Question 1

In Android operating system history, which version was the first release that was completely 64 bit compatible?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This computer awareness question is about the evolution of the Android operating system and, in particular, its transition to full 64 bit compatibility. Over time, Android versions have added new features, better performance and improved hardware support. One key milestone was the first Android release that could run completely on 64 bit processors and support 64 bit applications. Exams often test whether learners can connect Android code names like Lollipop, KitKat and Oreo to important technical changes such as 64 bit support. Given Data / Assumptions: The topic is the Android mobile operating system developed by Google. The question asks about the first version that was completely 64 bit compatible. Options list several well known Android releases with their dessert code names. We assume a basic understanding that 64 bit support relates to processor architecture and application capability. Concept / Approach: Modern processors are often 64 bit, which means they can handle larger address spaces and work with data more efficiently compared to 32 bit processors. Android initially ran on 32 bit architectures. Later versions added support for 64 bit hardware and applications. Android 5.0, code named Lollipop, introduced full 64 bit support in the system, runtime and application framework. It allowed devices powered by 64 bit chips to run Android efficiently and let developers build true 64 bit apps. Earlier versions like Gingerbread, Ice Cream Sandwich and Honeycomb primarily targeted 32 bit hardware. Therefore, among the options, Android 5.0 Lollipop is recognised as the first completely 64 bit compatible version. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: List the Android versions in the options and recall their approximate release sequence. Step 2: Remember that Android 2.3 Gingerbread, 3.0 Honeycomb and 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich were developed in the era of mostly 32 bit hardware. Step 3: Note that Android 5.0 Lollipop introduced the ART runtime and formal 64 bit support for devices and applications. Step 4: Recognise that Android 8.0 Oreo, although newer, is not the first version to support 64 bit; it only continues and extends that support. Step 5: Conclude that Android 5.0 Lollipop is the earliest Android version on the list that is fully 64 bit compatible. Verification / Alternative check: Technical summaries of Android versions highlight Android 5.0 Lollipop as a major platform update that brought a new runtime, improved performance and official 64 bit support. Device launch announcements for early 64 bit Android smartphones also mention that they run Android Lollipop with 64 bit capabilities. Earlier versions are seldom described as 64 bit platforms. Later releases like Marshmallow and Oreo build on this foundation but are not the first. This independent confirmation from Android documentation and device specifications supports Android 5.0 Lollipop as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Android 2.3 Gingerbread: An early smartphone focused release that targeted 32 bit processors and did not provide full 64 bit support. Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich: Unified phone and tablet features but remained a 32 bit focused platform. Android 3.0 Honeycomb: A tablet oriented version that did not deliver complete 64 bit compatibility. Android 8.0 Oreo: Supports 64 bit hardware but arrived much later, so it is not the first fully 64 bit compatible version. Common Pitfalls: Many learners assume that a higher version number automatically means it is the first to provide a feature, so they may incorrectly pick Oreo simply because it is newer. Others think that once 64 bit chips exist, all Android versions must be 64 bit, which is not accurate. It is important to connect specific platform features to the correct version. When you see a question about the first fully 64 bit compatible Android version, you should remember the major Lollipop update and choose Android 5.0 Lollipop with confidence. Final Answer: The first completely 64 bit compatible version of Android was Android 5.0 Lollipop.

