Question 1

In the Union Government of India, who normally presents the annual Union Budget and the related Finance Bill in Parliament?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question examines your knowledge of the budget making process in India and the role of key economic institutions and office holders. The presentation of the Union Budget in Parliament is one of the most important annual events in India's economic governance. Knowing who actually presents the Budget and the Finance Bill on the floor of the House is essential basic polity and economy general knowledge for any competitive exam aspirant. Given Data / Assumptions: The question is about who presents the Union Budget in Parliament. The options list the RBI Governor, a so called Budget Minister, the Finance Minister, and the Finance Secretary. We assume the standard parliamentary practice followed in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Concept / Approach: The Government of India prepares the Union Budget under the guidance of the Ministry of Finance, in consultation with other ministries and bodies. The final document includes the annual financial statement, demands for grants, and the Finance Bill for taxation changes. It is the Union Finance Minister, as a member of the Council of Ministers and the political head of the Finance Ministry, who presents the Budget in the Lok Sabha. The Reserve Bank of India and civil servants such as the Finance Secretary assist in formulation and implementation, but they do not present the Budget in Parliament. There is also no official post called Budget Minister in the Indian constitutional framework. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the Budget is a government policy document, so it must be presented by a minister, not a bureaucrat or central bank official.Step 2: Recall that the Constitution and parliamentary practice recognise the Finance Minister as the minister in charge of the budget and financial matters.Step 3: Note that there is no separate constitutional designation officially called Budget Minister in India.Step 4: Select Finance Minister from the options as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: If you look at news reports and historical references, they consistently mention that individuals like Morarji Desai, Manmohan Singh, P Chidambaram, Arun Jaitley, Nirmala Sitharaman, and others presented the budget in their capacity as Finance Ministers. The RBI Governor usually delivers monetary policy statements but never presents the budget to Parliament. The Finance Secretary is a senior civil servant who may brief the media and assist in drafting but does not stand at the Lok Sabha podium to present the budget. This pattern through decades confirms that the Finance Minister is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The RBI Governor heads the central bank and focuses on monetary policy, banking regulation, and financial stability, but does not present the government budget in Parliament, so this option is incorrect. There is no formal constitutional post called Budget Minister in India; this phrase is sometimes used informally, but the official role is that of the Finance Minister, so this option is invalid in a strict exam context. The Finance Secretary is a top bureaucrat in the Ministry of Finance who helps prepare the budget but cannot present it in Parliament because that responsibility rests with an elected minister, so this option is also wrong. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates may be misled by the presence of the term Budget Minister and think that there is a special ministerial office for budget presentation, which is not the case. Others might confuse the powerful position of the RBI Governor with budget related powers and assume that the Governor presents the budget, which again is incorrect. To avoid these mistakes, remember that the Finance Minister is the political authority accountable to Parliament for fiscal policy and therefore has the responsibility to present the Union Budget. Final Answer: In India, the annual Union Budget and the related Finance Bill are normally presented in Parliament by the Union Finance Minister.

Question 2

All of the following are recognised aims or objectives of Lok Adalats in India, except which one?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question explores your understanding of Lok Adalats, which are an important part of the alternative dispute resolution system in India. Lok Adalats aim to deliver speedy, low cost, and consensual justice, especially to weaker sections of society. However, they do not change who actually rules or exercises formal political power. By identifying which listed objective does not fit the true role of Lok Adalats, you demonstrate clarity about their purpose and constitutional position. Given Data / Assumptions: The question presents four statements as possible aims of Lok Adalats. It asks you to select the option that is not an actual aim of Lok Adalats, that is, the exception. The listed aims involve justice to weaker sections, mass disposal of cases, handing power to the common man, and minimising cost and delay. We assume standard understanding of Lok Adalats under the Legal Services Authorities Act and related schemes. Concept / Approach: Lok Adalats are people's courts that operate with the consent of the parties to settle disputes through compromise and conciliation. Their main objectives are to provide access to justice for weaker sections, reduce the backlog of cases by mass disposal, and ensure that justice is inexpensive and quick. They do not replace the elected government or formal judiciary in terms of the power to rule. The phrase “give the power to rule in the hands of the common man” talks about political power, which is not the mandate of Lok Adalats. Therefore, the correct approach is to identify this politically framed statement as the one that does not match the true aims of Lok Adalats. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Lok Adalats focus on settlement of disputes, not on transferring political power.Step 2: Recognise that securing justice to weaker sections and reducing backlog by mass disposal are explicitly mentioned objectives in many texts.Step 3: Note that minimising cost and delay is a core feature of Lok Adalat proceedings, which do not involve court fees and are flexible in procedure.Step 4: Identify the statement about giving the power to rule to the common man as unrelated to the judicial dispute resolution function and hence mark it as the exception. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify by looking at descriptions of Lok Adalats in standard polity and legal awareness books, which highlight speedy justice, consensual settlement, low cost procedures, and focus on disadvantaged groups as their main goals. None of these sources suggest that Lok Adalats are designed to change the structure of political power or governance. The phrase about giving the power to rule in the hands of the common man is more appropriate to democratic franchise and elections, not to Lok Adalats. Since the other three options map cleanly to the aims of alternative dispute resolution and social justice, the exception is clear. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Securing justice to the weaker sections is an essential aim because Lok Adalats make it easier for poor and marginalised people to settle disputes without high legal costs, so this is a correct objective and not the exception. Mass disposal of cases is a widely recognised goal, since Lok Adalats often take up large numbers of similar cases such as motor accident claims or bank recovery matters for settlement in one sitting, so this aim is also correct. Minimising cost and delay is at the heart of Lok Adalat design, with no court fee and speedy conciliation, so it is very much an intended aim and not the odd one out. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates misinterpret the phrase “people's court” and assume that it gives direct ruling power to the people, which leads them to wrongly accept the politically worded option. Others may confuse the broader democratic principle of rule by the people with the limited function of Lok Adalats in resolving disputes. Remember that Lok Adalats exist within the judicial framework and aim at fair, quick, and low cost justice, not at altering political authority. This distinction helps you avoid the trap option. Final Answer: The statement that Lok Adalats aim to give the power to rule in the hands of the common man is not a true objective of Lok Adalats and is therefore the correct exception.

Question 3

What is the normal term of office of an individual elected member of the Rajya Sabha, the Council of States in the Indian Parliament?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question deals with the basic structure of the Indian Parliament, specifically the Rajya Sabha, which is also known as the Council of States. Understanding the term of office of its members is important because the Rajya Sabha is a permanent house that is never dissolved, unlike the Lok Sabha. Instead of the whole house going for elections at once, only a fraction of members retire periodically. The individual term of a member and the retirement pattern are fundamental facts tested in many exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks for the term of office of a member of the Rajya Sabha. The options suggest different durations in years: 2, 6, 7, and 4 years. We assume normal circumstances without disqualification or resignation. Concept / Approach: The Rajya Sabha is a permanent chamber, but its members do not hold office for life. The Constitution specifies that the normal term of an elected member is six years. To maintain continuity, one third of the members retire every two years, and elections are held for those seats. This system ensures both stability and partial renewal. Therefore, while the house itself continues indefinitely, an individual member's normal tenure is six years, which is the key concept required to answer this question. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Rajya Sabha is not subject to dissolution like the Lok Sabha; it is a continuing body.Step 2: Remember that the Constitution provides for staggered retirement, with one third of members retiring every two years.Step 3: From this pattern, understand that the full term for any one member is six years, after which the seat falls vacant.Step 4: Among the options given, identify six years as the correct normal term of office for a Rajya Sabha member. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by checking standard polity books which consistently state that members of the Council of States are elected for a six year term. News reports about Rajya Sabha elections also mention that members are being elected for a six year term and that every two years elections are held for roughly one third of the seats. No authentic source mentions 2, 4, or 7 years as the normal tenure. This repeated pattern in credible references confirms that six years is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Two years corresponds to the interval at which one third of the house retires, not the full term of an individual member, so this option is incorrect as an answer to the question asked. Seven years is not associated with the tenure of Rajya Sabha members; instead, it is closer to the term of some other offices in different contexts, so this option is wrong here. Four years is not linked with the tenure of any house of the Indian Parliament under the Constitution, making it an incorrect choice in this context. Common Pitfalls: Some aspirants confuse the retirement cycle of one third of the members every two years with the full term and may choose two years, which is a misunderstanding of how a continuing chamber works. Others may mix up the tenure of different constitutional offices and select a random number that sounds reasonable. To avoid this, remember the simple rule that a Rajya Sabha member normally serves for six years and that the two year cycle relates only to staggered retirement, not to the full term. Final Answer: An individual elected member of the Rajya Sabha normally holds office for a term of six years.

