Question 1

Statement: The government has decided to pay compensation to the tune of Rs. 1 lakh to the family members of those who are killed in railway accidents. Assumptions: The government has enough funds to meet the expenses due to compensation. There may …

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: Govt will pay Rs. 1 lakh compensation to families of those killed in railway accidents. Assumption I: Government has enough funds to meet the compensation expense. Assumption II: Incidents of railway accidents may reduce in the near future. Concept/Approach Implementing a compensation policy presumes financial capability; it does not presuppose safety improvements. Step-by-step reasoning Announcing compensation implies the state can fund it ⇒ I is assumed.Compensation is relief, not a deterrence/safety policy ⇒ II is not required. Verification/Alternative The policy could be enacted even if accidents stayed the same; it would still require funds. Common pitfalls Confusing relief measures with preventive measures. Final Answer Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 2

Critical reasoning (assumptions): For the statement "Films have become indispensable for the entertainment of people.", determine which assumption is implicit from the pair given (I: Films are the only media of entertainment. II: People enjoy films)…

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: Films have become indispensable for the entertainment of people. Assumption I: Films are the only media of entertainment. Assumption II: People enjoy films. Concept/Approach The implicit assumption test checks which unstated belief must be true for the statement to make sense. If denying an assumption makes the statement pointless or incoherent, that assumption is implicit. Step-by-step reasoning 1) The word 'indispensable' means 'cannot be done without' for the stated purpose (entertainment).2) For films to be indispensable for entertainment, it must at least be true that people derive entertainment from films (i.e., they enjoy them) — otherwise calling them indispensable for entertainment would be irrational. Hence, Assumption II is required.3) Assumption I ('only media') is stronger than the statement. Something can be indispensable without being the only medium (e.g., a core component among several). Thus, I is not necessary. Verification/Alternative Deny II: If people do not enjoy films, films cannot be indispensable for entertainment — contradiction. Deny I: Even with other media (music, sports), films may still be considered indispensable — no contradiction. Common pitfalls Equating 'indispensable' with 'only'. Logical necessity does not imply exclusivity. Ignoring the audience response embedded in entertainment claims (enjoyment). Final Answer Only assumption II is implicit.

Question 3

Assumption identification in a data-based claim: The statement says "Of all newspapers published in Mumbai, readership of the 'Times' is the largest in the metropolis." Decide which assumption(s) follow (I: 'Times' is not popular in mofussil areas; …

Accepted Answer

Given data Claim: In Mumbai (the metropolis), 'Times' has the largest readership among local newspapers. Assumption I: 'Times' is not popular in mofussil (non-metro) areas. Assumption II: 'Times' carries popular cartoons on burning issues. Concept/Approach An assumption must be necessary for the stated comparative claim about metro readership. Irrelevant details about other regions or specific features are not required unless the claim would otherwise fail. Step-by-step reasoning 1) The statement is purely city-specific (Mumbai readership ranking).2) Popularity in mofussil areas (I) does not affect the metro ranking; hence I is not necessary.3) Having cartoons (II) is at best a possible reason for popularity; the ranking can hold for many other reasons (news coverage, circulation network). Thus II is not required. Verification/Alternative We can imagine the ranking being true whether or not mofussil popularity exists and whether or not cartoons are present. So neither assumption is indispensable. Common pitfalls Confusing sufficient reasons (cartoons) with necessary assumptions. Extending a metro-specific claim to non-metro contexts. Final Answer Neither I nor II is implicit.

Question 4

Logical assumptions in media evaluation: The statement says "Apart from the entertainment value of television, its educational value cannot be ignored." Identify which assumptions are implicit (I: People consider TV only as entertainment; II: The ed…

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: TV has entertainment value, but its educational value also deserves attention ('cannot be ignored'). Assumption I: People treat TV mainly/only as entertainment. Assumption II: The educational value is not sufficiently appreciated/realized. Concept/Approach When a speaker insists that a certain value 'cannot be ignored,' it presupposes that many do ignore or undervalue it, and that an alternative, dominant perception exists (here: TV = entertainment). Step-by-step reasoning 1) The contrast 'apart from entertainment' indicates a prevailing lens of entertainment (Assumption I).2) Saying 'cannot be ignored' implies people tend to ignore or under-realize that aspect (Assumption II).Therefore, both I and II underlie the statement. Verification/Alternative If I were false (people already see TV beyond entertainment), the emphasis loses force. If II were false (educational value already fully recognized), 'cannot be ignored' becomes redundant. Common pitfalls Reading the sentence as a mere description; it is a corrective assertion implying common neglect. Final Answer Both I and II are implicit.

