Question 1

Critical reasoning — identify implicit assumptions  Statement: “This book is prepared so that even a layman can study science in the absence of a teacher.” Assumptions to evaluate: I. A layman wishes to study science without a teacher. II. A teacher…

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Introduction / Context:The publisher claims a book enables “even a layman” to learn science without a teacher. Such wording typically signals a self-study design that removes barriers for beginners. We must isolate which hidden assumptions are necessary for this claim to make sense.Given Data / Assumptions:A self-instructional science book is promoted.I: Laypersons desire to study science without teachers.II: Teachers are not always available, so independent learning materials are valuable.III: Laypersons usually find self-learning of science difficult; the book is engineered to overcome that difficulty.Concept / Approach:Use the negation test and minimal-necessity principle. The statement is about capability and accessibility, not about whether a specific layman already “wishes” to study. It presumes teacher unavailability may occur and that typical lay readers need special scaffolding to learn science effectively.Step-by-Step Solution:Negate II: If teachers were always available, stressing “in the absence of a teacher” would be redundant. Hence II is necessary.Negate III: If laypersons generally had no difficulty learning science alone, emphasizing “even a layman” and special preparation would be meaningless. Thus III is necessary.Assess I: The statement does not require that a given layperson desires to study. The book merely enables that possibility if someone chooses to use it. Hence I is not necessary.Verification / Alternative check:Self-study resources target an audience that might lack access to teachers and may need simplified, structured content—exactly II and III.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Only I and II / Only I and III / All: Each wrongly treats a specific “wish to study” as required.None of these: Incorrect because II and III are clearly implied.Common Pitfalls:Equating “can study” with “wants to study”; conflating capability statements with desire statements.Final Answer:Only II and III are implicit

Question 2

Critical reasoning — identify implicit assumptions  Statement (advertisement): “We do not want you to see our product in the newspaper. Visit our shop to get a full view.” Assumptions to evaluate: I. People generally decide to purchase merely by see…

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Introduction / Context:This creative advertisement discourages passive newspaper viewing and invites customers to the store for a direct experience. The task is to infer which assumptions must hold for this strategy to be sensible and effective.Given Data / Assumptions:The ad rejects simple print viewing and urges an in-person visit.I: People usually decide based solely on the ad name.II: Unconventional messaging can grab attention and drive curiosity.III: Some readers will convert into store visitors.Concept / Approach:Advertising logic rests on capturing attention and prompting action. The unusual tone bets on curiosity (II) and on conversion to footfall (III). It does not require a sweeping claim that purchases are generally made just by seeing a product name in print (I).Step-by-Step Solution:Evaluate II: The ad’s contrarian line (“do not want you to see…”) is designed to stand out, assuming novelty will attract attention. II is necessary.Evaluate III: The call-to-action (“visit our shop”) presumes at least some readers will respond. III is necessary.Evaluate I: The ad does not depend on a claim about normal purchase decisions being based merely on ad names. I is not needed.Verification / Alternative check:Even if most buyers research more than an ad name, the campaign can still work by creating curiosity and driving store visits—anchoring II and III.Why Other Options Are Wrong:None is implicit: Ignores the attention-grabbing and conversion assumptions.Only I and II / All: Unnecessarily includes I.None of these: Not applicable because II and III together fit.Common Pitfalls:Overgeneralizing about how people buy; missing the role of unusual hooks in advertising.Final Answer:Only II and III are implicit

Question 3

Critical reasoning — identify implicit assumptions  Statement: “There is a big boom in the drug business; many jhuggi–jhopari dwellers in Delhi can be seen pedalling small pouches of smack and brown sugar.” Assumptions to evaluate: I. Drug addiction…