Question 4

Under the Constitution of India, removal of the President from office before completion of the term requires an impeachment process. Which of the following bodies must pass the impeachment resolution for the President to be removed?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question focuses on the process of impeachment of the President of India, which is a serious constitutional mechanism used only in exceptional circumstances. Understanding who has the power to initiate and complete this process reveals how checks and balances work within the parliamentary system. The President can be removed for violation of the Constitution, but this cannot be done by a single individual or institution; it requires a collective decision by Parliament. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to removal of the President before the term ends. It implies the impeachment procedure under the Constitution of India. The options include the Prime Minister, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the Chief Justice of India, and the two houses of Parliament. We assume the standard impeachment provisions described in Articles 56 and 61. Concept / Approach: The Constitution provides that the President may be removed from office for violation of the Constitution by a process of impeachment. The charge can be preferred by either house of Parliament, and the resolution must be passed by a special majority in both houses. The Prime Minister, Speaker, and Chief Justice have important constitutional roles, but they do not by themselves have the power to remove the President. Thus the power to impeach and remove rests collectively with the two houses of Parliament, acting through a prescribed procedure and majority. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that impeachment is a parliamentary process involving the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.Step 2: Remember that a resolution containing the charges must be passed by one house and then investigated, after which the other house also passes it with a special majority.Step 3: Note that no single office holder such as the Prime Minister, Speaker, or Chief Justice has the authority to remove the President.Step 4: Choose the option that clearly points to the collective role of the two houses of Parliament, which is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify from standard polity references that impeachment of the President is initiated by either house with a notice signed by a prescribed number of members, then investigated, and finally concluded by a special majority vote in both houses. The Chief Justice may preside during the investigation, but does not decide the outcome alone. The Prime Minister and the Speaker have roles in parliamentary functioning, but they do not substitute for the collective decision of the two houses. Since removal is only possible when both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha pass the resolution, the answer is confirmed. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The Prime Minister heads the Council of Ministers and advises the President, but has no independent authority to remove the President from office, so this option is incorrect. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the lower house and may receive the notice of impeachment, but cannot alone determine removal; therefore this option is also wrong. The Chief Justice of India may be involved in the investigation of the charges and preside during the process, but removal is decided by Parliament, not by the judiciary alone, so this option is incorrect as well. Common Pitfalls: Candidates sometimes believe that the Prime Minister, being the most powerful political executive, can recommend removal in a manner similar to appointment, which is a misunderstanding. Others imagine that the Chief Justice, as the head of the judiciary, directly removes the President, confusing impeachment with judicial review. To avoid such errors, focus on the clear constitutional design that such an extreme step must be supported by special majorities in both houses of Parliament, reflecting the will of the legislature as a whole. Final Answer: For the President of India to be removed from office through impeachment, the required resolution must be passed by both houses of the Parliament.

Question 5

Under Articles 32 and 226 of the Indian Constitution, how many different types of writs can be issued by the Supreme Court and the High Courts to protect fundamental and other legal rights?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to the writ jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Courts in India. Writs are powerful judicial orders used to enforce fundamental rights and, in the case of High Courts, certain other legal rights as well. Knowing the number and names of these writs is a core part of Indian polity, because they embody the idea of constitutional remedies that give real meaning to fundamental rights. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to writs issued under Articles 32 and 226. It asks for the number of different types of writs available under the Constitution. The options are 5, 4, 3, and 2. We assume the classic list of writs borrowed from English law as adopted in the Indian Constitution. Concept / Approach: The Constitution of India empowers the Supreme Court under Article 32 and the High Courts under Article 226 to issue certain writs. These writs are Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto. Together they form five distinct types of writs. The Supreme Court issues them primarily for the enforcement of fundamental rights, while the High Courts can issue them for fundamental as well as other legal rights. Therefore, the correct answer is the total count of these writs, which is five. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the list of writs: Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto.Step 2: Count the distinct writs in this list, which gives a total of five.Step 3: Recognise that both the Supreme Court and the High Courts draw on this same set of five writs under their writ jurisdiction.Step 4: Select the option that matches this count, which is 5. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this from any standard polity textbook, which clearly enumerates these five writs and often explains them individually. There is no sixth writ added in the Constitution, and the number has not been reduced over time. While there are many court orders, the term writ in this constitutional sense refers specifically to these five types. As all authentic sources agree on this number, you can be confident that five is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Four is incorrect because it omits one of the recognised writs; there are not just four but five types of writs in the Indian system. Three and two are clearly wrong because they significantly understate the variety of writs and ignore several important ones such as Quo Warranto or Certiorari, which are frequently discussed in constitutional law. Common Pitfalls: A common pitfall is to remember only the more frequently referenced writs like Habeas Corpus and Mandamus and forget the others, leading to a guess that there are fewer writs than actually provided. Another mistake is to think that some of the writs are only part of British law and not fully adopted by the Indian Constitution. To avoid these errors, memorise both the names and the total count of the writs: five in all, with clear functions for each in the protection of rights and good governance. Final Answer: The Supreme Court and the High Courts in India can issue five different types of writs under Articles 32 and 226.

Question 6

Which of the following institutions has the constitutional power to regulate the right of citizenship in India by making laws on the subject?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question examines your understanding of which organ of the state has authority over citizenship in India. Citizenship determines who belongs to the political community of India and who enjoys full civic and political rights. The Constitution sets broad principles and then assigns power to a specific institution to regulate details through legislation. Knowing which body can make and amend citizenship laws is a fundamental part of Indian polity. Given Data / Assumptions: The question is about regulation of the right of citizenship in India. The options are Union Cabinet, Parliament, Supreme Court, and Law Commission. We assume the constitutional framework created by Part II and Article 11 of the Constitution. Concept / Approach: Articles 5 to 11 of the Constitution deal with citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution. Article 11 specifically empowers Parliament to make any provision with respect to the acquisition and termination of citizenship and all other matters relating to citizenship. The Union Cabinet is an executive body that may propose bills, but the power to regulate citizenship flows through legislation enacted by Parliament. The Supreme Court interprets these laws and tests them against the Constitution but does not itself make citizenship law. The Law Commission can recommend changes but has no legislative authority. Therefore, the correct answer is Parliament. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Article 11 gives Parliament the power to make laws on citizenship.Step 2: Understand that regulation of citizenship is done through acts such as the Citizenship Act, which are passed by Parliament.Step 3: Note that the Union Cabinet, Supreme Court, and Law Commission have supportive or advisory roles but do not have primary legislative power.Step 4: Select Parliament as the institution that constitutionally regulates citizenship in India. Verification / Alternative check: Verification is straightforward. Any standard polity book will explain that Parliament enacted the Citizenship Act and its subsequent amendments, including those related to registration, naturalisation, and loss of citizenship. The Constitution does not grant this law making power to the judiciary, the executive, or advisory bodies. Court decisions may interpret the law, and the Cabinet may introduce bills, but the final power to regulate lies in parliamentary legislation. This confirms Parliament as the correct choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The Union Cabinet is part of the executive and can only propose laws to Parliament; it cannot unilaterally regulate citizenship through binding legislation, so this option is incorrect. The Supreme Court can interpret citizenship laws, protect fundamental rights, and strike down unconstitutional provisions, but it does not have legislative authority to frame or amend citizenship laws, so this option is wrong. The Law Commission is an advisory body that studies legal issues and suggests reforms, but its recommendations become law only if Parliament enacts them, so it does not itself regulate citizenship and this option is therefore incorrect. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates confuse the power to interpret the law with the power to make the law and may wrongly choose the Supreme Court. Others overestimate the role of the Union Cabinet, forgetting that all important citizenship provisions finally appear in Acts passed by Parliament. To avoid such confusion, remember the basic division of powers: Parliament legislates, the executive implements, and the judiciary interprets. Citizenship is clearly allocated to Parliament under Article 11. Final Answer: Parliament has the constitutional power to regulate the right of citizenship in India by making laws on that subject.