Question 5

Assumption check on social influence: "Children are influenced more by their teachers nowadays." Evaluate which assumptions are implicit (I: Children consider teachers as role models; II: Children spend a large amount of time in school).

Accepted Answer

Given data Claim: In the current era, teachers exert greater influence on children than others. Assumption I: Children regard teachers as models (valued figures whose behavior/opinions they emulate). Assumption II: Children spend substantial time under teachers' supervision at school. Concept/Approach Stronger influence usually stems from exposure (time) and perceived authority/aspiration (role-model status). The statement presupposes conditions that plausibly generate 'more' influence. Step-by-step reasoning 1) Without role-model status (I), teachers would not be expected to outperform parents/peers/media in influence.2) Without substantial time at school (II), teacher influence would be constrained relative to home/social media exposures.Thus, both conditions reasonably underlie the claim. Verification/Alternative Deny I or II and the comparative 'more influenced' assertion weakens substantially. The statement is about a general trend, which typically relies on both attitude (I) and exposure (II). Common pitfalls Assuming influence can exceed alternatives with neither time nor model status backing it. Final Answer Both I and II are implicit.

Question 6

Assumptions behind an evaluative test: "You know your suit is excellent when people ask about the tailor who made it." Determine which assumption(s) are implicit (I: People do not ask about the tailor if the suit is not good; II: People want to know…

Accepted Answer

Given data Indicator offered: Public inquiries about your tailor signal an 'excellent' suit. Assumption I: Such inquiries do not happen for poor/average suits. Assumption II: People want to know general criteria for an excellent suit. Concept/Approach For a behavioral cue to serve as a reliable indicator, it must occur primarily when the evaluated item is excellent and not when it is mediocre. The speaker does not need a meta-desire about 'criteria' (II). Step-by-step reasoning 1) If people also asked about the tailor when the suit was bad, the test would be invalid. Therefore I is necessary.2) The statement provides a cue; it does not assume the audience wants philosophy of 'criteria.' Hence II is unnecessary. Verification/Alternative Negating I breaks the reliability of the cue; negating II does not affect it. Common pitfalls Confusing an indicator (behavioral cue) with a learner's desire to know abstract criteria. Final Answer Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 7

Risk reasoning in investments: The statement "His recent investment in the shares of Company A is only a gamble" implies certain assumptions. Decide which are implicit (I: He may incur a loss on this investment; II: He may also gain from this invest…

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement labels the investment as a 'gamble'. Assumption I: Loss is a possible outcome. Assumption II: Gain is also a possible outcome. Concept/Approach Calling something a 'gamble' presumes uncertainty with meaningful chances of opposite outcomes (profit or loss). If only one outcome were plausible, it would not be a gamble. Step-by-step reasoning 1) If loss were impossible, the 'gamble' label would be inappropriate.2) If gain were impossible, again the term would not fit (it would be a sure loss, not a gamble).Hence both I and II are necessary to justify the word choice. Verification/Alternative Gambling entails two-sided risk. Both 'may lose' and 'may gain' underlie the label. Common pitfalls Reading 'gamble' as 'doomed' or 'guaranteed' — both contradict the semantics of risk. Final Answer Both I and II are implicit.