Question 2

In the history of computer technology, the modern digital computer was developed primarily in which country?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This general knowledge question focuses on the origins of the modern digital computer. Several countries made important contributions to computing, but competitive exams usually emphasise where the first general purpose electronic digital computers were built and developed as practical systems. Understanding which country led in this development helps place other facts about early computers, inventors and institutions in context. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to the digital computer, not mechanical devices or calculators. We focus on the country where modern electronic digital computers were primarily developed into working machines. Options include USA, UK, Russia, Japan and Germany. We assume reference to widely recognised early machines such as ENIAC and related projects. Concept / Approach: While several countries worked on early computing ideas, the modern digital electronic computer is strongly associated with developments in the United States of America. Machines such as the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and later EDVAC were designed and built in the USA and are often cited as the first general purpose electronic digital computers. Britain created important wartime machines like Colossus, and other nations contributed to later development, but exam oriented history usually points to the USA as the primary birthplace of the digital computer. Therefore, when a question asks where the digital computer was developed primarily, United States of America is the expected answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall famous early digital computers and where they were built, for example ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania. Step 2: Note that ENIAC and similar projects were funded and carried out in the United States during and after the Second World War. Step 3: Consider that the United Kingdom developed code breaking machines like Colossus, but these were specialised and secret for many years. Step 4: Recognise that Russia, Japan and Germany made later contributions but are not usually credited as the primary developers of the modern digital computer. Step 5: Conclude that the digital computer was developed primarily in the United States of America. Verification / Alternative check: History of computing books typically list the ENIAC, designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly in the USA, as the first general purpose electronic digital computer. They also emphasise that this work led to the stored program concept refined in EDVAC and later machines, again in the USA. While they acknowledge contributions from British and European scientists, the overall narrative consistently describes the USA as the primary location where the digital computer emerged as a practical and influential technology. Exam preparation material therefore usually sets USA as the correct choice for this question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: United Kingdom (UK): Built important machines like Colossus, but those were specialised code breaking devices and kept secret for many years, and exam syllabi still focus on USA for primary development. Russia: Made later advances in computing and space technology but is not credited with the earliest general purpose digital computers. Japan: Known for contributions in electronics and robotics, but not for originating the first digital computers. Germany: Had important theoretical work and mechanical devices but is not typically identified as the primary developer of electronic digital computers in exam oriented histories. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes pick the UK because they have heard about Colossus or the work at Bletchley Park, or they may guess based on current technology leaders like Japan. To avoid confusion, remember the specific phrase digital computer and connect it with ENIAC and EDVAC in the United States. When exam questions use developed primarily, they are usually referring to the well documented and widely publicised development of early digital computers in the USA, not to every related project worldwide. Final Answer: The modern digital computer was developed primarily in the United States of America (USA).

Question 3

In computer storage, magnetic tape is mainly used as which type of device in a computer system?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is from the topic of computer storage technology. Magnetic tape is one of the older forms of storage media used in computing and data processing. Although not as common in everyday personal computers today, it is still important in the history of computing and in some backup systems. Exams often ask what role magnetic tape plays in a computer system, for example whether it is considered an input device, output device or some other category. Understanding this helps you classify different hardware components correctly. Given Data / Assumptions: The device in question is magnetic tape used with a tape drive. We are asked how magnetic tape is mainly used in the context of computer hardware classification. Options include input device, secondary storage device, output device, both input and output device and none of the above. Assume standard textbook classification into input, output and storage devices. Concept / Approach: Secondary storage devices are used to store data and programs for long term retention, even when the power is turned off. Examples include hard disks, optical discs and magnetic tapes. Magnetic tape stores data sequentially on a long strip of magnetisable material. It is widely used for offline backups and archival storage, not as a keyboard like input device or screen like output device. While a tape drive technically reads and writes data, the role of magnetic tape in classification is as a secondary storage medium. Therefore, the correct answer is secondary storage device, because that is how it is described in computer fundamentals. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify what magnetic tape does. It stores data magnetically on a physical tape that can be loaded into a tape drive. Step 2: Recall that storage devices which keep data even when power is off are called secondary storage devices. Step 3: Recognise that input devices are things like keyboards and mice that send user data to the computer, while output devices are items like monitors and printers. Step 4: Place magnetic tape in the correct category by function, which is storing data rather than directly interacting with the user. Step 5: Select secondary storage device as the best description of magnetic tape in a computer system. Verification / Alternative check: Any standard textbook list of secondary storage devices includes magnetic tape along with hard disks, floppy disks and optical discs. They explain that magnetic tape is particularly suited to backup and sequential data access. In contrast, lists of input devices do not include magnetic tape because it does not feed user entered data directly into the system in real time. Output device lists focus on components that present information to users, which again does not match how magnetic tape is used. This consistent classification across educational material confirms that magnetic tape is considered a secondary storage device. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Input device: Magnetic tape is not used by humans to input data directly through manual actions like typing or clicking. Output device: Although data can be written to tape, it is not an output device that presents information to users. Both input and output device: While the tape drive can read and write, the question asks at a classification level where tape is treated as storage, not as a user interface device. None of the above: This is incorrect because magnetic tape clearly fits the definition of a secondary storage device. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may overthink the read and write nature of tape and choose both input and output device, focusing on data direction instead of standard classification. Others may believe that because it is older technology it must be a special category. To avoid confusion, remember that the key question is whether the primary role of the device is to store data long term. For magnetic tape the answer is yes, so it falls under secondary storage. Keeping the classification principle in mind will help with many similar questions about hardware devices. Final Answer: Magnetic tape in a computer system is mainly used as a Secondary storage device.