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Introduction / Context:The statement links a “boom” in drug business with visible street-level peddling by slum residents in Delhi. We must determine which assumptions are minimally required and which are overgeneralizations unrelated to the claim.Given Data / Assumptions:Observation: Increased visible peddling; claim of business “boom.”I: Drug addiction (demand) is rising, especially in Delhi.II: All top drug lords reside in slums.III: Most slum dwellers would do anything for money.Concept / Approach:“Boom” denotes a surge in trade volume, which typically rests on increased demand or easier supply. Citing numerous petty peddlers in Delhi suggests strong local demand and market expansion, making assumption I reasonable. Assumptions II and III are sweeping, stigmatizing generalizations that the statement neither requires nor implies.Step-by-Step Solution:Link “boom” to demand: higher sales imply higher consumption/addiction → supports I.Evaluate II: The location of “big dons” is irrelevant to the observation; the statement does not claim anything about their residence. II is not necessary.Evaluate III: Inferring a moral generalization about “most” slum dwellers extends far beyond the evidence. III is not required.Verification / Alternative check:Even if dons live elsewhere and most slum dwellers are law-abiding, a boom can still be evidenced by more street peddlers serving rising demand—preserving I and rejecting II and III.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Only II / Only III / I and III / Either I or III: These introduce unnecessary or unethical generalizations.Common Pitfalls:Confusing market-scale growth with moral judgments about entire communities; assuming leadership residence matters for retail-level observations.Final Answer:Only I is implicit

Question 4

Critical reasoning — identify implicit assumptions  Statement (advertisement): “X-chocolate is ideal as a gift for someone you love.” Assumptions to evaluate: I. People commonly give gifts to loved ones. II. Advertisements of this kind can influence…

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Introduction / Context:The advertisement positions a chocolate brand as an “ideal” gift for loved ones. We must uncover which assumptions must hold for this persuasive message to resonate with its audience.Given Data / Assumptions:Promotional claim: chocolate is ideal for gifting to loved ones.I: Gift-giving to loved ones is a common social practice.II: Advertising can shape buying decisions.III: Chocolate counts as a legitimate gift item.Concept / Approach:Advertising arguments rely on social norms and category acceptability. If gifting to loved ones were not common (I), the pitch would miss its context. If advertising could not influence buyers (II), running the ad would be futile. If chocolate were not a recognized gift item (III), the “ideal gift” claim would fail.Step-by-Step Solution:Assess I: The ad targets a prevalent occasion (gifting loved ones). Without that norm, the claim loses relevance.Assess II: The advertiser invests in messaging with the expectation of influence; otherwise, the spend makes no sense.Assess III: The ad presumes chocolate is an acceptable gift category; otherwise “ideal” would be incoherent.Verification / Alternative check:Common gifting occasions (birthdays, anniversaries, festivals) routinely feature chocolates, supporting the trio of assumptions.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Any subset option omits a necessary pillar of the persuasive frame (norm, influence, or category fit).Common Pitfalls:Underestimating how ads depend simultaneously on norms, influence pathways, and product–occasion fit.Final Answer:All are implicit

Question 5

Critical reasoning — identify implicit assumptions  Statement (advertisement by an airline): “Fly with us and experience the pleasure of flying.” Assumptions to evaluate: I. More passengers may be attracted to travel with the airline after reading t…

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Introduction / Context:Airline ads promise an enjoyable experience to persuade potential travelers. We must determine which assumptions are necessary. Typically, an ad presumes its ability to attract customers and taps into a universal preference for comfort, without needing to claim rivals lack such features.Given Data / Assumptions:An airline invites travelers to “experience the pleasure of flying.”I: The ad will influence at least some readers to choose the airline.II: Passengers value enjoyable, comfortable flights.III: Competitors do not offer similar facilities.Concept / Approach:An implicit assumption must be indispensable to the persuasion attempt. Influence (I) and preference for comfort (II) are central. However, exclusivity against competitors (III) is not necessary; a brand can still advertise shared benefits and compete on perception or degree.Step-by-Step Solution:Negate I: If ads never attract passengers, the ad is pointless → I is necessary.Negate II: If people do not care about an enjoyable flight, the message loses appeal → II is necessary.Negate III: Even if competitors offer similar amenities, advertising remains useful (positioning, awareness). Thus III is not necessary.Verification / Alternative check:Brands routinely advertise benefits that are not strictly unique but are still persuasive when framed compellingly, confirming that I and II suffice.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Only I / Only II / Only III: Miss at least one necessary element or assert an unnecessary one.None is implicit: Ignores the basic persuasion and preference assumptions.Common Pitfalls:Believing an ad must assume uniqueness; many campaigns compete on parity features but better promise or service.Final Answer:Only I and II are implicit

