Question 1

Statement–Assumption — “Some days you settle down peacefully with your morning coffee. Then you open the paper and the adrenaline kicks in.” Assumptions: I) Coffee and newspapers are integral to every common person’s life. II) On some days, newspape…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The sentence contrasts calm routine with stimulation caused by news content. We test what must be true for the change in arousal to be explained.Given Data / Assumptions:The speaker reads a newspaper with morning coffee.Adrenaline is triggered by certain kinds of content (e.g., shocking or exciting).Concept / Approach:The statement is personal/typical, not universal. It does not claim every “common man” has this routine. But it does rely on the paper sometimes containing exciting/sensational material that can “kick in” adrenaline.Step-by-Step Solution:1) I generalises to “every person,” which is unnecessary.2) II is needed: without exciting content, the reaction would not occur “on some days.”Verification / Alternative check:News cycles include breaking stories, scandals, disasters, or sports drama—consistent with II.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only I” overgeneralises; “Both” inherits I’s flaw; “Neither” ignores the content-based trigger.Common Pitfalls:Reading a stylistic observation as a universal claim.Final Answer:Only assumption II is implicit.

Question 2

Statement–Assumption — “Mr. Speight, with the help of some gunmen, arrested the Prime Minister of Fiji.” Assumptions: I) The Prime Minister was corrupt and uninterested in development. II) The democratic system in the country is very weak. Choose th…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The statement reports a forceful arrest of a sitting Prime Minister by non-state actors. We seek the necessary background belief that makes the report plausible.Given Data / Assumptions:Armed seizure of political leaders indicates institutional breakdown.Motives like corruption allegations are speculative unless stated.Concept / Approach:For such an arrest to occur, security and constitutional safeguards must have failed or been overpowered—an indicator of weak democratic institutions or a coup-like situation. The statement does not claim anything about the PM’s integrity or policy orientation.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Evaluate I: not required; it imputes motive without basis.2) Evaluate II: necessary background—only in a weak/compromised democracy could gunmen topple an elected PM.Verification / Alternative check:Coups typically happen where civilian control over armed force is compromised.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only I” is conjectural; “Both” inherits I; “Neither” denies evident institutional implications.Common Pitfalls:Assuming wrongdoing by the victim to justify the event.Final Answer:Only assumption II is implicit.

Question 3

Statement–Assumption — “Students are not allowed to wear western dresses on the university campus.” — Vice Chancellor of a reputed university Assumptions: I) Western dresses look vulgar and encourage eve-teasing. II) If girls come in Indian dresses,…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:A dress-code ban must rest on some presumed harms associated with the prohibited attire. We identify which belief underlies the ban as announced.Given Data / Assumptions:Administration intends to prevent perceived negative outcomes (e.g., harassment).Academic focus is influenced by many factors; dress alone is an overreach.Concept / Approach:The immediate policy rationale for banning “western dresses” is presumed modesty/safety concerns (rightly or wrongly). The claim that Indian dress improves concentration is speculative and not essential to justify a prohibition framed around propriety or safety.Step-by-Step Solution:1) I aligns with the typical stated reason (decency/safety) for such bans.2) II is unnecessary to the ban; focus on studies is not logically tied to attire.Verification / Alternative check:Dress codes are commonly defended on decency/safety grounds rather than cognitive performance claims.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only II” lacks relevance; “Both” adds a non-essential belief; “Neither” ignores the proximate rationale.Common Pitfalls:Assuming every asserted benefit is part of the minimal assumption set.Final Answer:Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 4

Statement–Assumption — “Reservation policy for SC/ST should be extended for another ten years.” — Labour Minister Assumptions: I) Reservation is still necessary to uplift SC/ST communities socially and economically. II) SC/ST candidates are not capa…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Extending an affirmative-action policy presupposes that its objectives remain unmet or its support remains necessary.Given Data / Assumptions:Reservation measures seek to remedy historic disadvantage.Capability is not the basis; opportunity and access are.Concept / Approach:Assumption I directly underlies the extension: continued need. Assumption II is a prejudicial claim and is not required to justify reservation; affirmative action is designed to counter systemic barriers, not to substitute for capability.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Map policy (extension) to premise (ongoing need).2) Reject II as neither necessary nor aligned with the policy’s ethos.Verification / Alternative check:Public policies are extended when goals are still in progress or disparities persist.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only II/Both/Neither” misrepresent the logic or add bias.Common Pitfalls:Equating support measures with judgments about ability.Final Answer:Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 5