Question 4

In spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel, from where can you apply the Merge Cells option to combine selected cells into one?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question comes from everyday use of spreadsheet software like Microsoft Excel. Users often need to merge two or more adjacent cells into a single larger cell, for example to create a heading that spans several columns. The Merge Cells or Merge and Center feature can be accessed from more than one place in the Excel interface. Exam questions test whether you know these access points, which reflects practical familiarity with the software rather than only theoretical knowledge. Given Data / Assumptions: The software in mind is a typical spreadsheet program such as Microsoft Excel. The task is to apply the Merge Cells option to combine selected cells. Options mention the Format Cells dialog box Alignment tab and the Formatting toolbar or ribbon. We assume a standard Excel interface with both dialog boxes and toolbar or ribbon commands. Concept / Approach: Excel provides multiple ways to reach the same formatting command. For merging cells, one method is through the Format Cells dialog box under the Alignment tab, where you can check the Merge cells option along with alignment settings. Another, more commonly used method is through the Formatting toolbar in older versions or the Home tab ribbon buttons in newer versions, where a Merge and Center button is directly visible. Because the feature is accessible from both places, the correct answer must acknowledge that the Merge Cells option can be applied using either the Alignment tab in the dialog or the Formatting toolbar or ribbon. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall how you merge cells in everyday Excel use, usually by selecting cells and clicking the Merge and Center button on the Home tab. Step 2: Remember that in older versions, this button appeared on the Formatting toolbar, which served a similar purpose to the ribbon. Step 3: Also recall that if you open the Format Cells dialog box and go to the Alignment tab, there is a check box for Merge cells that merges the selected cells when applied. Step 4: Observe that both interface locations, the dialog box and the toolbar or ribbon, provide a way to merge cells. Step 5: Choose the option that explicitly states both of the above as valid places to apply the Merge Cells option. Verification / Alternative check: If you open Excel and select a group of cells, you can verify this behaviour directly. On the Home tab, the alignment group typically includes a Merge and Center dropdown that also offers Merge Across and Merge Cells. Using these options merges the selected cells. Alternatively, if you right click and choose Format Cells and then go to the Alignment tab, you will find a Merge cells check box that performs the same function when you click OK. Multiple Excel tutorials and help articles mention these two methods as standard ways to merge cells, confirming that both locations are valid sources for the command. Why Other Options Are Wrong: From the Format Cells dialog box, Alignment tab: This is partly correct but incomplete because the toolbar or ribbon also provides the feature. From the Formatting toolbar or ribbon: Also partly correct but does not mention the dialog box, so it is not the best answer. From neither the dialog box nor the toolbar: Incorrect because both are real and commonly used access points. Only from the print preview window: Print preview is for inspecting output and does not provide the main merge command. Common Pitfalls: Students who are familiar only with one method may choose a half correct answer. For example, users trained on newer Excel versions might remember only the ribbon button and forget about the Format Cells dialog, while those taught using menu based versions might recall the Alignment tab but not the toolbar shortcut. Exam questions often include the both of the above option to test whether you recognise multiple correct paths. To avoid mistakes, review both menu and toolbar routes for common formatting commands such as merging cells, wrapping text and changing alignment. Final Answer: The Merge Cells option in spreadsheet software can be applied from both the Alignment tab in the Format Cells dialog box and the Formatting toolbar or ribbon.

