with this historical pairing. Step 4: Eliminate Alexander and Porus because they fought in ancient times, not in the twelfth century. Step 5: Select Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan as the correct pair. Verification / Alternative check: A quick alternative check is to recall the consequences of the Second Battle of Tarain. After this battle, Muhammad Ghori established control over large parts of North India and left his slave general Qutub ud din Aibak to consolidate power. This leads to the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate. None of the other pairs had this specific outcome in 1192 CE, which confirms that Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan are the correct rulers associated with this event. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Alexander and King Porus: They fought at the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BCE, not at Tarain. Jai Chand of Kannauj and Muhammad Ghori: Jai Chand was involved in other conflicts, but the classic Tarain battles are associated with Prithviraj Chauhan. Emperor Akbar and Hemu Vikramaditya: They fought at the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556 CE. Babur and Ibrahim Lodi: These rulers fought at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 CE. Common Pitfalls: Students often mix up battles and rulers because several well known battles are called first and second, such as Tarain and Panipat. A good way to avoid confusion is to link Tarain with Prithviraj Chauhan and Muhammad Ghori, and Panipat with Babur, Ibrahim Lodi, Akbar and Hemu. Remembering the dates and outcomes strengthens this association. Final Answer: Correct answer: Muhammad Ghori and Prithviraj Chauhan.

Question 11

In the context of the Indian revolutionary movement abroad, who was the founding leader of the Ghadar Party?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Ghadar Party was an important revolutionary organisation formed by Indian expatriates, mainly in North America, with the aim of overthrowing British rule in India through armed rebellion. Questions about its founding leadership often appear in modern Indian history sections, because the party symbolises the international dimension of India's freedom struggle. Given Data / Assumptions: The organisation in question is the Ghadar Party, formed by Indian migrants overseas. The options include several well known revolutionaries: Basant Kumar Biswas, Sohan Singh Bhakna, Ram Prasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh and Chandra Shekhar Azad. We must identify the founding leader associated most directly with the Ghadar Party. Some of the names are linked to other revolutionary groups and events. Concept / Approach: The Ghadar Party was established in 1913 in the United States, particularly around San Francisco. Sohan Singh Bhakna served as its first president and is often mentioned as a key founding leader. While Lala Har Dayal played a major role as an ideologue and organiser, in the context of this option set, Sohan Singh Bhakna is the only one directly identified with the Ghadar Party leadership from the beginning. Recognising his role allows us to choose correctly. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Ghadar Party emerged among Indian expatriates on the west coast of North America around 1913. Step 2: Remember that Sohan Singh Bhakna was chosen as the first president and was a central founding figure. Step 3: Note that Ram Prasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh and Chandra Shekhar Azad are linked mainly with revolutionary activities inside India, not with the overseas Ghadar organisation. Step 4: Realise that Basant Kumar Biswas is associated with specific revolutionary actions but not with the founding of Ghadar. Step 5: Select Sohan Singh Bhakna as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Standard history texts on the Indian freedom struggle state that the Ghadar Party had Sohan Singh Bhakna as its president at the time of formation, while Lala Har Dayal acted as a leading thinker and organiser. Since Har Dayal is not listed in the options but Sohan Singh Bhakna is, this confirms that the option set expects Sohan Singh Bhakna as the founding leader. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Basant Kumar Biswas: Known for his role in the attempted assassination of Lord Hardinge, not for founding the Ghadar Party. Ram Prasad Bismil: A key figure of the Hindustan Republican Association and the Kakori conspiracy, but unconnected with the foundation of Ghadar. Bhagat Singh: Associated with the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association and revolutionary activity in North India, not with the overseas Ghadar organisation. Chandra Shekhar Azad: Another major revolutionary linked to Bhagat Singh's group, but not to the founding of the Ghadar Party. Common Pitfalls: A frequent mistake is to choose a more widely known revolutionary like Bhagat Singh simply because his name is familiar. Another pitfall is mixing up different organisations within the broader revolutionary movement. To avoid confusion, students should remember that Ghadar was primarily based abroad and that Sohan Singh Bhakna was its first president, while Har Dayal was its main ideologue. Final Answer: Correct answer: Sohan Singh Bhakna.