Question 6

Critical reasoning — identify implicit assumptions  Statement: “Bombay (Mumbai) people were spellbound, mesmerized, and went wild when they saw Michael Jackson’s hi-tech, pulsating, megawatt performance.” Assumptions to evaluate: I. Shows accompanie…

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Introduction / Context:The sentence reports an extraordinary audience reaction to Michael Jackson’s show, explicitly calling out its “hi-tech” and “megawatt” nature. We must discern which assumptions must hold to support the described impact without importing unwarranted generalizations.Given Data / Assumptions:Observation: The audience reaction in Mumbai was extreme and enthusiastic.I: Advanced show technology can intensify audience response.II: Mumbai audiences have never been impressed by Indian musicians.III: Michael Jackson is a superstar-grade singer/performer.Concept / Approach:The statement ties reaction to the character of the performance—“hi-tech, pulsating.” It does not compare Indian artists with MJ nor claim a universal lack of appreciation for them. Nor does it need the evaluative label “super singer” to explain the cited reaction; the sentence already grounds the effect in the spectacle.Step-by-Step Solution:Link cause and effect: tech-rich staging → heightened audience reaction. I aligns with this causal explanation and is necessary.Assess II: The claim about Indian musicians is off-topic and extreme; the statement neither implies nor requires it.Assess III: While MJ’s fame is background knowledge, the statement’s rationale is the show’s hi-tech spectacle. The audience reaction could be explained without assuming an evaluative status like “super singer.” Hence III is not necessary.Verification / Alternative check:If a different global act used similar spectacular production, a similar reaction could occur, supporting reliance on I rather than II or III.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Only II / Only II and III / Either II or III: Import irrelevant or extreme claims.Only I and III: Adds an unnecessary performer-quality assumption.Common Pitfalls:Confusing production value effects with judgments about entire classes of performers; over-attributing impact to celebrity status when the cited cause is explicit.Final Answer:Only I is implicit

Question 7

Critical reasoning — identify implicit assumptions  Statement: Residents wrote to the Corporation asking it to restore normal drinking-water supply immediately, because the present supply is inadequate. Assumptions to evaluate: I. The Corporation ma…

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Introduction / Context:Citizens request immediate restoration of “normal” water supply, implying a deviation from an earlier, acceptable state. We must detect which assumptions are necessary for this appeal to make sense.Given Data / Assumptions:Present situation: supply is inadequate.Request: restore normalcy immediately.I: The Corporation may not act on the letter.II: The municipality has adequate water overall.III: There existed a prior period of adequate supply in this area.Concept / Approach:“Restore normalcy” presupposes a baseline state that used to exist. It does not require assuming bureaucratic inaction (I) or city-wide sufficiency of raw water (II); shortages can stem from distribution faults, leakages, or scheduling—factors the authority can fix even under constrained total supply.Step-by-Step Solution:Evaluate III: If there had never been adequate supply, “restore” would be incoherent. III is necessary.Evaluate I: Whether the Corporation may ignore the letter is irrelevant to the logic behind writing it; citizens write to prompt action, not because they assume inaction.Evaluate II: The request could target operational fixes (pressure, timings, repair) without presuming abundant overall water. II is not necessary.Verification / Alternative check:Many utility complaints seek reinstatement of a former service level, reinforcing that III alone is fundamental.Why Other Options Are Wrong:I and III / II and III: Add nonessential claims.Only II: Mistakenly ties the request to system-wide water abundance.None of these: Incorrect because III clearly follows.Common Pitfalls:Assuming any service complaint implies adequate central resources; often the issue is local distribution rather than aggregate supply.Final Answer:Only III is implicit