Statement–Assumption — “Traffic police will be provided with alcometers to identify drunken drivers.” — Police chief Assumptions: I) Many accidents occur due to drunken driving. II) An alcometer can easily identify persons under the influence of alc…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Issuing alcometers is a targeted enforcement response. For such a measure to be justified, both the problem (drunk driving harms) and the tool’s efficacy must be presumed.Given Data / Assumptions:Drunk driving elevates crash risk.Alcometers measure breath alcohol reliably for screening.Concept / Approach:The policy presupposes that alcohol-impaired driving significantly contributes to accidents (problem significance) and that alcometers can detect impairment (tool effectiveness). Without either, the measure would lack rationale.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Tie resource allocation to a meaningful hazard (I).2) Tie procurement choice to detection capability (II).3) Conclude both assumptions are necessary.Verification / Alternative check:Standard policing worldwide uses breathalysers for roadside screening, confirming II.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Choosing only one leaves the policy either purposeless or ineffective.Common Pitfalls:Confusing evidentiary confirmation tests with preliminary screening—both can be parts of protocol.Final Answer:Both I and II are implicit.

Question 6

Statement–Assumption — Residents of XYZ Colony agitated over irregular water supply. Assumptions: I) Agitation is the right way to secure better water supply. II) The residents suffer an acute problem of water supply. Choose the implicit assumption(…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The statement reports residents agitating due to irregular water. We identify the minimal beliefs that must be true to explain such action.Given Data / Assumptions:There is a real, pressing shortage/irregularity affecting residents.Agitation is one of many possible methods (complaints, legal recourse, media).Concept / Approach:For agitation to occur, a serious problem must exist (II). The belief that agitation is “the right way” (I) is not necessary; people may agitate simply believing it may draw attention, not that it is the uniquely right method.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Establish necessity of a genuine grievance (II).2) Recognise I as a value judgment, not a required assumption.Verification / Alternative check:Public protests typically arise from acute service failures.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only I/Both/Neither” either add an unnecessary normative claim or ignore the obvious grievance.Common Pitfalls:Equating “took action” with “this is the best or only action.”Final Answer:Only assumption II is implicit.

Question 7

Statement–Assumption — “Come and join my political campaign.” — A political leader to film stars Assumptions: I) People have greater faith in film stars. II) Film stars are strong crowd-pullers. Choose the implicit assumption(s).

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Inviting celebrities to campaigns is a persuasion tactic. We ask which beliefs about voter behaviour underlie the invitation.Given Data / Assumptions:Celebrity endorsements can transfer attention and credibility.Star presence boosts turnout for rallies, aiding visibility and momentum.Concept / Approach:The leader’s request presupposes that film stars can both attract crowds and positively influence public perception (faith/credibility). Without either, the invitation loses strategic value.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Map campaign goals (visibility + persuasion) to assumptions I and II.2) Conclude both are operative expectations behind the request.Verification / Alternative check:Campaigns frequently deploy celebrities for crowd-building and message amplification, reflecting both assumptions.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Choosing only one misses a key lever; “Neither” contradicts commonplace campaign practice.Common Pitfalls:Underestimating distinct roles of “crowd-pull” vs. “credibility transfer.”Final Answer:Both I and II are implicit.

Question 8

Statement–Assumption — “Nobel laureate Dr. Amartya Sen will be presented a lifetime card for free travel.” — Chairman of Indian Airlines Assumptions: I) This is a good way to advertise the company. II) Dr. Amartya Sen is the pride of India. Choose t…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:A corporate gesture toward a famous laureate has reputational and marketing overtones. Which belief must the airline hold to justify the announcement?Given Data / Assumptions:Public association with a celebrated figure can enhance brand visibility.Patriotic pride is common but not necessary to the marketing logic.Concept / Approach:The action presumes publicity/brand goodwill (I). While many consider Dr. Sen a national pride, the company’s decision does not require that sentiment; the marketing value suffices.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Identify corporate incentive: earned media and goodwill.2) I captures this; II is optional sentiment, not a logical prerequisite.Verification / Alternative check:Brands routinely honour icons to gain positive coverage and association.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only II/Both/Neither” misstate the minimal assumption required.Common Pitfalls:Confusing patriotic framing with the core PR rationale.Final Answer:Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 9

Statement–Assumption — “There should be no screening of the film ‘Kohram’ until further decision.” — High Court order Assumptions: I) People abide by High Court decisions. II) ‘Kohram’ is an objectionable movie. Choose the implicit assumption(s).