Question 7

Who was the first woman to serve as the Governor of an Indian state after independence?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your knowledge of women's leadership in post independence India, particularly in constitutional positions at the state level. The appointment of the first woman Governor was an important milestone in Indian political history, symbolising greater participation of women in high office. Remembering the name and position of this pioneer is a common theme in General Knowledge and Indian polity questions. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks for the first woman who became Governor of an Indian state. The options include Sucheta Kripalani, Padmaja Naidu, Tarkeswari Sinha, and Sarojini Naidu. We assume the time frame is after independence and refers to the constitutional office of Governor. Concept / Approach: The correct answer is Sarojini Naidu, who became the Governor of the state of Uttar Pradesh soon after independence. She is widely known as the Nightingale of India for her literary contributions and as a prominent freedom fighter. While some of the other women listed in the options held important political offices, such as Chief Minister or Member of Parliament, they were not the first to serve as Governor of a state. The approach is to distinguish between different roles and recognise that Sarojini Naidu holds this specific first in the context of Governorship. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Sarojini Naidu was appointed as Governor of Uttar Pradesh soon after independence, making her the first woman Governor of an Indian state.Step 2: Remember that Sucheta Kripalani is better known as one of the first woman Chief Ministers, not as the first woman Governor.Step 3: Recognise that Padmaja Naidu and Tarkeswari Sinha held significant positions but did not precede Sarojini Naidu as Governor.Step 4: Select Mrs. Sarojini Naidu from the options as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this from standard modern Indian history and polity sources that list Sarojini Naidu as the first woman to become Governor of a state in India. Biographical notes on her life mention her role as Governor of Uttar Pradesh, while Sucheta Kripalani is specifically highlighted as a pioneering woman Chief Minister. Similarly, Padmaja Naidu later became Governor of West Bengal, but she did so after Sarojini Naidu. Tarkeswari Sinha is known for her work as a parliamentarian and minister, not on the gubernatorial side. These confirmations make it clear that Sarojini Naidu is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Mrs. Sucheta Kripalani was a significant figure who served as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, but she was not the first woman Governor of a state, so this option is incorrect in the context of the question. Miss Padmaja Naidu later served as Governor of West Bengal, but she did so after Sarojini Naidu had already become Governor of Uttar Pradesh, so she cannot be the first and this option is wrong. Mrs Tarkeswari Sinha was one of the early woman parliamentarians and a deputy minister at the Union level, but she was never the first woman Governor of an Indian state, so this choice is also incorrect. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates confuse the first woman Governor with the first woman Chief Minister and incorrectly select Sucheta Kripalani. Others may know that Padmaja Naidu held a gubernatorial post and assume that she was the first without checking the chronological order. To avoid such confusion, it is useful to remember the simple association that Sarojini Naidu equals first woman Governor, while Sucheta Kripalani equals one of the first woman Chief Ministers, which keeps their achievements distinct in your memory. Final Answer: Mrs. Sarojini Naidu was the first woman to serve as the Governor of an Indian state.

Question 8

In the context of democratic politics, what is generally considered the most important function of an interest group or pressure group?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to the role of interest groups or pressure groups in a democratic system. Interest groups represent specific sections, causes, or economic interests, such as farmers, workers, business owners, or environmental advocates. They do not usually contest elections directly but operate behind the scenes to influence those who are in power. Understanding their core function helps you distinguish them from political parties and other actors in the political process. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks about the most important function of an interest group. The options mention forming the government, altering government policies, building public opinion, and contesting elections. We assume a standard political science definition of interest or pressure groups. Concept / Approach: Political parties aim to capture power and form governments, while interest groups exist mainly to influence those who hold power, irrespective of which party forms the government. Their main function is to lobby, persuade, or pressure the government to adopt policies favourable to their interests. They may also help build public opinion, but this is usually a means to the larger end of shaping policy. They rarely contest elections directly or form governments. Therefore, among the options given, the function that best captures the essence of an interest group is altering government policies in a way that suits its members or cause. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that interest groups are organised around specific interests or causes, not around capturing political office for themselves.Step 2: Understand that they exert influence on legislators, ministers, and bureaucrats through lobbying, campaigns, and other forms of pressure.Step 3: Recognise that while they may sometimes support parties or candidates, their primary goal is to shape policies rather than to directly contest elections or form a government.Step 4: Choose the option that reflects this central goal, which is to alter government policies to its liking. Verification / Alternative check: Standard political science texts describe pressure groups as organisations that try to influence public policy without seeking political office themselves. Examples include trade unions pressuring for labour friendly laws or environmental groups campaigning for stricter regulations. These groups succeed when governments modify policies in response to their demands. While they may help frame public opinion and sometimes indirectly affect electoral outcomes, their defining feature is policy influence, confirming that altering government policy is their most important function. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Forming the government is the goal of political parties, not of interest groups, which rarely contest elections in their own name and therefore do not usually form governments, so this option is incorrect. Building up public opinion is an important activity for many interest groups, but it is a tool or method used to influence policymakers, not the ultimate function itself; the central aim remains policy change, so this option is not the best answer. Contesting elections is again more typical of political parties; interest groups may support particular candidates or parties but seldom field candidates themselves as their main strategy, which makes this option wrong in the context of the question. Common Pitfalls: Candidates often confuse interest groups with political parties and may choose forming the government or contesting elections as their main function. Others may focus too much on campaign activities and pick building public opinion. To avoid this, keep the conceptual difference clear: parties seek power directly, while interest groups seek to influence those in power. Once that distinction is clear, it becomes easy to see that policy influence is the core function of interest groups. Final Answer: The most important function of an interest group in a democracy is to influence and alter government policies to its liking.