Question 8

Critical reasoning — identify implicit assumptions  Statement (Company X's Chairman): “We are the only company in India and the second in the world to win ISO 9002 certification in our line of business.” Assumptions to evaluate: I. There are very fe…

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Introduction / Context:The chairman emphasizes a rare quality milestone: ISO 9002, unique in India and almost unique globally in their niche. We must infer which assumptions must be true for this boast to carry persuasive weight.Given Data / Assumptions:Claim: Only company in India and second worldwide with ISO 9002 in the niche.I: The niche has very few companies.II: Achieving ISO 9002 here is hard, thus the distinction is impressive.III: The company intends to leverage the distinction to expand business.Concept / Approach:The point of announcing rarity is to signal high capability and process maturity. That requires the certification to be nontrivial (II). The claim does not need the industry to be small (I) nor explicitly intend expansion (III) for the statement to make sense as a quality signal.Step-by-Step Solution:Negate II: If certification were easy, being “only/second” would not impress; the boast loses force. Therefore II is necessary.Assess I: Even in a large industry, being “second in the world” is notable; fewness of firms is not required.Assess III: The statement is promotional but does not require a concrete expansion plan to be meaningful.Verification / Alternative check:Quality awards signal capability; their persuasive value depends on difficulty, not on industry size or explicit growth goals.Why Other Options Are Wrong:I or III alone (or with II) introduce nonessential elements.None of these: Incorrect because II clearly underpins the persuasive impact.Common Pitfalls:Equating rarity with few competitors; rarity can arise from high difficulty even in a crowded field.Final Answer:Only II is implicit

Question 9

Critical reasoning — identify implicit assumptions  Statement: “I want to present a book on techniques of yoga to Ajay on his birthday.” — A tells B. Assumptions to evaluate: I. A will be invited by Ajay to the birthday celebration. II. Ajay is not …

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Introduction / Context:This is a practical assumption question about gifting. A says he wants to gift Ajay a yoga techniques book for his birthday. We must determine which assumptions are required for this statement of intent to be reasonable.Given Data / Assumptions:A intends to give Ajay a yoga book as a birthday gift.I: A will be invited to the party.II: Ajay's health is poor, so he needs yoga.III: Books are acceptable birthday gifts.Concept / Approach:For an intention to present a gift, it is not necessary that the giver be formally invited to a party; gifts can be given before, after, or in absence of a party. Likewise, yoga books can be gifted for interest or self-improvement without assuming poor health. However, it is necessary that a book be a socially acceptable gift category; otherwise the intention would be odd.Step-by-Step Solution:Assess III: If books were not acceptable gifts, the plan would make little sense. Hence III is necessary.Assess I: A gift can be given regardless of an invitation, so I is not necessary.Assess II: Choosing a yoga book does not presuppose an ailment; many healthy people practice yoga. II is not necessary.Verification / Alternative check:Gifts are routinely exchanged outside of parties, and hobby/interest books are common—making III the minimal assumption.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Only II / Only I and III / All / None: Either add unneeded conditions or erase the necessary acceptability assumption.Common Pitfalls:Assuming a gift implies diagnosis or an invitation; confusing a suitable category with a specific motive.Final Answer:Only III is implicit