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:A stay order presumes compliance by stakeholders. Whether the content is ultimately objectionable is precisely what the court may be examining; it need not be assumed in advance.Given Data / Assumptions:Courts rely on enforceability and compliance for interim orders to be effective.Content merits are sub judice; the order is precautionary.Concept / Approach:The minimal assumption for efficacy is I (compliance). II would prejudge the case and is unnecessary to justify a temporary halt “until further decision.”Step-by-Step Solution:1) Identify purpose of interim order: maintain status quo for review.2) I is necessary; II is not.Verification / Alternative check:Interim judicial restraints are standard pending adjudication without implying guilt or objectionability.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only II/Both/Neither” misread judicial prudence.Common Pitfalls:Equating a stay with a final condemnation.Final Answer:Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 10

Statement–Assumption — “This time, electronic voting machines (EVMs) will be used during elections.” — Chief Election Commissioner Assumptions: I) Using EVMs will reduce malpractices during counting of votes. II) EVMs are convenient for voters to us…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:Announcing EVM deployment indicates an intent to improve electoral integrity/efficiency. Which belief is indispensable to that decision?Given Data / Assumptions:Manual counting can be error-prone and vulnerable to malpractice.Voter usability is desirable but not the primary driver; paper ballots are already usable.Concept / Approach:The core rationale assumed is I: better control over counting integrity and speed. Convenience (II) is a secondary benefit, not essential to the decision to “use EVMs this time.”Step-by-Step Solution:1) Align stated change with its main objective: cleaner, faster counting.2) I is necessary; II is optional.Verification / Alternative check:Election bodies highlight transparency/audit trails and efficiency as primary motives.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only II/Both/Neither” either overstate or understate the key assumption.Common Pitfalls:Assuming every ancillary benefit is part of the minimal assumption set.Final Answer:Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 11

Statement–Assumption — “The Election Commission should curtail election expenditure.” — President of India Assumptions: I) The Election Commission can be directed only by the President of India. II) The Election Commission has the authority and capa…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The President’s statement suggests the EC should act to reduce costs. We check what must be assumed for this suggestion to be meaningful.Given Data / Assumptions:EC possesses regulatory tools (rules, monitoring, ceilings) affecting expenditure.Constitutional direction/control over EC is not being asserted here.Concept / Approach:The minimal assumption is II: EC can, in principle, effect such curtailment. There is no need to assume an exclusive power of the President to direct the EC (I); the sentence reads as advice/expectation, not a command anchored in exclusive authority.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Identify what makes the exhortation actionable: EC capability.2) Discard I as an unnecessary constitutional claim.Verification / Alternative check:EC routinely prescribes expenditure norms and audits campaign accounts.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only I/Both/Neither” misstate or dilute the necessary assumption.Common Pitfalls:Reading an exhortation as a constitutional directive.Final Answer:Only assumption II is implicit.

Question 12

Statement–Assumption — “World gold production has continued to grow irrespective of the price hike.” Assumptions: I) The quantity of gold produced does not affect its market price. II) When prices rise, production ought to be reduced. Choose the imp…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The statement is a descriptive observation about production behaviour relative to price. It does not prescribe what should happen nor assert the causal relation between quantity and price.Given Data / Assumptions:Production has increased even as prices rose.No mechanism or policy recommendation is stated.Concept / Approach:Assumption I makes a strong claim about price formation that is not required for the observation. Assumption II is a normative belief (“should be reduced”) not necessary to state the empirical fact.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Identify the nature of the statement: factual correlation, not theory or policy.2) Conclude neither I nor II is needed for the statement’s truth or relevance.Verification / Alternative check:Producers often expand output when prices are high, contradicting II; price is influenced by many factors beyond current quantity, undermining I as a necessary assumption.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Any option claiming I or II adds content not implied by the statement.Common Pitfalls:Projecting market theories onto a bare observation.Final Answer:Neither I nor II is implicit.