Question 9

In the Parliament of India, what is the minimum number of members that must be present to form the quorum for a sitting of the Lok Sabha?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Quorum is a very important concept in parliamentary procedure because it ensures that decisions of a legislature are taken only when a minimum number of members are actually present and participating. In the context of the Indian Parliament, the Constitution of India as well as the Rules of Procedure of the Lok Sabha clearly define what proportion of members must be present so that a sitting of the Lok Sabha is valid. This question tests basic factual knowledge of those quorum rules and helps aspirants remember the specific fraction that applies to the lower house of Parliament. Given Data / Assumptions: The question is about the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. We are asked about the minimum number of members that must be present, that is, the quorum. No numerical strength of the house is given, so the answer must be in terms of a fraction or proportion of the total membership. The options refer to one tenth, one fourth, fifty percent, or a fixed number of members. Concept / Approach: Article 100 of the Constitution of India deals with voting in Houses, the presence of quorum, and related matters. Under Article 100, the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament is one tenth of the total number of members of that House. If at any time during a meeting there is no quorum, it is the duty of the presiding officer to either adjourn the House or suspend the meeting until there is a quorum again. Therefore, the correct way to answer the question is to recall the exact fraction mentioned in the Constitution, namely one tenth of the total membership of the Lok Sabha. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the subject of the question is the Lok Sabha, one of the two Houses of the Indian Parliament. Step 2: Recall the relevant constitutional provision, which is Article 100 that lays down the rules regarding quorum in both Houses. Step 3: From Article 100, remember that the quorum for either House is one tenth of the total number of members of that House. Step 4: Compare this remembered fraction with the options given in the question. Step 5: Observe that one option mentions one tenth of the total membership of the Lok Sabha, while others mention one fourth, fifty percent, or a fixed minimum of one hundred members. Step 6: Select the option that exactly matches the constitutional requirement of one tenth. Verification / Alternative check: A quick way to verify the answer is to take an approximate strength of the Lok Sabha, for example 545 members, and compute one tenth of that number. One tenth of 545 is 54.5, which effectively means at least 55 members. This matches the commonly cited figure that around fifty to sixty members form the quorum for a sitting. In many parliamentary guide books and standard polity texts, the same rule is stated: quorum equals one tenth of the total membership. This independent recall check reinforces that the constitutional rule is indeed one tenth and not one fourth or half. Why Other Options Are Wrong: One fourth of the total membership of the Lok Sabha would require a much larger number of members to be present and is not what the Constitution provides for quorum. Fifty percent strength of the Lok Sabha would make it extremely difficult to transact business and is never mentioned as a requirement for holding a valid sitting. The option that mentions at least one hundred members contradicts the constitutional scheme, because the quorum is not defined in terms of a fixed number, but as a fraction one tenth of the total membership. Therefore, all these alternatives are incorrect in terms of constitutional law. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to confuse quorum requirements with majority requirements for passing ordinary bills or constitutional amendments. Quorum is only about the minimum presence to start or continue a sitting, not about the number of members required to support a motion. Another frequent error is to assume that a larger fraction such as one third or one fourth must be present, because that seems intuitively more democratic. However, the framers consciously chose one tenth to balance efficiency with representation. Some students also misremember a fixed number instead of a fraction, which does not match the actual wording of Article 100. Final Answer: The minimum number of members required to form the quorum for a sitting of the Lok Sabha is one tenth of the total membership of the Lok Sabha.

Question 10

In the context of the Indian economy, the term Black Revolution is used for which drive toward self dependence?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: India has experienced several so called revolutions in different sectors of its economy, each associated with a particular colour and a particular commodity or sector. These revolutions are widely used as shorthand in examinations to test awareness about agricultural and economic policy initiatives. The term Black Revolution is one such expression and it is important for students to distinguish it from the Green, White, Blue and other revolutions that refer to different areas of production and self sufficiency. Given Data / Assumptions: The expression used in the question is Black Revolution. The focus is on self dependence in some sector of production in India. The options include food grains, milk, petroleum or crude oil, and coal or related fuels. No years, schemes, or specific programmes are mentioned, so the term is being used in its standard textbook sense. Concept / Approach: In standard Indian economy and general knowledge literature, different colours are linked to specific sectors. Green Revolution refers to rapid growth in food grain production through high yielding varieties and improved inputs. White Revolution refers to increased milk production and dairy development. Blue Revolution generally refers to fish production and aquaculture. Black Revolution is associated with efforts to increase production of petroleum and crude oil so that the country moves toward energy security. Therefore, the correct approach is to match the colour black with the sector most commonly linked to it, which is petroleum and crude oil in the Indian context. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the list of colour coded revolutions that you have studied in Indian economy and agriculture. Step 2: Associate Green Revolution with food grains, especially wheat and rice. Step 3: Associate White Revolution with milk and dairy production. Step 4: Remember that Blue Revolution is linked to fisheries and aquaculture. Step 5: Note that the remaining colour black is conventionally linked to mineral oil and petroleum based energy sources. Step 6: Among the options, identify the one that refers specifically to petroleum and crude oil production. Step 7: Mark self dependence in petroleum and crude oil production as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: An easy way to verify is to think of black as a colour symbolically associated with oil. Crude oil is often called black gold because of its dark colour and high economic value. Many examination guides and economic survey summaries directly define Black Revolution as the drive to increase petroleum production and exploration in India. This symbolic association of black with oil is consistent across multiple sources, so it confirms that the correct answer refers to petroleum and crude oil production rather than food, milk, or solid fuels like coal. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Self dependence in food grain production is specifically associated with the Green Revolution rather than the Black Revolution. Self dependence in milk production is the hallmark of the White Revolution and the Operation Flood programme. Coal and mineral fuel production are important, but the colour black in the context of revolutions is not normally used for coal in mainstream exam oriented literature. Therefore, the options referring to food grains, milk, or coal do not match the conventional meaning of Black Revolution in Indian economic terminology. Common Pitfalls: A common confusion arises when students loosely associate the colour black with any dark fuel such as coal, leading them to choose coal based options. Another mistake is mixing up the many colour revolutions without revising them systematically. Some learners also think that Black Revolution might relate to soil or ground based resources in general, which is too vague and not supported by standard texts. To avoid such errors, it is helpful to memorise a short mapping list that links each colour to a specific sector and to revise it regularly before examinations. Final Answer: In Indian economic terminology the Black Revolution refers to the drive for self dependence in petroleum and crude oil production.

Question 11

During the viceroyalty of which British administrator was the capital of British India shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The transfer of the capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi was a major administrative and symbolic decision in colonial history. This change reflected strategic, political, and historical considerations of the British rulers. Examinations on Indian history and polity frequently ask about the viceroy under whose tenure this important shift took place, so that candidates connect key events with the corresponding colonial administrators. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to the transfer of the capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi. The event took place in the year 1911 during the period of British rule. The options list well known viceroys and governors general such as Lord Canning, Lord Hardinge, Lord Lytton, and Lord Clive. We are asked specifically to identify the viceroy during whose tenure this decision and announcement were made. Concept / Approach: The capital shift was formally announced during the Delhi Durbar held in December 1911. At that time, the Viceroy and Governor General of India was Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, commonly referred to as Lord Hardinge. Questions of this type require factual recall of a pairing between an event and a person, so the approach is mainly mnemonic and based on standard chronology of viceroys and major events. By remembering that the Delhi Durbar of 1911, the visit of King George the Fifth, and the decision to move the capital all took place under Lord Hardinge, we can confidently pick the correct option. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note that the year mentioned is 1911 and the event is the shift of the capital from Calcutta to Delhi. Step 2: Recall that this decision was announced at the Delhi Durbar of 1911, which was attended by King George the Fifth. Step 3: From standard lists of viceroys and their periods of office, remember that Lord Hardinge served as Viceroy of India from 1910 to 1916. Step 4: Compare the tenure of each listed viceroy. Lord Canning was associated with the revolt of 1857, Lord Lytton with the second Afghan War and the Vernacular Press Act, and Lord Clive served earlier as Governor and is known for the Battle of Plassey. Step 5: Identify Lord Hardinge as the viceroy whose tenure overlaps with the year 1911 and who presided over the Delhi Durbar in which the capital shift was announced. Step 6: Select Lord Hardinge as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, you can cross check with a basic history text or a chronology chart of British viceroys. Such charts usually list important events against each viceroy. Under Lord Hardinge, they mention the Delhi Durbar of 1911, the visit of the monarch, and the announcement that the capital of British India would move from Calcutta to Delhi. This independent confirmation matches the reasoning based on dates and events, which confirms that the decision took place during the viceroyalty of Lord Hardinge, not during the time of Canning, Lytton, or Clive. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Lord Canning was the Governor General and later Viceroy during the revolt of 1857 and the transfer of power from the East India Company to the Crown, which is far earlier than 1911. Lord Lytton served from 1876 to 1880 and is associated with the second Afghan War and measures such as the Vernacular Press Act, but not with the capital relocation. Lord Clive was never a viceroy and belongs to an even earlier period, primarily connected with the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and the expansion of company rule in Bengal. None of these periods coincide with the 1911 decision to shift the capital. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse Lord Hardinge with Lord Harding due to spelling variants, but for examination purposes both refer to the same viceroy, Lord Hardinge of Penshurst. Another pitfall is mixing up events associated with different viceroys, such as attributing the capital shift to Lord Curzon or Lord Lytton simply because they are remembered as prominent administrators. To avoid such confusion, it is helpful to memorise a small table that pairs each viceroy with two or three landmark events, and revise it regularly. Final Answer: The capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911 during the viceroyalty of Lord Hardinge.