Question 8

Assumptions concerning legal remedy: The advice "Why don't you go to the court if the employer does not pay your Provident Fund (PF) contribution?"—identify which assumptions are implicit (I: Courts can intervene in employer–employee disputes; II: E…

Accepted Answer

Given data Advice: Seek court action if PF is not paid by the employer. Assumption I: Courts have jurisdiction/authority to resolve such disputes. Assumption II: Paying PF is a legal obligation of the employer. Concept/Approach Advice to litigate presumes both the existence of a legal duty violated and an available forum empowered to enforce it. Step-by-step reasoning 1) Without court power (I), the advice is pointless.2) Without an underlying obligation (II), there is no cause of action worth taking to court.Thus both assumptions must hold. Verification/Alternative Negating either I or II invalidates the usefulness of the advice. Common pitfalls Assuming litigation is merely about grievance rather than enforceable rights and competent forums. Final Answer Both I and II are implicit.

Question 9

Evaluating advertisement assumptions: The ad claims "Double your money in five months." Determine which assumption(s) are implicit for such a pitch (I: The assurance is not genuine; II: People want their money to grow).

Accepted Answer

Given data Advertisement promise: 'Double your money in five months.' Assumption I: The assurance is not genuine. Assumption II: People desire growth of their invested money. Concept/Approach Advertisements rely on the audience's wants. They do not assume their own claim is false; that would defeat the persuasive purpose. Step-by-step reasoning 1) The pitch presupposes that the target audience is attracted by rapid growth of funds — Assumption II.2) Questioning genuineness (I) contradicts the advertiser's stance and is not necessary for the existence of the ad. Verification/Alternative Even if the offer were true or false, the ad's existence rests on the belief that people want quick returns. Common pitfalls Projecting scepticism (I) as the advertiser's own assumption. Final Answer Only assumption II is implicit.

Question 10

Policy argument on higher education costs: "Collegiate education costs Rs. 400 per year (excluding maintenance) and draws heavily on the poor community's resources; therefore, college education should be restricted to a brilliant few." Identify the …

Accepted Answer

Given data Premise: College education incurs Rs. 400/year and draws heavily on limited public resources of an impoverished community. Conclusion: Restrict college education to a 'brilliant few'. Assumption I: National/public resources are scarce (very limited). Assumption II: Only a few students should be admitted to colleges. Concept/Approach An assumption is a necessary, unstated premise. The conclusion (II) is the claim being argued for; it is not a premise the arguer presupposes. The scarcity premise (I) is required to make restriction seem necessary. Step-by-step reasoning 1) If resources were not scarce, the cost burden would not justify restricting access — I is required.2) II restates the conclusion; it is not an unstated belief that makes the argument work. Hence II is not an assumption. Verification/Alternative Negating I (resources are ample) undermines the need to restrict; negating II simply denies the conclusion and does not expose a hidden premise. Common pitfalls Treating the conclusion itself as an assumption. Missing the resource-scarcity bridge between cost and restriction. Final Answer Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 11

Advice and travel intention: A says to B, "Go to Jammu via Amritsar — the shortest route." Determine which assumption(s) are implicit (I: B intends to go to Jammu; II: A gives such advice to everyone).

Accepted Answer

Given data Advice content: Suggested route to Jammu via Amritsar because it is shortest. Assumption I: B wishes or plans to travel to Jammu. Assumption II: A indiscriminately gives advice to everybody. Concept/Approach Context-relevant advice presupposes the advisee's goal (destination). It does not require a universal habit of the adviser. Step-by-step reasoning 1) If B does not intend to go to Jammu, route advice is pointless — I must hold.2) Whether A advises 'everybody' is irrelevant to this particular, targeted advice — II is unnecessary. Verification/Alternative Negating I makes the advice irrelevant; negating II leaves the advice intact. Common pitfalls Assuming personal habits (A advises everyone) are required for a single instance of advice. Final Answer Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 12

Logical reasoning (assumptions): Determine which assumptions are implicit in the statement about reducing or eradicating social inequality through government action or revolutionary change

