Statement–Courses of Action (education reform): The Chairman emphasized making the education system more flexible and regretted that the curriculum has not been revised in step with rapid societal and technological changes; which course(s) of action logically follow—periodic curriculum review and revision, and increasing flexibility throughout the education system?

Given data

• Curriculum has lagged behind the pace of change.
• The education system needs greater flexibility.
• Courses proposed: (I) Review and revise curriculum periodically. (II) Make the education system more flexible.

Concept/Approach (address each cited gap)The statement flags two deficiencies: outdated curricula and rigid systems. Each proposed course directly addresses one deficiency; both are necessary and complementary.

Step 1: Course I – Currency of contentRegular reviews ensure alignment with evolving knowledge and skills.

Step 2: Course II – Structural flexibilityFlexibility enables differentiated pathways, modularity, and responsiveness to change.

Verification/AlternativeModern reforms worldwide combine curricular updates with system-level flexibility (credit systems, electives, continuous assessment).

Common pitfallsTreating the two as substitutes; updating content without flexibility still yields rigidity, and flexibility without updated content preserves obsolescence.

Final AnswerBoth I and II follow.