Question 5

Computer programs are written in a high level programming language, but the human readable version of such a program is specifically called what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is about fundamental programming terminology. When programmers create applications, they type statements in a high level programming language such as C, Java or Python. These statements are readable and understandable by humans who know the language. Later, this human readable form is translated into machine code that computers can execute. Competitive exams and interviews often ask what this human readable form is called, because it is an essential concept in software development. Given Data / Assumptions: Programs are initially written in a high level language. The question focuses on the human readable version before compilation or interpretation into machine code. Options include Cache, Instruction set, Source code, Executable file and None of these. We assume basic knowledge of the steps from coding to execution. Concept / Approach: The human readable form of a program written in a programming language is called source code. It consists of text files containing statements, declarations and comments that follow the syntax of the chosen language. These files are processed by a compiler or interpreter to generate object code or executable files that the machine can run. The instruction set, in contrast, refers to the set of low level operations supported by a processor, not to the high level program text. Cache is a type of memory, and an executable file is the result of building or compiling the source code. Therefore, the correct name for the human readable program is source code. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Think of what a programmer works with when writing a program, for example a .c, .java or .py file full of text. Step 2: Recall that this text is typed in a programming language and can be read and modified by humans who know that language. Step 3: Remember that this human readable text is called the source code, and tools like compilers translate it into machine code. Step 4: Compare this with the instruction set, which is the list of machine level instructions built into the CPU, not the program text. Step 5: Select Source code as the correct term that matches the question description. Verification / Alternative check: Programming textbooks and development tool documentation consistently use the term source code for the original program written by the developer. Version control systems such as Git and Subversion describe themselves as tools for managing source code. Build processes are often described as compiling the source into an executable. None of these resources refer to this human readable program text as cache or instruction set. Executable files are referred to as binaries or programs produced from the source. This consistent usage across multiple contexts confirms that source code is the required term in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Cache: Cache is a fast memory used to store frequently accessed data or instructions, not the program text itself. Instruction set: This is the set of machine level operations a CPU can perform, such as add or jump, not the human readable program. Executable file: An executable is the compiled or built form that the operating system can run, not the high level source that programmers edit. None of these: Incorrect because source code is a widely accepted and precise term for the concept described. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse instruction set with program instructions and think they refer to the same thing. It is important to keep the distinction clear: an instruction set is a hardware level specification, while source code is the high level program text. Others may loosely call any program an executable without recognising that executables are generated from source. To answer such questions accurately, always think from the perspective of what a programmer writes and reads directly. That artifact is the source code and should be your choice when you see the phrase human readable version of a program. Final Answer: The human readable version of a program written in a high level language is called its Source code.