Question 10

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Statement: “Let us increase the taxes to cover the deficit.” Which of the following assumptions are implicit in the above proposal?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:This verbal reasoning item asks you to uncover the unstated premises (assumptions) behind a policy suggestion: “increase the taxes to cover the deficit.” In critical reasoning, an assumption is something the author must believe to be true for the recommendation to make sense, even if it is not explicitly stated.Given Data / Assumptions:I: The present taxes are very low.II: Deficit in a budget is not desirable.III: If the taxes are not increased, the deficit cannot be met.Concept / Approach:Use the negation test. If negating a candidate assumption destroys the force of the original recommendation, then that candidate is necessary (implicit). If the recommendation still makes sense after negation, the candidate is not necessary.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Assumption II: The proposal exists to eliminate a deficit; this only matters if a deficit is considered undesirable. If we negate II (“deficits are fine”), the call to raise taxes loses its purpose. Thus II is necessary.2) Assumption I: The plan does not rely on present taxes being “very low.” Taxes could be average or even high; the proposer might still suggest a further increase because of the deficit magnitude. Negating I leaves the proposal coherent. So I is not necessary.3) Assumption III: The suggestion that taxes should be increased does not logically require that no other remedy could work. Alternatives like spending cuts or borrowing may exist; the proposer merely favors the tax option. Negating III (“the deficit can be met without tax increase”) does not invalidate the recommendation—only shows there are other options. So III is not necessary.Verification / Alternative check:Policy recommendations typically assume the goal is worth pursuing (here, reducing the deficit). They do not have to assume exclusivity of the method nor make claims about current tax levels.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Only I and II / Only II and III / Only I and III / All: Each includes at least one unnecessary assumption (I or III).Common Pitfalls:Do not confuse “being recommended” with “being the only possible solution.”Final Answer:Only assumption II is implicit; therefore the best choice among the options is “None of these.”

Question 11

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Statement (Chairman of the Admission Committee): “We must introduce objective-type tests to improve our examinations for admission to the MBA.” Which assumptions are implicit?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:An authority recommends introducing objective-type tests to improve MBA admissions. We must identify which background beliefs must be true for this recommendation to make sense.Given Data / Assumptions:I: The admission at present is directly through the interview.II: The Admission Committee is desirous of improving the admission examinations.III: The Chairman himself is an MBA.Concept / Approach:Look for assumptions about goals and feasibility, not irrelevant biographical facts. Use the necessity (negation) test.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Assumption II: The proposal aims to “improve” admissions; this presupposes the committee values improvement. Negate II (“the committee does not care to improve”), and the statement loses its institutional point. Hence, II is necessary.2) Assumption I: Even if the current process already includes written tests or other subjective measures (not only interviews), adding objective tests could still be proposed for improvement. Therefore, I is not necessary.3) Assumption III: The Chairman’s qualification is irrelevant. Whether or not he is an MBA does not affect the logic of introducing objective tests.Verification / Alternative check:The recommendation stands as long as “improvement” is a shared aim. It does not depend on the exact current method nor on the Chairman’s degree.Why Other Options Are Wrong:I and II / I / I and III / None: Each includes a nonessential element (I or III) or omits the core aim (II).Common Pitfalls:Do not infer current procedures from proposed changes; proposals can be additive, not necessarily replacements.Final Answer:Only II is implicit

Question 12

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Advertisement: “Use X-brand shoes. These are durable and available in all sizes.” Which assumptions are implicit?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:An advertisement highlights durability and size availability to persuade buyers. We must find the assumptions behind this persuasion strategy.Given Data / Assumptions:I: Normally people like durable shoes.II: Very few people read advertisements in a newspaper.III: Very few people read the newspaper “A.”Concept / Approach:Effective ads assume that the features promoted are valued by the audience and that the medium reaches enough potential buyers. Claims that “very few read” the ad or the paper would actually undercut the campaign.Step-by-Step Solution:1) I is a natural assumption: promoting durability only makes sense if durability matters to customers. Negating I (“people do not value durability”) weakens the ad’s appeal.2) II and III are contrary to the ad’s purpose. If very few read ads or the specific newspaper, placing the ad there would be inefficient. The advertiser would not assume self-defeating conditions.3) However, among the answer choices provided, there is no option that states “Only I is implicit.” Therefore, the best matching option is “None of these.”Verification / Alternative check:Advertising logic relies on highlighting valued attributes (durable, all sizes) to a sufficiently large audience. Minimal readership is not a supportive assumption.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Only I and II / All are implicit / None is implicit / Only I and either II or III: Each includes at least one anti-advertising assumption (II or III) or denies the obvious (I).Common Pitfalls:Beware of choosing options that smuggle in negative assumptions about the reach of the medium.Final Answer:Only I is implicit; hence, among the listed options, “None of these” is correct.