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: All existing inequalities can be reduced, if not eradicated, by action of governments or by revolutionary change of government. Assumption I: Inequality is a man-made phenomenon. Assumption II: No person would voluntarily part with what he possesses. Concept/Approach The implicit-assumption test asks which hidden beliefs must be true for the statement to make sense. If a claim proposes that government action can reduce inequality, it presumes inequality is subject to human control. Step-by-Step reasoning 1) If government or revolution can reduce inequality, inequality must be alterable by human institutions and decisions, i.e., man-made or at least socially produced. Thus Assumption I is required.2) Assumption II concerns individual willingness to part with possessions. The statement does not rely on whether persons voluntarily give up wealth; it speaks about what governments or revolutions can achieve regardless of voluntary behavior. Thus Assumption II is not required. Verification/Alternative Even if some people freely share resources, the claim about state-led reduction still holds. But if inequality were purely natural and immutable, the statement would collapse, confirming I is essential. Common pitfalls Importing moral opinions about generosity when the statement is about institutional capacity. Final Answer Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 13

Critical reasoning: Interpreting the failure of the civic "Keep your city clean" campaign and identifying which assumption is implicit about public response and council effectiveness

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: The Civil Council campaign 'Keep your city clean' did not evoke any response from the citizens. Assumption I: People do not desire to keep their city clean. Assumption II: The Civil Council has failed in its campaign. Concept/Approach When a campaign evokes no response, the communicator typically presumes the effort failed (at least in mobilizing action). Lack of response does not prove that people dislike cleanliness; it may reflect poor reach or messaging. Step-by-Step reasoning 1) From 'did not evoke any response' to 'campaign failed': This is the practical inference behind reporting no response. Assumption II is implicit.2) Desiring cleanliness vs responding to a specific campaign are different. Citizens may desire cleanliness yet ignore this drive. Therefore Assumption I is not necessary. Verification/Alternative The same outcome (no response) could occur despite citizens wanting a clean city if the campaign was poorly designed or timed, confirming I is not implied. Common pitfalls Equating failure of mobilization with absence of the underlying value across citizens. Final Answer Only assumption II is implicit.

Question 14

Administrative advisory and assumptions: Farmers warned against indiscriminate pesticide use due to ground water pollution — identify the implicit assumption

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: District administration advises farmers not to use pesticides indiscriminately as it may pollute ground water. Assumption I: People may stop using ground water if indiscriminate pesticide use continues. Assumption II: Farmers may refrain from indiscriminate pesticide use if advised. Concept/Approach Public advisories presuppose that addressees can modify behavior in response. They do not require any assumption about how the wider public will react to potential pollution. Step-by-Step reasoning 1) The effectiveness of the circular hinges on farmer compliance; hence II is implicit.2) Whether people stop using ground water is irrelevant to the administrative act; therefore I is not needed. Verification/Alternative Even if the populace continues to use ground water, the advisory still makes sense as a preventive action directed at farmers. Common pitfalls Shifting focus from the target audience (farmers) to end users (public) and assuming a reaction that the statement never references. Final Answer Only assumption II is implicit.

Question 15

Comparison and advertising claim analysis: Coffee powder of company X tastes better than heavily advertised company Y — determine which assumption is implicit about advertising influence

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: Coffee powder of company X tastes better than the much-advertised coffee of company Y. Assumption I: If a product is not good, one spends more on advertisement. Assumption II: Some people are tempted to buy by advertisements. Concept/Approach The mention of 'much advertised' is relevant only if advertising can sway buyers; otherwise the comparison of taste would not need to reference advertising at all. Step-by-Step reasoning 1) The statement contrasts true quality (taste) with market push (heavy ads). This presupposes that ads influence buyer behavior; thus II is implicit.2) I is a sweeping generalization about bad products advertising more; the statement does not need that to claim better taste. Hence I is not implicit. Verification/Alternative Even good products advertise; the argument only needs the weaker belief that ads can attract buyers, not that only inferior products rely on them. Common pitfalls Reading a universal rule into a marketing observation. Final Answer Only assumption II is implicit.