Question 12

Which Indian emperor is traditionally credited with writing the Sanskrit play Nagananda?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Nagananda is a famous Sanskrit play that is significant for combining dramatic art with Buddhist themes of compassion and self sacrifice. It is traditionally attributed to a renowned emperor of North India. Linking literary works with their royal authors is a common type of general knowledge question, especially within the cultural history of ancient and early medieval India. Given Data / Assumptions: The literary work mentioned is the Sanskrit play Nagananda. The options list several rulers: Prabhakaravardhana, Harshavardhana, Chandragupta II, Bindusara and Pulakeshin II. We must identify which of these emperors is traditionally regarded as a poet playwright. Other rulers are famous for political or military achievements rather than for writing Sanskrit drama. Concept / Approach: The central concept is the cultural profile of Emperor Harshavardhana, who ruled North India in the seventh century. Literary tradition credits him with authoring at least three plays: Nagananda, Ratnavali and Priyadarsika. This makes him stand out among the rulers listed. Recognising Harshavardhana as a scholar and playwright as well as a king allows us to choose the correct option. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Harshavardhana ruled from Kanauj and Thanesar and is known for supporting religious and literary activities. Step 2: Remember that Nagananda is often listed along with Ratnavali and Priyadarsika as plays attributed to Harshavardhana. Step 3: Consider the other rulers. Chandragupta II was a Gupta emperor, Bindusara a Maurya ruler and Pulakeshin II a Chalukya king, none primarily remembered as playwrights. Step 4: Prabhakaravardhana was Harsha's father and is not connected with Sanskrit drama in the same way. Step 5: Choose Harshavardhana as the emperor traditionally credited with writing Nagananda. Verification / Alternative check: History and literature reference books commonly mention Harshavardhana as an author king. Chinese traveller Xuanzang praised Harsha for his patronage of learning and religion, supporting the idea that his court was a centre of culture. Listings of Sanskrit plays attribute Nagananda to Harsha, while the other rulers in the options are not associated with such works. This cross verification confirms the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Prabhakaravardhana: Known as Harsha's father and a ruler of Thanesar, but with no major literary works attributed to him. Chandragupta II: A Gupta emperor famous for political expansion and cultural patronage, but not for personally writing Nagananda. Bindusara: A Maurya ruler and father of Ashoka, not connected with Sanskrit drama in this way. Pulakeshin II: A celebrated Chalukya king who resisted Harsha's expansion, again not known as a playwright. Common Pitfalls: Some students may confuse the cultural patronage of emperors with direct authorship and may assume that any golden age ruler wrote famous works. Another pitfall is mixing up Harsha with other learned kings. The safest method is to memorise a short list of royal authors, among whom Harshavardhana stands out for writing Nagananda and other plays. Final Answer: Correct answer: Harshavardhana.

Question 13

In Vedic religion, who is regarded as the most prominent deity in the Rig Veda hymns?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Rig Veda is the oldest of the Vedic texts and contains hymns addressed to various deities. Understanding which gods were most prominent in the Rig Vedic pantheon is a basic part of early Indian religious history. Many objective questions ask about the main deity of the Rig Veda to test awareness of early Vedic religious beliefs. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is specifically on the Rig Veda, not later Vedic or Puranic literature. The options list several deities: Indra, Agni, Pashupati, Vishnu and Soma. We must identify the deity who receives the largest number of hymns and is most prominently celebrated in the Rig Veda. The answer should reflect the early Vedic phase rather than later Hindu developments. Concept / Approach: In the Rig Veda, Indra, the god of thunder, war and rain, is celebrated as the chief of the gods and the great hero who slays the demon Vritra. A large number of hymns are dedicated to him. Agni, the fire god, and Soma, the ritual drink personified, are also important, but Indra clearly stands out in terms of the number of hymns and the emphasis placed on his exploits. Vishnu, though present, becomes more prominent in later Hinduism, and Pashupati in the strict sense is associated with later Shaivite imagery. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Rig Veda is primarily a collection of hymns composed by early Indo Aryan tribes. Step 2: Remember that Indra is repeatedly praised as the god who breaks open the clouds, releases rain and defeats demons. Step 3: Note that many Rig Vedic hymns are addressed to Indra, more than to any other single deity. Step 4: Compare this with Agni and Soma, who are very important but are not as dominantly portrayed as Indra. Step 5: Select Indra as the most prominent Rig Vedic deity. Verification / Alternative check: An alternative check is to look at how often the gods appear in standard summaries of the Rig Veda. These accounts usually list Indra, Agni and Soma as key deities, but specifically mention that Indra has the maximum number of hymns. This repeated emphasis confirms that he is the central figure in the Rig Vedic pantheon. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Agni: Very important as the fire god and mediator of sacrifices, but he does not surpass Indra in prominence. Pashupati: A title associated more with later Shaivism and possible Harappan interpretations, not the central Rig Vedic deity. Vishnu: Revered in a limited Vedic role, but he becomes a major deity mainly in later religion, not as the chief Rig Vedic god. Soma: Important as the ritual drink and deity, however he does not hold the same chief warrior position as Indra. Common Pitfalls: One common mistake is to project later Hindu religious importance back onto the Vedic period and choose Vishnu or Shiva related forms. Another error is to assume that Agni, because he is central to the sacrificial ritual, must be the main god. For exam purposes, it is best to remember that Rig Vedic religion was dominated by Indra as the heroic storm and war god. Final Answer: Correct answer: Indra.