Question 13

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Statement: “The State Government has unilaterally increased by five percent the octroi on all commodities entering the state without seeking approval of the Central Government.” Which assumptions are implicit?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The statement reports a unilateral state action to increase octroi by 5% without Central approval. We must identify necessary background assumptions that make this action meaningful.Given Data / Assumptions:I: The State Government may be able to implement its decision.II: The Central Government may agree to support the State Government's decision.III: The State Government may be able to earn considerable amount through the additional octroi.Concept / Approach:Ask: what must be true for taking unilateral action to be purposeful? Feasibility of implementation and expected revenue gains are logical. Anticipated Central support, however, contradicts “without seeking approval.”Step-by-Step Solution:1) I is necessary in spirit: if the state could not implement its own order, the unilateral step would be pointless.2) II is not necessary and is even unlikely given the phrase “without seeking approval.” The action does not depend on Central support.3) III is a reasonable assumption: the purpose of an octroi hike is revenue; if no revenue gain is expected, the step lacks fiscal motivation.4) The correct implicit set is I and III. Since that combination is not provided, the best choice is “None of these.”Verification / Alternative check:Public finance measures usually assume implementability and fiscal yield.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Only I and II / Only II and III / All: Each includes II, which is not required.None is implicit: rejects obviously needed premises (I, III).Common Pitfalls:Do not force harmony between levels of government when “unilaterally” is explicit.Final Answer:Assumptions I and III are implicit; hence, among the choices, “None of these” is correct.

Question 14

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Context: “At the All India Commerce Conference, the session ‘Management of Service Sector in India’ surprisingly attracted a large number of participants and received very good media coverage.” Which assumptions are …

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The report notes a “surprisingly” large attendance and strong media coverage for a session on service-sector management. We need to find what this surprise presumes.Given Data / Assumptions:I: People were not expecting such an encouraging response for the service sector (hence, the surprise).II: The service sector is not managed properly in India.III: Media is always very positive towards the service sector.Concept / Approach:“Surprisingly” signals a mismatch between expectations and outcome, not a claim about sector performance or media behavior in general.Step-by-Step Solution:1) The element of “surprise” directly implies I. Negating I removes the reason to call the turnout and coverage surprising.2) II is not required. High interest and coverage do not automatically imply poor management; they may reflect relevance or growth.3) III is too sweeping. The sentence speaks of this particular event’s coverage, not the media’s perpetual stance.Verification / Alternative check:Language cue “surprisingly” is a classic pointer to implicit expectations.Why Other Options Are Wrong:All / Only II and III / Only either I or III / None: Include unsupported generalizations or omit the clear expectation-based assumption.Common Pitfalls:Avoid reading causal diagnoses (sector mismanagement) into a mere observation about turnout and coverage.Final Answer:Only I is implicit