Question 6

Among the following common storage units, which one represents the largest capacity of computer data storage?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your understanding of the hierarchy of data storage units in computing. When you buy a hard disk, memory card or solid state drive, its capacity is expressed in units such as kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes or terabytes. Knowing which unit is larger is important for comparing storage sizes and for interpreting specifications correctly in real life and in exams. Here you are asked to identify the largest unit among the given choices. Given Data / Assumptions: Units mentioned include KB, MB, GB and TB, which stand for kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte and terabyte respectively. The question asks specifically for the largest unit of storage among these options. We assume the standard order of magnitude used in computer science and hardware marketing. Byte is the basic unit but is smaller than all of the listed larger units. Concept / Approach: Data storage units follow a clear hierarchy in which each step represents a much larger quantity of bytes. Roughly, one kilobyte is about one thousand bytes, one megabyte is about one thousand kilobytes, one gigabyte is about one thousand megabytes and one terabyte is about one thousand gigabytes. Although binary prefixes can be slightly different, the ordering by size remains the same. Therefore, among KB, MB, GB and TB, the terabyte is the largest unit, followed by gigabyte, megabyte and kilobyte. This makes TB (terabyte) the correct answer to the question about the largest storage unit in the list. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Write down the units in increasing order: byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte and terabyte. Step 2: Recognise that a kilobyte (KB) is larger than a single byte, a megabyte (MB) is larger than a kilobyte and a gigabyte (GB) is larger than a megabyte. Step 3: Recall that a terabyte (TB) is larger than a gigabyte and is commonly used to describe modern hard disk and solid state drive capacities. Step 4: Compare the options and note that TB appears only in one of them, labelled TB (terabyte). Step 5: Choose TB (terabyte) as the largest storage unit among the given choices. Verification / Alternative check: If you examine typical storage devices, small USB drives may have capacities like 8 GB or 32 GB, while large external hard drives may be labelled 1 TB or 2 TB. The difference in price and capacity reflects the fact that TB is much larger than GB and MB. Reference tables in computer awareness books also present the sequence from KB to TB with each step representing approximately one thousand times more storage than the previous step. Based on these real world examples and documented tables, TB is clearly the largest unit listed in the question options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: GB (gigabyte): A gigabyte is large but still smaller than a terabyte, which contains roughly one thousand gigabytes. KB (kilobyte): Kilobytes represent very small amounts of data and are far below megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes. MB (megabyte): A megabyte is larger than a kilobyte but much smaller than gigabytes and terabytes. Byte: A byte is the base storage unit and is smaller than all of the higher level units listed above. Common Pitfalls: Some learners mix up the order of giga and tera because both terms sound similar and both represent very large capacities. A simple way to remember the ordering is to think of kilo as thousand, mega as million, giga as billion and tera as trillion. This mirrors the increasing scale of the storage units and helps you quickly decide which one is bigger. During exams, mentally listing the units in order from smallest to largest before answering can prevent mistakes when similar sounding terms appear together. Final Answer: The largest unit of storage among the given options is TB (terabyte).

Question 7

When a new hardware device such as a printer or scanner is attached to a computer, which software component must usually be installed before the device can be used?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to the topic of computer hardware and system software. Modern operating systems can work with many different hardware devices, including printers, scanners, cameras and specialised equipment. However, the operating system needs a way to communicate correctly with each device. The small pieces of software that act as translators between the operating system and the hardware are central to this communication, and exams often ask you to identify them by name. Given Data / Assumptions: The scenario is that a new device such as a printer or scanner is attached to a computer. The question asks what must be installed before the device can be used successfully. Options include buffer, driver, pager, server and patch. We assume a standard operating system environment such as Windows, macOS or Linux. Concept / Approach: A device driver is a special software component that allows the operating system to communicate with a hardware device. It contains instructions on how to send commands to the device and how to interpret its responses. When you connect new hardware, the system either automatically installs a suitable driver or asks you to provide one from a disk or download. Without a proper driver, the device might not function or may not be recognised at all. Buffers and servers are different technical concepts, and pagers and patches have their own roles. Therefore, the correct answer is driver because that is the essential software required for the new device to work with the computer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Think of practical experience connecting a printer or scanner to a computer. Step 2: Recall that the installation process often includes a message about installing printer software or drivers. Step 3: Understand that this driver software teaches the operating system how to send print jobs or scan commands to the device. Step 4: Check the options and find the one that specifically names this type of software component. Step 5: Choose driver as the correct term that must be installed for new devices. Verification / Alternative check: User manuals for printers, scanners and other peripherals always include a section on installing drivers. Frequently asked questions on manufacturer websites also tell users to update or reinstall drivers if a device stops working. In operating system settings, there are dedicated sections such as Device Manager that list installed drivers for each hardware component. All of this documentation clearly states that drivers are required to operate the devices, while buffers, pagers and servers are not mentioned in this context. This confirms that driver is the correct answer to the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Buffer: A buffer is a temporary memory area used to hold data while it is being moved, but it is not the software required to support a new device. Pager: Pager typically refers to a simple messaging device or a concept in operating systems related to memory management, not the software for hardware installation. Server: A server is a computer or program that provides services to other machines, not a small driver module for a local device. Patch: A patch is an update to software to fix bugs or security issues and is not specific to enabling a new hardware device. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse drivers with general software or with update patches. While patches can improve drivers, they are not the original required component. Others may have heard technical terms like buffer or server and mistakenly think they are always part of any connection. To avoid confusion, remember the phrase device driver whenever you see a question about software needed for hardware to work. If the question mentions a printer, scanner or graphics card, the most likely answer is driver, because it is the bridge between the operating system and the device. Final Answer: Before a new printer, scanner or similar device can be used, its Driver must be installed on the computer.