Question 12

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana is primarily related to which welfare measure launched by the Union Government of India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana is a flagship social welfare scheme of the Government of India. It is widely discussed in government documents, economic surveys, and competitive examination material because it directly addresses energy access and health issues faced by poor households. Examinations often test whether candidates can correctly link the name of the scheme with its main objective and target group, rather than confusing it with other welfare programmes. Given Data / Assumptions: The scheme mentioned is Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana. The question asks what the scheme is related to, that is, its core focus. The options mention free LPG connections, free electricity, child immunisation, and health insurance for senior citizens. No year or budget figures are needed, only the thematic area and main benefit. Concept / Approach: Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana was launched with the aim of providing clean cooking fuel to poor households that previously depended on traditional biomass like firewood and dung cakes. The scheme provides free LPG connections to women belonging to below poverty line and other specified vulnerable categories, with the objective of reducing indoor air pollution and improving health outcomes. The name Ujjwala is therefore strongly associated with LPG and clean cooking energy. Recognising this association is the key to answering the question correctly. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the official description of Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana from government announcements and standard polity or economy notes. Step 2: Identify that the scheme focuses on providing clean cooking fuel in the form of LPG to poor households. Step 3: Note that the primary beneficiaries are women from below poverty line families and other socially and economically disadvantaged sections. Step 4: Compare this understanding with the options provided. Step 5: Observe that one option explicitly mentions free LPG connections to poor households, especially women from disadvantaged sections. Step 6: Confirm that the other options describe different welfare areas, such as electricity, immunisation, or health insurance, none of which correspond to Ujjwala Yojana. Step 7: Choose the option related to free LPG connections as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can cross check by recalling some commonly quoted statistics about Ujjwala Yojana, such as the number of LPG connections sanctioned or the focus on women as connection holders. Government publicity material often shows images of LPG cylinders and women in rural households, which strongly reinforces the link with cooking gas. In contrast, free electricity connections are linked to schemes such as Saubhagya, mass immunisation is associated with Mission Indradhanush and related health campaigns, and health insurance appears in schemes like Ayushman Bharat. This comparison confirms the specific focus of Ujjwala. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The option about free electricity connections refers more closely to schemes like Saubhagya and Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana, not Ujjwala. The option about mass immunisation of children concerns public health programmes and does not mention LPG or cooking fuel. The option about free health insurance for senior citizens points toward social security schemes, which are different in design and target group. Since none of these align with the well known objective of Ujjwala Yojana, they are incorrect in the context of this question. Common Pitfalls: A frequent mistake is to confuse different flagship schemes with similar sounding names or to mix up their objectives due to the large number of programmes launched in the last decade. Some learners also see the words poor households and immediately think of electricity or housing schemes rather than energy for cooking. To avoid this, it is helpful to maintain a short table mapping scheme names to sectors such as cooking fuel, electricity, housing, health insurance, and financial inclusion, and revise it regularly. Final Answer: Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana is primarily related to providing free LPG connections to poor households, especially women from disadvantaged sections.

Question 13

Article 395 of the Constitution of India repealed which of the following colonial Acts? 1. Government of India Act 1935 2. Indian Independence Act 1947 3. Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act 1949 4. Government of India Act 1919. Select the c…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When the Constitution of India came into force it had to clearly state which earlier British enactments would cease to operate in the new constitutional scheme. Article 395 of the Constitution deals with repeal of certain Acts including the Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947. This question examines the ability of candidates to recall which historical statutes were explicitly repealed by Article 395 and to distinguish them from other enactments that lapsed or operated independently. Given Data / Assumptions: The question provides a list of four Acts: Government of India Act 1935, Indian Independence Act 1947, Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act 1949, and Government of India Act 1919. It mentions Article 395 of the Constitution of India, which deals with repeal. We are asked to choose the combination of Acts specifically repealed by Article 395. Standard constitutional history tells us which statutes were directly replaced by the new Constitution. Concept / Approach: Article 395 is placed in the last part of the Constitution and has a simple but important function. It repeals certain earlier enactments that formed the legal basis of British rule and the transfer of power, in order to remove any conflict with the new constitutional order. It expressly repeals the Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947, along with any adaptations, orders, and related laws made under them. Other Acts such as the Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act 1949 and the Government of India Act 1919 stand on a different footing and are not all explicitly mentioned in Article 395. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the text or summary of Article 395 of the Constitution of India. Step 2: Note that Article 395 clearly mentions the repeal of the Government of India Act 1935. Step 3: It also mentions repeal of the Indian Independence Act 1947, which had provided the framework for the Dominion status of India and Pakistan. Step 4: Remember that the Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act 1949 was a separate enactment dealing with appeals to the Privy Council, and it is not listed in Article 395 as a statute to be repealed. Step 5: The Government of India Act 1919 had effectively been superseded by the Government of India Act 1935 and was not the primary statute in force at the time the Constitution was enacted. Step 6: Therefore, among the four Acts listed, only the Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947 are explicitly repealed by Article 395. Step 7: Select the option that lists 1 and 2 only as the correct combination. Verification / Alternative check: A verification strategy is to think about why the framers would target particular Acts. The Government of India Act 1935 functioned as the constitutional framework for British India before independence, and the Indian Independence Act 1947 structured the transition to Dominion status. Both had to be clearly set aside to avoid legal ambiguity. By contrast, the Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act 1949 narrowed appeals to the Privy Council and was consistent with moving toward a supreme court in India, but it was not the main constitutional charter. The 1919 Act had already been overtaken by the 1935 Act, so repealing it explicitly in 1950 was not as crucial. Standard constitutional commentaries mention only the 1935 and 1947 Acts as those repealed by Article 395, which confirms the selected combination. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The option that lists 1 and 3 only is incorrect because the Abolition of Privy Council Jurisdiction Act 1949 is not one of the Acts named in Article 395. The option that lists 1, 2, and 3 only wrongly adds the 1949 Act, and the option that lists all four Acts incorrectly includes both the 1949 and 1919 Acts, which are not jointly repealed by Article 395. These distractor options rely on confusing the student about which enactments were the principal constitutional charters of British India and the transition to independence. Common Pitfalls: A frequent mistake is to assume that any colonial era statute mentioned in polity books must have been repealed together in one place. Another pitfall is to rely solely on memory of lists of Acts without understanding why they mattered historically. Learners may also confuse different repeal provisions and forget that Article 395 is specific rather than a blanket repeal of all earlier laws. To minimise such errors, it is useful to connect each statute with its role: 1935 as the constitutional framework, 1947 as the independence framework, and other Acts as supporting or transitional measures. Final Answer: Article 395 of the Constitution expressly repeals the Government of India Act 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947, that is, Acts 1 and 2 only.