Question 15

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Advertisement (Coaching Institute): “If you are intelligent, we are the right people for improving your performance.” Which assumptions are implicit?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:This persuasive message targets “intelligent” students and promises performance improvement. We must determine the required background beliefs.Given Data / Assumptions:I: Brilliant students prefer to join coaching classes.II: Coaching classes help the students to improve their performance.III: No other institute provides such coaching.Concept / Approach:Ads typically assume the offered service is effective (II). They need not assume exclusive capability (III) or an existing preference (I) among the audience; the ad itself aims to create or reinforce that preference.Step-by-Step Solution:1) II is necessary: promising improvement presumes coaching can actually improve performance.2) I is not required. The institute is trying to attract intelligent students; it need not assume they already prefer coaching.3) III is unnecessary and extreme. The ad does not claim exclusivity; others may also coach well.4) The correct single implicit assumption is II, but no option lists “Only II.” Therefore, the best match is “None of these.”Verification / Alternative check:Negating II (“coaching does not help”) collapses the promise, confirming necessity. Negating I or III leaves the ad’s logic intact.Why Other Options Are Wrong:I and II / II and III / I and III / All: Each includes at least one nonessential or extreme element.Common Pitfalls:Do not mistake targeted messaging for proof of an a priori preference or exclusivity.Final Answer:Only II is implicit; hence “None of these.”

Question 16

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Statement: “The Reserve Bank of India has directed banks to refuse fresh loans to major defaulters.” Which assumptions are implicit?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The directive aims to change bank–borrower behavior by denying new credit to major defaulters. We must spot the necessary assumptions underlying this directive.Given Data / Assumptions:I: The banks may still give loans to the defaulters.II: The defaulters may repay the earlier loan to get a fresh loan.III: The banks may recover the bad loans through such harsh measures.Concept / Approach:Policy directions typically assume a causal mechanism (pressure leads to repayment) and an intended outcome (recovery). They need not assume existing bank misconduct; directing “refusal” is to prevent or remove the incentive for repeat credit without repayment.Step-by-Step Solution:1) II is implicit: The pressure tactic works only if defaulters are motivated to regularize dues to regain access to credit.2) III is implicit: The RBI intends to reduce bad loans; if recovery were not expected, the measure would lack purpose.3) I is not necessary. The directive can be preventive or harmonizing; it does not require that banks would otherwise certainly approve such loans, only that refusing them is now mandated.Verification / Alternative check:If II and III fail, the measure would not achieve RBI’s aims, undermining the rationale for the directive.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Only I and II / All: include I, which is not required.None / None of these: overlook the pressure–recovery logic (II and III).Common Pitfalls:Do not equate “direction issued” with proof that banks intended to keep lending to defaulters.Final Answer:Only II and III are implicit

Question 17

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Directive (Director to Faculty): “We must be prepared to face any eventuality, and all the assignments must be completed as per their schedule.” Which assumptions are implicit?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The instruction stresses preparedness for contingencies and adherence to schedules. We must identify what is taken for granted.Given Data / Assumptions:I: There is a possibility of a serious eventuality.II: Dates are fixed for all the assignments.III: Faculty members are supposed to complete all the assignments.Concept / Approach:Such directions presuppose a plausible risk, defined timelines, and role responsibilities. Without these, the directive would lack meaning or enforceability.Step-by-Step Solution:1) If no eventuality were possible, urging preparedness would be unnecessary. Hence I is implicit.2) To insist on completion “as per their schedule,” those assignments must have fixed schedules. Therefore II is implicit.3) The directive presumes faculty are responsible for the assignments in question. Otherwise, the command would be misdirected. Thus III is implicit.Verification / Alternative check:Negate I, II, or III and the instruction becomes meaningless: no risk, no schedules, or no responsibility would each defeat the order.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Only I / Only III / “Duly II and III”: Each omits at least one necessary element.None: ignores all three presuppositions.Common Pitfalls:Do not ignore the pragmatic context of managerial directives: risk, timelines, and roles are assumed.Final Answer:All are implicit