Question 14

On 17 December 1927, which revolutionary shot British police officer John Saunders in Lahore?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The assassination of John Saunders in Lahore in December 1927 is a famous episode in the history of the Indian revolutionary movement. It is closely associated with Bhagat Singh, who has become an iconic figure in India's struggle for freedom. Although the action was actually carried out in cooperation with Shivaram Rajguru, exam questions often ask specifically which revolutionary shot Saunders, focusing on Bhagat Singh's role. Given Data / Assumptions: The date mentioned is 17 December 1927. The location is Lahore, then part of British India. The victim was John Saunders, a British police officer. The options list several figures: Bhagat Singh, Mangal Pandey, Sukhdev Thapar, Bipin Chandra Pal and Shivaram Rajguru. Concept / Approach: The key is to connect each revolutionary with the correct event. Mangal Pandey is linked with the revolt of 1857, long before this incident. Bipin Chandra Pal was a moderate nationalist leader and not part of this plot. Sukhdev Thapar and Shivaram Rajguru were close associates of Bhagat Singh, but popular exam questions often highlight Bhagat Singh as the central figure in the Saunders assassination case. Therefore, in the context of standard multiple choice questions, Bhagat Singh is the expected answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the killing of Saunders was in retaliation for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai after a lathi charge in Lahore. Step 2: Remember that Bhagat Singh and his associates planned to kill the officer responsible, but Saunders was mistakenly targeted. Step 3: Note that Shivaram Rajguru also played a crucial part, yet Bhagat Singh is the revolutionary most directly associated with this act in popular memory. Step 4: Eliminate Mangal Pandey, who belongs to the 1857 revolt period, and Bipin Chandra Pal, who was not a revolutionary assassin. Step 5: Choose Bhagat Singh as the answer that matches the way the question is framed. Verification / Alternative check: History books and biographies of Bhagat Singh consistently mention the Saunders case as a turning point in his revolutionary career, leading eventually to his arrest and trial in the Lahore conspiracy case. While they may also discuss the roles of Rajguru and others, the public and exam oriented focus remains on Bhagat Singh, confirming that this is the expected answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Mangal Pandey: An early rebel soldier of 1857, unrelated to events in Lahore in 1927. Sukhdev Thapar: A close associate of Bhagat Singh who worked with him in the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, but not the one primarily credited in this question. Bipin Chandra Pal: A prominent leader of the Extremist wing of the Indian National Congress, not a revolutionary assassin. Shivaram Rajguru: He participated in the action, but the question usually expects Bhagat Singh as the main name connected with the shooting. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes get confused between Rajguru and Bhagat Singh when asked in a very specific way about who fired which shot. However, in most exam settings, the simplified question connects Saunders directly with Bhagat Singh. It is useful to know the detailed history but also to recognise how questions are conventionally set. Final Answer: Correct answer: Bhagat Singh.