Question 16

Market share claim on radio sets: Interpreting the assertion that brand X has the largest sales in India and identifying the necessary implicit assumption

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: Of all radio sets manufactured in India, brand X has the largest sale. Assumption I: Sales figures of all radio sets in India are known. Assumption II: No other brand is manufactured in as large a quantity as brand X. Concept/Approach To assert 'largest sale,' comparative sales information is required. Manufacturing volume is a different metric and is not needed to support a sales-based superlative. Step-by-Step reasoning 1) Knowing who sells the most implies access to comparative sales data ⇒ I is implicit.2) Production volume could be lower or higher yet sales could still be largest due to demand; II is not implied. Verification/Alternative The claim would stand even if another brand produced more units but sold fewer (inventory unsold), confirming II is irrelevant. Common pitfalls Confusing manufacturing output with actual sales. Final Answer Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 17

Work exigency and leave refusal: Supervisor advises not to grant leave this week — identify which assumptions are implicit about authority and workload assessment

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: Supervisor advises the administrative officer not to grant leave this week due to exigency of work. Assumption I: A leave request can be refused. Assumption II: The supervisor has reviewed and knows the workload during the period. Concept/Approach An advisory to refuse leave presupposes both the authority to deny and a factual basis (work pressure) for refusal. Step-by-Step reasoning 1) Without the possibility of refusal, the advice would be meaningless ⇒ I is implicit.2) Citing 'exigency of work' implies the supervisor is aware of work needs ⇒ II is implicit. Verification/Alternative Remove either assumption and the advice loses sense: either it cannot be acted upon (no authority) or it lacks justification (no workload check). Common pitfalls Treating the statement as a mere opinion without operational context regarding workload and authority. Final Answer Both I and II are implicit.

Question 18

Figurative language and implied belief: Understanding the sentence "Like a mad man, I decided to follow him" and deciding which assumption is implicit

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: Like a mad man, I decided to follow him. Assumption I: The speaker is not actually a mad man. Assumption II: The speaker is a mad man. Concept/Approach Similes ('like a mad man') compare behavior while implying the subject is not literally that thing. Step-by-Step reasoning 1) The construction indicates resemblance, not identity ⇒ I is implicit.2) II directly contradicts the sense of the simile; it is not implied. Verification/Alternative If the speaker were actually mad, the natural phrasing would omit 'like' and say 'being a mad man...' Common pitfalls Misreading figurative speech as literal classification. Final Answer Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 19

Addiction treatment strategy: Re-establishing lost ties with continuous personal attention — identify the implicit assumptions about responsiveness and relationship strain

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: The first step in treating addicts is to re-establish their lost ties; continuous personal attention should be paid to addicts under treatment. Assumption I: Addicts respond better when given personal interest. Assumption II: Addiction is closely linked with strained or broken relationships. Concept/Approach Prescribing a first step based on relationships presumes two things: that rebuilding ties aids recovery and that attention improves engagement during treatment. Step-by-Step reasoning 1) Recommending personal attention presupposes that such attention improves outcomes ⇒ I is implicit.2) Making 're-establish lost ties' the first step presumes addiction correlates with damaged ties ⇒ II is implicit. Verification/Alternative Remove either belief and the recommendation loses rationale, confirming both are required to justify the proposed first step. Common pitfalls Reading the statement as a mere description rather than a prescriptive method grounded in those beliefs. Final Answer Both I and II are implicit.

Question 20

Security notice analysis: "Beware of dogs, our dogs do not bark but distinguish guests from intruders" — determine which assumption is implicit about danger to intruders

Accepted Answer

Given data Statement: Beware of dogs; our dogs do not bark but are trained to distinguish genuine guests from intruders. Assumption I: Barking dogs bite rarely. Assumption II: These dogs could be dangerous for intruders. Concept/Approach A 'beware' warning is meaningful only if there is potential danger to intruders. The barking frequency is irrelevant because the dogs are said not to bark. Step-by-Step reasoning 1) Warning implies risk to intruders ⇒ II is implicit.2) I is a general statement about barking behavior; the text does not depend on it ⇒ I is not implicit. Verification/Alternative Even if barking dogs often bite, these dogs do not bark; the key is that they can act against intruders. Common pitfalls Overgeneralizing about canine behavior instead of focusing on the specific trained function stated. Final Answer Only assumption II is implicit.

Statement and Assumption Questions