Question 18

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Advertisement (Bank X): “Want to open a bank account? Just dial our ‘home service’ and we will come to your doorstep.” Which assumptions are implicit?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The ad highlights a convenience feature (doorstep account opening). We must find the assumptions that make this pitch effective.Given Data / Assumptions:I: No other bank provides doorstep service.II: People may choose Bank X for their financial transactions (the feature can attract customers).III: Banking has become very competitive nowadays.Concept / Approach:Ads typically assume a competitive market and that a highlighted differentiator affects consumer choice. They need not assume absolute uniqueness, only perceived advantage.Step-by-Step Solution:1) II is implicit: the ad exists to influence choice; if customers were not swayed by convenience, the message would be pointless.2) III is implicit: emphasizing added convenience presumes a competitive landscape where such features matter.3) I is not necessary. Even if other banks offer similar services, Bank X can still promote its own convenience to win customers.Verification / Alternative check:Marketing communication usually assumes contestability of demand and responsiveness to features.Why Other Options Are Wrong:I and II / I and III / All: each wrongly requires uniqueness (I).None of these: ignores the obvious competitive and persuasive assumptions (II, III).Common Pitfalls:Avoid conflating “we offer” with “only we offer.”Final Answer:Only II and III are implicit

Question 19

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Warning (Railway Compartment): “Do not lean out of the moving train.” Which assumptions are implicit in issuing this warning?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Safety notices are posted to influence behavior and prevent harm. This item asks which background beliefs must hold for the warning to be meaningful.Given Data / Assumptions:I: Such warnings will have some effect (people may heed them).II: Leaning out of a moving train is dangerous.III: It is the duty of railway authorities to take care of passengers’ safety.Concept / Approach:For a warning to be justified, there must be a hazard (II), an expectation that warnings can reduce risk (I), and a responsibility framework (III) that motivates issuing the notice.Step-by-Step Solution:1) II is essential: without danger, the warning is pointless.2) I is essential: if warnings never influence behavior, posting one would be futile.3) III is essential: the authority’s role in passenger safety underpins the act of issuing official warnings.Verification / Alternative check:Negating any of I, II, or III removes the rationale for the notice: no effect, no danger, or no duty each undermines the act.Why Other Options Are Wrong:I and II / II and III / II only / I and III: each omits at least one necessary assumption.Common Pitfalls:Do not treat public safety warnings as random; they rest on hazard, influence, and duty.Final Answer:All are implicit

Question 20

Critical Reasoning — Assumptions Statement: “Tender specifications will not be issued to firms that have 25% or more default in supplies against earlier purchase orders placed on them.” — Condition stated by Company X while inviting tenders. Assumpt…

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Introduction / Context:This question assesses your ability to identify implicit assumptions in a tender-condition statement. Company X declares that it will not issue tender specifications to firms with a default record of 25% or more on past orders. We must find which unstated beliefs must be true for the condition to make sense.Given Data / Assumptions:The company has set a cut-off: default rate >= 25% leads to ineligibility.Implicit beliefs being tested are three statements (I, II, III) about monitoring suppliers, suppliers’ behavior, and expectations of professionalism.Concept / Approach:An assumption is implicit if the stated policy would be irrational or pointless without it.Policies that use historical performance must presuppose access to, and tracking of, such performance data.However, prescriptive statements about how suppliers “should” behave in the future are not required assumptions of a current policy—they are consequences or hopes at best.Step-by-Step Solution:Evaluate I: If Company X were not watching supplier performance, it could not know the default percentage. So monitoring of past performance is indeed presupposed.Evaluate II: “This time the firms should keep default as low as possible” is not a necessary assumption for the policy to be meaningful; it is a recommendation or incentive effect, not a prerequisite belief.Evaluate III: Expecting “quality and a professional approach” is a broad value statement. While consistent with the policy, it is not strictly necessary; the specific numerical rule could be justified purely on delivery reliability without any sweeping claim about “professional approach.”Verification / Alternative check:Minimum necessary implication is I; III is optional (value-laden), II is motivational rather than assumed. None of the provided options offers “I only” or “I and III”. Therefore, the correct choice from the given list is “None of these.”Why Other Options Are Wrong:Only I: Not offered. Only II: Unnecessary to the logic. Either II or III: Incorrect because II is not required and III is not strictly necessary. Only III: Too broad and not essential.Common Pitfalls:Confusing goals or likely effects (lower future defaults) with assumptions required to state the present rule.Final Answer:None of these

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