Question 15

In British Indian history, which Charter Act of the British Parliament ended the trade monopoly of the East India Company in India, except for trade in tea and with China?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The evolution of British rule in India was shaped by a series of Acts passed by the British Parliament. One important theme is the gradual loss of the East India Company's commercial privileges and its transformation into a political and administrative agency. This question focuses on the Act that ended the Company's trade monopoly in India, except for trade in tea and with China, a key step in opening Indian markets to private British traders. Given Data / Assumptions: The question is about ending the trade monopoly of the East India Company in India. The exception is that trade in tea and with China continued under Company control for some time. The options include the Regulating Act 1773, Pitt India Act 1784, Charter Acts of 1813 and 1833, and the Government of India Act 1858. We must recall which Charter Act dealt specifically with this partial end of monopoly. Concept / Approach: The Company initially held exclusive trading rights in the East. Over time, Parliament reviewed these rights through successive Charter Acts. The Charter Act of 1813 renewed the Company's charter but ended its monopoly over trade with India while allowing it to retain monopoly over tea and China trade. The Charter Act of 1833 later ended even this remaining monopoly and turned the Company into a purely administrative body. Therefore, for the partial ending described in the question, the Charter Act of 1813 is the correct answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that before 1813, the East India Company enjoyed exclusive trade privileges in the East. Step 2: Remember that the British Parliament periodically renewed or revised the Company's charter, especially in 1813 and 1833. Step 3: Note that the Charter Act of 1813 opened Indian trade to all British merchants, ending the Company's monopoly in India. Step 4: Recognise that the Company retained exclusive rights over tea and China trade until the Charter Act of 1833. Step 5: Match this description with the wording of the question and select the Charter Act of 1813 as the correct option. Verification / Alternative check: Another way to verify is to associate each Act with its most famous features. The Regulating Act 1773 introduced governmental control over the Company's affairs. Pitt India Act 1784 created a dual system of control by the Board of Control and the Company. The Charter Act 1813 ended the Company's trade monopoly in India but allowed tea and China exceptions. The Charter Act 1833 abolished even those trade rights and created the post of Governor General of India. The Government of India Act 1858 transferred governance from the Company to the British Crown. Only the Charter Act of 1813 matches the specific description given in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Regulating Act of 1773: Concerned with regulating Company governance, not with ending trade monopoly. Pitt India Act of 1784: Set up the Board of Control for political supervision, but did not end commercial monopoly in India. The Charter Act of 1833: Ended the remaining monopoly on tea and China trade and made the Company purely administrative, going beyond the situation described in the question. The Government of India Act 1858: Abolished Company rule altogether and transferred power to the Crown, after the revolt of 1857. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse the Charter Acts of 1813 and 1833 because both deal with trade privileges. A useful memory aid is that 1813 is associated with the first major opening of trade with India, while 1833 completes the process by ending tea and China monopoly. Keeping these distinctions clear helps in tackling several related questions in modern Indian history. Final Answer: Correct answer: The Charter Act of 1813.

Question 16

In the demographic history of India, in which year was the first official all-India synchronous census operation conducted?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Census operations are crucial for understanding population trends, planning development and administering a modern state. In India, the census became a regular feature under British rule. Exam questions often ask about the year of the first official all India census because it marks the beginning of a continuous demographic record for the country. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks for the year of the first official census operation covering all of India in a regular, synchronous manner. The options include 1841, 1881, 1921, 1961 and 1872. We need to distinguish between early, partial counts and the first standardised all India census. Concept / Approach: There were some earlier attempts at counting population in parts of India, such as the 1872 exercise, but they were not synchronised or uniform across the entire country. The first synchronous and officially recognised all India census was conducted in 1881. Since then, censuses have generally occurred every ten years. Therefore, recognising 1881 as the starting point of the regular census series is the key to answering this question. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that 1872 saw a population count, but it was not fully standardised or simultaneous across British India. Step 2: Recognise that from 1881 onward, the census of India was conducted in a uniform manner at regular ten year intervals. Step 3: Eliminate years like 1921 and 1961, which are later census years but not the first official one. Step 4: Note that 1841 is too early for such a coordinated effort across the subcontinent. Step 5: Select 1881 as the correct year for the first official all India census. Verification / Alternative check: Standard references on the census in India clearly state that the census series begins officially in 1881, with subsequent censuses every ten years. The 1872 enumeration is usually described as a non synchronous or experimental count, which is why exams emphasise 1881 as the correct answer for the first official and regular census operation. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1841: There was no comprehensive all India census at this time. 1921: Known as a census year with particular demographic significance, but not the first all India census. 1961: A post independence census year, far later than the first official one. 1872: An important early enumeration, but incomplete and not synchronous across the entire country. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes pick 1872 because it is earlier and associated with census activity. The key is to remember the difference between an early partial enumeration and the first fully synchronous all India census. For competitive exams, 1881 is the standard answer to this question. Final Answer: Correct answer: 1881.