Question 14

On 26 November 1949, which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India were brought into force before the full Constitution commenced on 26 January 1950? 1. Provisions relating to citizenship 2. Provisions relating to elections 3. Provi…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Constitution of India is celebrated every year on 26 January, because that is the date on which it fully came into force and India formally became a republic. However, some important parts of the Constitution were brought into operation earlier, on 26 November 1949, the day the Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution. This question tests understanding of which specific provisions became effective on that earlier date and why fundamental rights were not part of that initial enforcement. Given Data / Assumptions: The date in focus is 26 November 1949. The Constitution of India was adopted on this date but came fully into force on 26 January 1950. The options list four areas: citizenship, elections, provisional Parliament, and fundamental rights. We are to identify which of these were brought into effect on 26 November 1949. Concept / Approach: The framers decided that certain transitional and structural provisions needed to operate immediately so that the new constitutional machinery could be prepared by the time the full Constitution commenced. These included provisions relating to citizenship, elections, and the functioning of the provisional Parliament and interim arrangements. Fundamental rights and many other substantive parts of the Constitution, however, came into force on 26 January 1950. Therefore, the approach is to recall which provisions are explicitly mentioned in the schedule of enforcement and to see that they cover citizenship, elections, and provisional Parliament, but not the entire chapter on fundamental rights. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949. Step 2: Remember that certain articles came into operation immediately, mainly those dealing with citizenship, elections, and provisional arrangements for Parliament and the executive. Step 3: Identify that citizenship provisions were necessary so that the new polity could define who would be considered citizens of India on the date the Constitution commenced. Step 4: Recognise that election provisions had to be operational to conduct elections under the new constitutional framework. Step 5: Understand that the provisional Parliament provisions were required to ensure continuity of law making during the transition from Dominion status to a republican Constitution. Step 6: Recall that the full set of fundamental rights in Part III came into force on 26 January 1950 along with the rest of the Constitution, and were not operational on the adoption date in November. Step 7: Conclude that items 1, 2, and 3 were enforced on 26 November 1949, while item 4 was not, and select the option listing 1, 2, and 3. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by consulting the enforcement clause and schedules in standard constitutional references, which explain that articles such as those relating to citizenship, elections, and provisional Parliament formed part of a limited set of provisions that began on 26 November 1949. Commentaries and exam oriented books often highlight that fundamental rights were fully enforceable only from 26 January 1950. This division of dates is emphasised in many introductory chapters on Indian polity, which confirm that 1, 2, and 3 belong to the early enforcement group whereas fundamental rights belong to the later date. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The option that lists 2, 3, and 4 incorrectly includes fundamental rights, which did not come into force on 26 November 1949. The option that lists 1 and 3 only leaves out election provisions, which were crucial for organising democratic institutions under the new Constitution. The option that lists 1 and 2 only omits the provisional Parliament provisions that ensured continuity of legislation. All these combinations fail to capture the complete set of provisions that were actually enforced early. Common Pitfalls: A common error is to assume that either the entire Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949 or that all important parts waited until 26 January 1950. Some students also incorrectly think that fundamental rights were operative from the adoption date simply because of their importance. Another pitfall is forgetting about the role of provisional Parliament and treating it as a minor detail. To avoid confusion, it is useful to remember a simple phrase: adoption and partial enforcement on 26 November 1949 for citizenship, elections, and provisional arrangements, and full enforcement including fundamental rights on 26 January 1950. Final Answer: On 26 November 1949 the Constitution brought into force provisions relating to citizenship, elections, and the provisional Parliament, that is, items 1, 2, and 3, while fundamental rights came into effect later on 26 January 1950.

Question 15

Which of the following fundamental rights under the Constitution of India are available only to citizens of India and not to all persons? 1. Article 19 protection of certain freedoms 2. Article 21 protection of life and personal liberty 3. Article 1…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Constitution of India grants fundamental rights in Part III, but not all of these rights are available to every person in the same way. Some fundamental rights are guaranteed to all persons within the territory of India, while others are restricted specifically to citizens of India. Exam questions often ask candidates to distinguish between rights that are citizen specific and those that are universal. This particular question focuses on Articles 19, 21, 15, and 16 and requires careful classification based on their wording. Given Data / Assumptions: The question lists four fundamental rights with their article numbers and short descriptions. Article 19 concerns protection of certain freedoms such as speech, assembly, association, movement, residence, and profession. Article 21 deals with protection of life and personal liberty. Article 15 relates to prohibition of discrimination on certain grounds. Article 16 provides equality of opportunity in matters of public employment. We have to identify which of these are guaranteed only to citizens. Concept / Approach: A simple rule helps in such questions. Articles 15 and 16 clearly use the term citizen of India in their wording. Article 19 explicitly states that all citizens shall have the right to the freedoms listed there. On the other hand, Article 21 uses the broader term person and has been interpreted by courts to apply to citizens as well as foreigners. Therefore, Articles 19, 15, and 16 are citizen specific rights, while Article 21 is a universal right available to every person within the territory of India. Based on this reasoning, the combination that includes 1, 3, and 4 is correct. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Look at Article 19. Its text begins with the words all citizens shall have the right, clearly indicating that it is restricted to citizens. Step 2: Look at Article 21. It uses the phrase no person shall be deprived of life or personal liberty, which shows that it applies to any person, citizen or foreigner. Step 3: Examine Article 15. It prohibits the State from discriminating against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. The word citizen here shows that this right is citizen specific. Step 4: Examine Article 16. It guarantees equality of opportunity for all citizens in matters relating to employment under the State. Again, citizen specific language is used. Step 5: Conclude that Articles 19, 15, and 16 are restricted to citizens, while Article 21 is available to all persons. Step 6: Among the combinations given, identify that 1, 3, and 4 are the citizen only rights. Step 7: Mark the option listing 1, 3, and 4 as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: A quick verification method is to recall a simple classification taught in most polity textbooks. Rights available to all persons include Article 14 (equality before the law), Article 20 (protection in respect of conviction for offences), Article 21 (life and personal liberty), Article 22 (protection against arrest and detention), and certain cultural and educational rights. Rights available only to citizens include Articles 15, 16, 19, 29 (for some aspects), and 30 (for minority educational institutions). This standard classification confirms that Article 21 belongs to the all persons category, whereas Articles 19, 15, and 16 belong to the citizens only category, which matches the chosen combination. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The option listing 1, 2, and 3 treats Article 21 as a citizen specific right, which is incorrect because it uses the term person. The option listing 2, 3, and 4 also wrongly includes Article 21 and excludes Article 19, which is clearly a citizens only right. The option listing 1 and 4 only ignores Article 15, which is explicitly framed in terms of citizens rather than all persons. Each incorrect option reflects a misunderstanding of the language used in the relevant articles. Common Pitfalls: Many candidates rely on the intuitive importance of a right instead of its exact wording. Because the right to life and personal liberty is so fundamental, some learners assume that it must be restricted to citizens, when in fact the Constitution deliberately extends it to all persons. Another pitfall is not memorising the distinction between person and citizen as used in Part III. To avoid such mistakes, it is advisable to carefully read the text of the key fundamental rights and highlight where the word citizen appears. Final Answer: The fundamental rights that are available only to citizens and not to all persons are Article 19, Article 15, and Article 16, that is, items 1, 3, and 4.

Question 16

Under the Citizenship Act of India, a citizen of India will lose citizenship if he or she does which of the following? 1. Renounces Indian citizenship 2. Voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country 3. Marries a citizen of another country…