Question 13

Statement–Assumption — “In a country with over 70 TV channels, hundreds of newspapers, thousands of magazines, and a surge of dotcoms, the demand for journalists will never die down.” Assumptions: I) TV channels and dotcom companies are mushrooming …

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The claim links media breadth/growth to sustained demand for journalists. We identify the underpinning belief.Given Data / Assumptions:Media outlets require content creators/editors.“Never die down” suggests continued or growing media activity.Concept / Approach:Assumption I—continued proliferation—supports persistent demand. Assumption II (journalists as “pillar of democracy”) is a value statement, not necessary to the labour-demand claim.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Map demand to industry size and trajectory (I).2) Exclude II as irrelevant to labour economics logic.Verification / Alternative check:Employment scales with number and activity of outlets, irrespective of normative claims.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only II/Both/Neither” ignore or muddy the causal link asserted.Common Pitfalls:Confusing moral importance with demand determinants.Final Answer:Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 14

Statement–Assumption — “Strict action will be taken against MCD employees if found guilty of connivance in illegal encroachments.” — New Municipal Commissioner Assumptions: I) Some MCD employees indulge in corruption/collusion. II) The warning will …

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:A deterrent statement targets specific misconduct. For it to be purposeful, there must be misconduct to deter and an expectation that the warning/penalty threat will reduce it.Given Data / Assumptions:Illegal encroachments occur with possible insider collusion.Announcements of strict action aim to change behaviour through deterrence.Concept / Approach:I is necessary; otherwise the warning addresses a non-existent problem. II is also necessary; otherwise issuing the warning would be pointless.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Establish existence of a target behaviour (I).2) Establish belief in the warning’s efficacy (II).Verification / Alternative check:Public administration often uses disciplinary threats to curb malfeasance.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Leaving out either undermines the practical logic of making the statement.Common Pitfalls:Treating public warnings as mere rhetoric with no expected effect.Final Answer:Both I and II are implicit.

Question 15

Statement–Assumption — “Thick milk does not mean high-quality milk.” — Issued in public interest by a reputed milk company Assumptions: I) There is a prevalent misconception that thicker milk is better. II) Some companies sell adulterated thick milk…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:A public advisory aims to correct a mistaken heuristic (thickness equals quality). We assess which beliefs are necessary for issuing such guidance.Given Data / Assumptions:Consumers may equate viscosity with purity or richness.Advisories can modify consumer choice criteria.Concept / Approach:I must be true; without a misconception there is no reason to issue the message. II, alleging competitors’ adulteration, is not necessary; the advisory can stand purely as consumer education without accusing others.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Link message to target misconception (I).2) Exclude II as optional and unrequired.Verification / Alternative check:Milk thickness can be influenced by fat/SNF content or additives; quality requires standardized testing.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only II/Both/Neither” either add needless accusation or miss the educational premise.Common Pitfalls:Assuming all thick milk is adulterated; the message only rejects “thickness = quality.”Final Answer:Only assumption I is implicit.

Question 16

Statement–Assumption — “Citizens and nations reveal their character by the way they treat their elderly and the disabled.” Assumptions: I) The elderly and disabled are the most respectable members of society. II) The elderly and disabled need societ…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The maxim ties moral character to treatment of vulnerable groups. We determine the minimal belief that makes this evaluative criterion meaningful.Given Data / Assumptions:Elderly and disabled persons often face access, income, or care barriers.Societal response toward the vulnerable reflects collective values.Concept / Approach:The statement presupposes II: these groups rely on society’s consideration; thus treatment is a moral test. It does not claim they are “most respectable” (I), which is a value ranking unrelated to the argument.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Identify vulnerability → need for support (II).2) Reject hierarchical respect claim (I) as unnecessary.Verification / Alternative check:Global norms emphasise inclusion and accessibility for vulnerable citizens.Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Only I/Both/Neither” mischaracterise the moral test’s basis.Common Pitfalls:Confusing “needing care” with “ranking in respect.”Final Answer:Only assumption II is implicit.

Question 17

Statement–Assumption — “Unemployment has increased in spite of the Indian economy growing well.” Assumptions: I) Economic growth is expected to create more job opportunities. II) Factors other than growth influence employment outcomes. Choose the im…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The statement contrasts rising unemployment with healthy GDP growth, implicitly critiquing “jobless growth.” For this contrast to carry meaning, two background beliefs must hold.Given Data / Assumptions:Growth generally raises labour demand via investment and consumption (expectation).Employment also depends on technology, sectoral mix, labour regulations, and participation rates (other factors).Concept / Approach:Assumption I provides the “despite” tension: growth should generate jobs. Assumption II explains why the expectation may fail: other determinants can offset or delay job creation, producing divergence between GDP and employment.Step-by-Step Solution:1) Recognise normative baseline (I): growth → jobs.2) Recognise multidimensional labour dynamics (II).3) Hence both assumptions are necessary to make the contrast informative.Verification / Alternative check:Episodes of productivity-led, capital-intensive growth often raise GDP without commensurate hiring.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Choosing only one undermines either the contrast or its explanation; “Neither” empties the statement of significance.Common Pitfalls:Assuming a mechanical growth→jobs link without considering sectoral composition.Final Answer:Both I and II are implicit.