Question 17

In Mughal history, in which year did Emperor Aurangzeb (Alamgir) die?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Aurangzeb, also known as Alamgir, was the last of the great Mughal emperors. His long reign is often seen as the final phase of Mughal expansion, followed by decline. Knowing the year of his death helps in understanding the timeline of late Mughal history and the rise of regional powers. This basic factual question appears frequently in history exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks for the year in which Aurangzeb died. The options are 1507, 1607, 1707, 1807 and 1712. We need to recall the period of his reign and its end. Concept / Approach: Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 to 1707. His death therefore clearly falls in the early eighteenth century. Among the options, 1707 is the only year that matches this timeline. The other dates are either too early or slightly later than his actual death. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Aurangzeb came to the throne in 1658 after a war of succession. Step 2: Remember that he ruled for about fifty years, making his death occur near the beginning of the eighteenth century. Step 3: Identify 1707 as the year that fits this period. Step 4: Rule out 1507 and 1607 because they are far too early for Aurangzeb, who was a later Mughal ruler. Step 5: Rule out 1807 and 1712 because they are either too late or not consistent with his known reign. Verification / Alternative check: History textbooks usually place Aurangzeb's death in 1707 in the Deccan, followed by the accession of his successors and the gradual weakening of the empire. This date is also used as a marker between the age of strong Mughal emperors and the era of fragmentation, which confirms 1707 as the correct year. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1507: Predates the foundation of the Mughal empire in India by Babur and is far too early. 1607: Falls in the reign of Jahangir and does not match Aurangzeb's lifetime. 1807: Belongs to the period of very late nominal Mughals, long after Aurangzeb. 1712: Close to the correct period but a few years later than Aurangzeb's actual death, which occurred in 1707. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse 1707 with nearby dates such as 1712 because several Mughal successions took place in the early eighteenth century. A simple memory trick is to note that Aurangzeb's nearly fifty year rule ends exactly in 1707, making that year an easy landmark for periodisation in Indian history. Final Answer: Correct answer: 1707.

Question 18

In Deccan history, Chand Bibi is best known as the ruler and regent of which sultanate?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Chand Bibi is a celebrated figure in Deccan history, remembered for her courage and leadership in defending her kingdom against Mughal invasions. She served as regent for a minor ruler and personally led the defence of the capital. This question tests knowledge of which Deccan sultanate she is primarily associated with. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks about the sultanate ruled or defended by Chand Bibi. The options include Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Satara, Golconda and Berar. We must recall her role as regent and defender of a specific Deccan kingdom. Concept / Approach: Chand Bibi is best known as the regent of Ahmednagar, where she defended the fort of Ahmednagar against Mughal forces in the late sixteenth century. Though she had connections with other Deccan states, her heroic stand is primarily linked with Ahmednagar. Recognising this association allows us to pick the correct option confidently. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Chand Bibi was a princess of Bijapur by birth but married into the Nizam Shahi dynasty of Ahmednagar. Step 2: Remember that she acted as regent of Ahmednagar for a minor ruler. Step 3: Note that her most famous act was the defence of Ahmednagar fort against Mughal attacks led by Emperor Akbar's generals. Step 4: Compare the options and identify Ahmednagar as the sultanate where she exercised authority. Step 5: Select Ahmednagar as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Standard histories of the Deccan sultanates mention Chand Bibi as the heroic queen of Ahmednagar who negotiated and fought with the Mughals. While she was related to other Deccan royal families, the episode that appears in school and competitive exam books is clearly set in Ahmednagar. This double check confirms the choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Bijapur: Chand Bibi was born a princess here, but she is not primarily remembered as ruling this sultanate. Satara: A later Maratha centre, not a Deccan sultanate connected with Chand Bibi. Golconda: A separate Deccan kingdom under the Qutb Shahi dynasty, not the seat of Chand Bibi's regency. Berar: Another Deccan region, but not the main kingdom where she acted as regent and defender. Common Pitfalls: Because Chand Bibi had familial ties across Deccan royal houses, students sometimes misremember her as associated with Bijapur. The safest approach is to connect her famous defence of the fort and her regency specifically with Ahmednagar. Final Answer: Correct answer: Ahmednagar.