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Citizenship confers important rights and duties, and the Constitution along with the Citizenship Act lays down how citizenship can be acquired and under what conditions it can be terminated. For examination purposes, it is essential to distinguish between lawful grounds on which a person may lose Indian citizenship and actions that do not by themselves lead to loss of citizenship. This question checks understanding of the legal mechanisms of renunciation and termination, as distinct from unrelated factors like marriage or political criticism. Given Data / Assumptions: The question is about ways in which a citizen of India can lose citizenship under the law. Four possibilities are listed: renouncing citizenship, voluntarily acquiring another citizenship, marrying a foreign citizen, and criticising the Government. The task is to select the correct combination of actions that legally lead to loss of citizenship. We assume the framework of the Citizenship Act and relevant constitutional provisions. Concept / Approach: Under the Citizenship Act, there are several recognised modes by which citizenship may terminate, including renunciation, termination due to voluntary acquisition of citizenship of another country, and deprivation by an order of the Government in certain cases. Renunciation occurs when a person voluntarily declares in a prescribed form that he or she renounces Indian citizenship. Termination may occur automatically if a citizen voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country, subject to certain safeguards. However, marriage to a foreign citizen does not by itself result in automatic loss of Indian citizenship, and criticising the Government is related to freedom of speech, not citizenship status. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that renunciation of citizenship is explicitly provided for in the Citizenship Act. A person can voluntarily declare that he or she renounces Indian citizenship, which can lead to loss of citizenship. Step 2: Remember that voluntary acquisition of citizenship of another country is also a recognised ground for automatic termination of Indian citizenship under the Act, subject to certain procedures. Step 3: Consider whether marriage to a foreign citizen is listed as a ground for loss of citizenship. The law does not state that simply marrying a foreign national causes a person to lose Indian citizenship. Step 4: Evaluate the statement about openly criticising the Government. While such criticism could lead to defamation or security related issues in extreme cases, it is generally protected under freedom of speech and is not in itself a ground for loss of citizenship. Step 5: Conclude that items 1 and 2 are correct grounds for loss of citizenship, while items 3 and 4 are not. Step 6: Select the option that lists 1 and 2 only. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by remembering the major headings in standard polity textbooks dealing with termination of citizenship. They usually list three main heads: renunciation, termination, and deprivation. Renunciation and termination relate respectively to voluntary renouncing and voluntary acquisition of foreign citizenship. Deprivation is an action by the Government in limited circumstances such as fraud, disloyalty, or certain offences. None of these include marriage or criticism as automatic grounds. This pattern confirms that only the first two statements in the question match established grounds for loss of citizenship. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The option that lists 1, 2, and 3 incorrectly adds marriage to a foreign citizen as a ground for loss of citizenship, which is not found in the Citizenship Act. The option that lists 2, 3, and 4 wrongly treats both marriage and criticism of the Government as grounds, which they are not. The option that lists 1 and 4 combines renunciation, which is valid, with criticism of the Government, which is unrelated to citizenship status. Therefore, all these combinations misrepresent the legal provisions. Common Pitfalls: A frequent error is to assume that marrying a foreign citizen automatically changes a person’s citizenship status. In reality, marriage may facilitate acquiring another citizenship, but it does not by itself terminate Indian citizenship unless the person actually acquires foreign citizenship in terms of the law. Another pitfall is confusing political dissent or criticism with disloyalty sufficient to deprive citizenship. Democratic systems allow criticism within legal limits and do not treat it as a ground for loss of citizenship by default. Final Answer: A citizen of India will lose citizenship if he or she renounces Indian citizenship and or voluntarily acquires the citizenship of another country, that is, items 1 and 2 only.

Question 17

With reference to the protection of persons being tried for offences under Article 20 of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements is not correct?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Article 20 of the Constitution of India provides important safeguards to persons accused of offences. These include protection against ex post facto laws, protection against double jeopardy, and protection against self incrimination. Examination questions on Article 20 often ask candidates to identify which statements correctly reflect these protections and which statements misunderstand them. In this question, three statements are faithful to the constitutional guarantees, while one misstates the law regarding confessions and evidence. Given Data / Assumptions: The question is specifically about protection of individuals being tried for offences under Article 20. Four statements are provided about law in force at the time of the act, double jeopardy, quantum of punishment, and use of confessions. We must find the one statement that is not correct. Knowledge of basic criminal procedure and constitutional safeguards is required. Concept / Approach: Article 20 has three main clauses. One clause forbids conviction for an act that was not an offence when it was committed and forbids imposing a higher penalty than what existed at that time. Another clause provides that no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. A third clause protects against being compelled to be a witness against oneself. None of these provisions say that a confession can never be used as evidence; rather, they focus on compulsion and retrospective criminalisation. Confessions that are voluntary and recorded under proper procedure can be used in evidence subject to the law of evidence. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Examine statement about violation of a law that was in force when the act was committed. This reflects the idea that a person cannot be convicted under an ex post facto criminal law, which is consistent with Article 20. Step 2: Examine the statement about not being tried and punished more than once for the same offence. This is the protection against double jeopardy and is clearly part of Article 20. Step 3: Examine the statement about quantum of punishment matching the law in force on the date of commission of the offence. Article 20 provides that a greater penalty than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time cannot be imposed, so this is correct. Step 4: Examine the statement that a confession can never be used as evidence against the accused. This is too broad and is not what Article 20 states. Article 20 protects against compulsion to self incriminate, not against all confessions. Step 5: Conclude that the statement about confessions is not correct, while the other three are consistent with constitutional safeguards. Step 6: Select the option containing the incorrect statement as the answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can cross check by recalling provisions of the Indian Evidence Act. Voluntary confessions, especially those made before a magistrate or recorded according to procedure, can be admissible and often form an important part of evidence. What is barred is the use of confessions obtained by coercion, inducement, or compulsion, which would violate both the Evidence Act and Article 20. Thus, the law does not impose an absolute ban on confessions as evidence. In contrast, the provisions on ex post facto laws and double jeopardy are accurately reflected in the other statements, confirming that the first statement is the wrong one. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The options that restate principles on ex post facto punishment, double jeopardy, and prohibition on higher penalties faithfully reflect the content of Article 20. The statement on violation of an existing law captures the idea that a person cannot be punished for an act that was not an offence when done. The statement on not being tried and punished more than once for the same offence corresponds closely to the protection against double jeopardy. The statement on the quantum of punishment being in accordance with the law in force at the time of commission of the offence mirrors the bar on applying a heavier penalty retroactively. Therefore, they are correct statements and cannot be the answer to a question asking for the incorrect statement. Common Pitfalls: A common misunderstanding is to treat the protection against self incrimination as a complete ban on any confession being used in criminal trials. In reality, the Constitution and evidence law draw a line between compelled statements and voluntary admissions. Another pitfall is to overlook the word compelled in Article 20 and to assume that all statements by the accused are suspect. To avoid such errors, students should clearly separate the concepts of voluntariness of confession, admissibility of evidence, and the specific protections enumerated in Article 20. Final Answer: The incorrect statement is the one which claims that a confession can never be used as evidence against the accused, because Article 20 only protects against compelled self incrimination and does not ban all confessions.

Question 18

According to the Classical Theory of Employment in economics, deviations from the state of full employment are regarded as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Classical Theory of Employment is part of macroeconomics and describes how labour markets function under certain assumptions about wages, prices, and flexibility. In classical thinking, an economy with flexible wages and prices tends to operate at full employment in the long run. Deviations from full employment, such as unemployment above the natural level, are viewed as short lived disturbances. This question tests whether a candidate understands that, in the classical view, such deviations are considered temporary rather than permanent features of the economy. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to the Classical Theory of Employment, not Keynesian or modern theories. The focus is on how this theory views deviations from full employment. Options suggest that such deviations might be temporary, permanent, imaginary, or normal long lasting situations. We assume the standard textbook presentation of classical macroeconomics. Concept / Approach: In classical macroeconomic theory, the labour market clears through flexible wages, and the goods market clears through flexible prices. If there is unemployment or over employment, wages and prices adjust so that the economy returns to its natural full employment level. This adjustment may take some time, but in the classical view, it is inevitable in the absence of rigidities. As a result, deviations from full employment are seen as transitory or temporary and not as persistent or normal states. Therefore, when asked how classical theory regards such deviations, the correct choice is that they are purely temporary in nature. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the assumptions of the Classical Theory of Employment, particularly wage and price flexibility. Step 2: Understand that under these assumptions, labour supply and labour demand intersect at a wage rate where all those willing to work at that wage find employment. Step 3: Recognise that if, for some reason, there is unemployment, wages are assumed to fall, making it profitable for firms to hire more workers and restoring full employment. Step 4: See that any departure from full employment is therefore treated as a disturbance that will be removed by market forces over time. Step 5: Compare this understanding with the options: temporary, permanent, imaginary, or normal long lasting situations. Step 6: Conclude that classical economists regard such deviations as temporary phenomena and choose the corresponding option. Verification / Alternative check: A way to verify this is to contrast classical and Keynesian views. Keynesian theory acknowledges the possibility of prolonged underemployment equilibrium, where involuntary unemployment can persist due to insufficient aggregate demand and rigidities. Classical theory, however, assumes away such rigidities and relies on wage and price flexibility to argue that full employment is the normal condition. Because Keynesian theory exists largely as a critique of this classical assumption, remembering that contrast helps confirm that classical thinking treats deviations from full employment as temporary. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The option stating that deviations are permanent in nature contradicts the central classical idea that market forces restore equilibrium. The suggestion that deviations are imaginary is also incorrect, since classical writers acknowledge that shocks and disturbances do occur, even if they are short lived. The option describing deviations as normal long lasting situations corresponds more closely to the Keynesian concept of underemployment equilibrium than to the classical view. Therefore, none of these alternatives correctly represent classical thinking about employment. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes mix up classical and Keynesian frameworks because both are often taught together. Another common confusion arises from modern macroeconomic discussions that incorporate elements from both schools. Some learners also assume that any theory that mentions full employment must deny the existence of unemployment altogether, which is not accurate. The classical model allows for unemployment during adjustment, but it believes that such unemployment is temporary rather than a stable equilibrium outcome. Final Answer: According to the Classical Theory of Employment, departures from full employment are regarded as purely temporary in nature, because flexible wages and prices are assumed to restore full employment in the long run.