Question 18

Statement: It is not unknown in India that inquiry reports—usually compiled with considerable care—are shelved and forgotten as soon as the initial public outrage dies down. Assumptions: I. The credibility of inquiry reports has considerably gone do…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:This verbal reasoning problem tests the ability to identify implicit assumptions—unstated premises that must be true for the given statement to make sense. The statement claims that inquiry reports in India, even when carefully compiled, are often shelved once initial outrage subsides. We must evaluate which assumptions necessarily underlie this claim, not which are merely plausible or agreeable.Given Data / Assumptions:Inquiry reports are prepared with care.After public outrage wanes, such reports are shelved and forgotten.We seek assumptions that must hold for this description to be coherent.Concept / Approach:To be implicit, an assumption must be indispensable to the sense of the statement. A claim about reports being shelved implies non-implementation or inadequate follow-through. However, it does not automatically entail broader claims about public credibility perceptions unless the original statement references or relies on public trust as part of its logic.Step-by-Step Solution:Test Assumption I: “Credibility has gone down.” The statement criticizes post-outrage follow-through but does not hinge on whether the public believes the reports. Even if credibility were high, the critique (that authorities shelve reports) still stands. Thus I is not necessary.Test Assumption II: “Inquiry reports are never implemented up to victims’ expectations.” Saying reports are “shelved and forgotten” effectively means they are not acted upon in any meaningful sense, certainly not to the level expected by victims of a crisis. The statement’s force depends on this non-implementation idea. Thus II is necessary.Verification / Alternative check:Imagine a world where reports are routinely implemented satisfactorily after outrage fades. Then the statement (“shelved and forgotten”) would be false. Hence the non-implementation premise is required.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Options including I assume a fall in credibility, which is not required by the wording. “Either” or “both” wrongly include I; “neither” ignores the clear non-implementation premise.Common Pitfalls:Confusing “plausible consequence” (loss of credibility) with “necessary assumption” (lack of follow-through).Final Answer:if only assumption II is implicit.

Question 19

Statement: India is suffering because citizens have given and taken votes based on caste or religion rather than on principles. Assumptions: I. The days of value-based voting are numbered in India. II. Voting based on principles can nullify or mitig…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:The statement blames current electoral behavior (caste/religion voting) for India’s suffering. We must identify the hidden premise(s) without which this evaluative claim would lack force.Given Data / Assumptions:Citizens have often voted based on caste/religion.“Principles” are contrasted as the better basis.We test which assumption is essential.Concept / Approach:A necessary assumption supports the causal/evaluative leap. If the speaker proposes principles-based voting as the corrective, the logic presumes such voting alleviates the named harms.Step-by-Step Solution:Assumption I: “The days of value-based voting are numbered.” This predicts decline in value-based voting; the statement criticizes present practice, but does not require a trend prediction. Not necessary.Assumption II: “Principles-based voting can counter harms of identity voting.” This is required; otherwise recommending “principles” as an antidote would be pointless.Verification / Alternative check:If II were false, the statement’s contrast would lose explanatory power.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Including I adds an unnecessary forecast; “neither” ignores the corrective premise; “either/both” wrongly include I.Common Pitfalls:Reading trend claims into a present-tense critique.Final Answer:if only assumption II is implicit.

Question 20

Statement: “Our population is now 100 crore. Let’s have small families for a stronger India.” — a public (nasal) message sent by MTNL. Assumptions: I. Public messages sent through mass communication media are effective tools to achieve behavioral ch…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context:This item asks which premises must be true for a public message advocating small families to make sense. We separate necessary assumptions from merely supportive facts.Given Data / Assumptions:MTNL broadcasts a message encouraging small families.Target: national strength via population control.Concept / Approach:For such a message to be rational: (a) planners must believe mass communication can influence behavior, and (b) population growth is a sufficiently serious concern to warrant messaging.Step-by-Step Solution:Assumption I: Necessary. If mass messages were ineffective by nature, broadcasting would be irrational.Assumption II: Necessary. The call for small families presupposes that rapid population growth is problematic for “stronger India.”Verification / Alternative check:If either I or II were false (messages ineffective, or population growth not worrisome), the broadcast’s rationale collapses.Why Other Options Are Wrong:Any single-assumption choice omits a required premise; “neither” contradicts the logic; “either” is insufficient because both premises are needed.Common Pitfalls:Confusing helpful assumptions with indispensable ones—here both are indispensable.Final Answer:if both I and II are implicit.

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