Question 19

In the Indian freedom struggle, where did Mahatma Gandhi launch his first Satyagraha campaign in India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Mahatma Gandhi developed the method of satyagraha, or non violent resistance, first in South Africa and then applied it in India. Knowing the location of his first satyagraha in India is a standard question in modern Indian history because it marks the beginning of his large scale mass movements within the country. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks for the place where Gandhi launched his first satyagraha campaign on Indian soil. The options include Champaran, Ahmedabad, Kheda, Allahabad and Bardoli. All of these places are associated with important movements, so we need to recall the chronological order. Concept / Approach: Gandhi's first satyagraha in India was the Champaran movement of 1917, which addressed the grievances of indigo peasants against European planters in Bihar. This was followed by the Ahmedabad mill workers strike in 1918 and the Kheda peasant satyagraha in the same period. Bardoli came later under the leadership of Vallabhbhai Patel. Recognising Champaran as the earliest satyagraha led by Gandhi in India is the crucial step. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915 and spent time studying conditions before taking up major struggles. Step 2: Note that Champaran satyagraha for indigo cultivators began in 1917 and is widely described as his first satyagraha in India. Step 3: Remember that the Ahmedabad mill strike and Kheda peasant movement happened around 1918, after Champaran. Step 4: Recognise that Bardoli satyagraha was a later movement (1928) led primarily by Vallabhbhai Patel. Step 5: Select Champaran in Bihar as the correct place for Gandhi's first Indian satyagraha. Verification / Alternative check: Textbooks on the freedom struggle typically describe Champaran satyagraha as Gandhi's first experiment with mass non violent protest in India. They then move to Ahmedabad and Kheda as subsequent campaigns. This standard narrative confirms that Champaran is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Ahmedabad mill strike in Gujarat: An important labour satyagraha, but it came after Champaran. Kheda peasant struggle in Gujarat: Also significant, but historically the next major satyagraha after Champaran. Allahabad in United Provinces: Associated with many political activities but not with Gandhi's first satyagraha. Bardoli in Gujarat: Famous for a peasant satyagraha led by Vallabhbhai Patel in 1928, not Gandhi's first experiment. Common Pitfalls: Because several early satyagrahas took place within a short time, students sometimes mix up their order. A useful sequence to remember is Champaran 1917, Ahmedabad and Kheda 1918 and Bardoli 1928. Keeping this timeline clear helps in answering multiple related questions. Final Answer: Correct answer: Champaran in Bihar.

Question 20

Which foreign traveller visited Mughal India during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Foreign travellers provide valuable firsthand accounts of the Mughal empire and its rulers. Different travellers visited India during the reigns of Jahangir, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb, and their names are frequently matched with the correct emperor in exam questions. This question focuses on Shah Jahan's period, which is famous for architectural achievements like the Taj Mahal. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks which traveller visited India during the reign of Shah Jahan. The options include Sir Thomas Roe, William Hawkins, Ibn Battuta, Niccolao Manucci and François Bernier. Each of these travellers is linked to a specific time and ruler. Concept / Approach: Sir Thomas Roe and William Hawkins were English travellers and envoys who visited during the reign of Jahangir. Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan traveller, came much earlier, under Muhammad bin Tughlaq. Niccolao Manucci, a Venetian traveller and adventurer, came to India in the mid seventeenth century and lived through the reigns of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. François Bernier also visited during the later Mughal period, but Manucci is especially associated with court life starting under Shah Jahan. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Eliminate Ibn Battuta because he belongs to the fourteenth century, before the Mughal period. Step 2: Recall that Sir Thomas Roe and William Hawkins were present at Jahangir's court, not at Shah Jahan's. Step 3: Note that both Manucci and Bernier are connected with the later Mughal empire. Step 4: Remember that Manucci arrived in the time of Shah Jahan and later witnessed events under Aurangzeb, writing about the royal family and wars of succession. Step 5: Select Niccolao Manucci as the traveller clearly associated with Shah Jahan's reign. Verification / Alternative check: Checking standard tables of foreign travellers, we find that Thomas Roe and Hawkins are firmly placed in Jahangir's period, Ibn Battuta in the Tughlaq era, and Manucci and Bernier in the time of Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. Since the question asks specifically about Shah Jahan, Manucci fits best because his arrival and early experiences relate directly to this emperor's reign. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Sir Thomas Roe: English ambassador to Jahangir, not to Shah Jahan. William Hawkins: Also associated with Jahangir's court as an English representative. Ibn Battuta: Visited India in the fourteenth century under the Delhi Sultanate, long before the Mughals. François Bernier: A French traveller who wrote about the later Mughal empire, but the question highlights Manucci as the more direct association with Shah Jahan's period. Common Pitfalls: Students may confuse travellers of the later Mughal period, especially Manucci and Bernier. Some exam keys, depending on wording, may emphasise either name. However, in this question set, Manucci is the best fit. A helpful strategy is to maintain a simple table matching rulers and major travellers to avoid such confusion. Final Answer: Correct answer: Niccolao Manucci.

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