Question 19

With reference to Article 32 of the Constitution of India, which one of the following statements is not correct?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Article 32 of the Constitution of India is often called the heart and soul of the Constitution because it gives individuals the right to move the Supreme Court directly for the enforcement of fundamental rights. It is both a substantive fundamental right and a procedural remedy. Examination questions frequently ask about the exact scope of Article 32, especially whether it covers only fundamental rights or also ordinary legal rights. Understanding this distinction is crucial for answering this question correctly. Given Data / Assumptions: The question lists four statements about Article 32. They concern its nature as a remedy, its status as a fundamental right, the courts stance on delay, and whether it covers ordinary legal rights. We need to identify the single statement that is not correct in light of constitutional law and judicial interpretation. Standard polity texts and Supreme Court decisions guide this understanding. Concept / Approach: Article 32 gives the right to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of fundamental rights and empowers the Court to issue writs or directions for this purpose. It is explicitly placed in Part III and is itself described as a fundamental right. Courts have held that the Supreme Court generally should not reject a petition under Article 32 solely on the ground of delay when a fundamental right is at stake. However, the scope of Article 32 is limited to enforcement of fundamental rights and does not extend to ordinary legal rights that have no relation to fundamental rights. Ordinary rights may be enforced through other legal remedies, including Article 226 before High Courts. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Consider the statement that Article 32 provides a guaranteed remedy for enforcement of fundamental rights. This matches the language of the Constitution and is correct. Step 2: Examine the statement that Article 32 is itself a fundamental right. Since it is located in Part III and explicitly framed as a right to move the Supreme Court, this is also correct. Step 3: Look at the statement about the Supreme Court not refusing a writ petition under Article 32 merely on the ground of delay. Judicial practice supports the idea that when fundamental rights are involved, delay alone should not be an automatic bar, so this statement is substantially correct. Step 4: Analyse the statement that protection under Article 32 also applies to enforcement of ordinary legal rights that are not related to fundamental rights. This goes beyond the constitutional text, which clearly confines Article 32 to fundamental rights. Step 5: Conclude that the fourth statement is not correct because Article 32 does not give a general remedy for every legal right but only for fundamental rights. Step 6: Mark the statement about ordinary legal rights as the incorrect option. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by comparing Articles 32 and 226. Article 32 is specifically titled remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part, meaning Part III fundamental rights. Article 226, which empowers High Courts, is broader and allows enforcement of both fundamental rights and other legal rights. This distinction is highlighted in many judicial pronouncements and in standard commentary. Therefore, any statement that tries to convert Article 32 into a general remedy for all legal rights contradicts this clear constitutional design. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The first statement is correct because Article 32 gives a guaranteed remedy and is enforceable in the Supreme Court. The second statement is correct as Article 32 is itself listed among fundamental rights. The third statement reflects a general judicial attitude that delay alone should not prevent the enforcement of fundamental rights under Article 32, although the Court may consider delay along with other factors. Since these three statements align with established constitutional law, they cannot be the answer to a question asking for the incorrect statement. Common Pitfalls: A major source of confusion is the similarity between Article 32 and Article 226. Some learners remember that High Courts can enforce ordinary rights and then mistakenly extend that principle to the Supreme Court under Article 32. Another error is forgetting that Article 32 is specifically linked to Part III rights, not to the entire range of statutory and common law rights. To avoid this, it is helpful to memorise a simple rule: Supreme Court under Article 32 is for fundamental rights only, while High Courts under Article 226 can handle both fundamental and other legal rights. Final Answer: The statement that is not correct is that protection under Article 32 also extends to enforcement of ordinary legal rights unconnected with fundamental rights, because Article 32 is confined to the enforcement of fundamental rights only.

Question 20

Which one of the following writs is issued by a constitutional court such as the Supreme Court of India to secure the release of a person who is detained unlawfully?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Constitution of India empowers the Supreme Court and High Courts to issue various writs in order to enforce fundamental rights and to control public authorities. These writs come from the Anglo Saxon legal tradition and each has a specific purpose. Habeas Corpus is one of the most important writs because it directly protects personal liberty by challenging unlawful detention. This question tests whether students can correctly match the name of the writ with its purpose in cases of illegal custody or detention. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks for the writ that secures the release of a person unlawfully detained. The options list Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Certiorari, and Quo Warranto. We assume the standard meanings of these writs as used in Indian constitutional law. The focus is on identifying the one correct writ associated with unlawful detention. Concept / Approach: Habeas Corpus literally means you may have the body. It is a court order directing the authority holding a person in custody to produce that person before the court and justify the detention. If the detention is found to be without legal basis or in violation of fundamental rights, the court can order the persons release. Mandamus is used to compel a public authority to perform a public duty. Certiorari is used to quash orders of subordinate courts or tribunals. Quo Warranto is used to question the authority of a person holding a public office. Therefore, only Habeas Corpus fits the description in the question. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the definition of Habeas Corpus as a writ to challenge unlawful detention and to secure the release of a person from illegal custody. Step 2: Recall that Mandamus is a command to an authority to perform a public or statutory duty. Step 3: Remember that Certiorari is issued to quash the order or decision of a lower court or tribunal on grounds of lack of jurisdiction or error of law. Step 4: Note that Quo Warranto is used to question the legality of a persons claim to a public office. Step 5: Compare these definitions with the requirement of the question, which is about releasing someone from unlawful detention. Step 6: Conclude that Habeas Corpus is the only writ whose primary function matches the question. Step 7: Choose Habeas Corpus as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by remembering that in many landmark cases involving preventive detention, political prisoners, or missing persons, petitions are filed under the writ of Habeas Corpus. The court issues notices to the detaining authority and often orders that the detained person be produced before it. If there is no lawful justification, the court directs immediate release. Such cases are widely discussed in constitutional law classes, which reinforces the association between Habeas Corpus and protection of personal liberty. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Mandamus does not directly deal with custody or detention; it focuses on compelling authorities to perform their duties. Certiorari is aimed at correcting judicial or quasi judicial orders and does not by itself order release from detention. Quo Warranto is concerned only with questioning the legal authority of a person to hold an office and has nothing to do with detention or imprisonment. Therefore, choosing any of these writs would not match the specific requirement stated in the question. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes memorise the list of writs but confuse their Latin names. Another common mistake is to think that Mandamus covers any wrong by the State, including unlawful detention, because it sounds like a general command. To avoid such confusion, it is helpful to associate each Latin term with a simple English phrase: Habeas Corpus with bring the body, Mandamus with we command, Certiorari with to be informed, and Quo Warranto with by what authority. These associations make it easier to recall the distinct purposes of each writ. Final Answer: The writ issued to secure the release of a person who is unlawfully detained is Habeas Corpus.

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