Question 8

In computer networking, which of the following is the most popular access method used in local area networks for sharing a common communication channel?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question focuses on basic computer networking concepts, especially how multiple devices share a common communication medium in a local area network. Access methods define how computers decide when they are allowed to send data on a shared channel. Several methods were developed historically, but one has become dominant in modern networks. Knowing its name is essential for understanding network topologies and for passing computer awareness exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks for a popular access method used in computer networks. Options include Ethernet, Token Ring, Bus Token, None of these and Satellite link. We assume a focus on local area networks in offices, schools and homes. We consider commonly deployed wired networking technologies. Concept / Approach: Ethernet is the most widely used networking technology for local area networks. It defines wiring standards, frame formats and, importantly, an access method that originally used carrier sense multiple access with collision detection, often abbreviated as CSMA or CSMA CD, to manage how devices take turns using the shared medium. Over time, Ethernet evolved from hubs and shared cables to switches and full duplex links, but the term Ethernet still refers to the dominant LAN technology. Token Ring and similar methods were used in some environments in the past but never matched Ethernet in popularity and have largely disappeared. Bus Token is not a standard term. Therefore, Ethernet is correctly described as the popular access method for computer networks in exam style questions. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that almost all modern wired LAN ports in computers and routers are based on Ethernet technology. Step 2: Understand that Ethernet defines how devices connect and share data on the network, including its access rules. Step 3: Compare Ethernet with Token Ring, which was an IBM technology using a token passing method but is now rarely used. Step 4: Notice that Bus Token is not a commonly recognised standard and appears to be a distractor. Step 5: Select Ethernet as the most popular and widely deployed access method for local area networks. Verification / Alternative check: Network equipment such as switches, routers and network interface cards are marketed as supporting various Ethernet speeds like 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps or 10 Gbps. Certification exams and training material refer to Ethernet as the primary LAN technology and describe Token Ring only as a historical alternative. Home internet connections over cable or fibre also terminate in Ethernet ports for local distribution. This broad and modern usage confirms that Ethernet is the correct choice for a popular access method, while the other options represent outdated or nonstandard technologies. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Token Ring: Token Ring uses a token passing access method and was deployed mainly in older IBM networks. It is not the most popular method today. Bus Token: This term does not refer to a widely known or standardised network access technology and is likely included to confuse learners. None of these: Incorrect because Ethernet clearly qualifies as a popular access method. Satellite link: Satellite communication is a long distance transmission medium, not a LAN access method like Ethernet or Token Ring. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may focus on the word method and become uncertain, thinking only of CSMA or token passing. It helps to remember that Ethernet is associated with CSMA based access on shared media and remains the best known name for LAN technology. Another pitfall is to assume that all older technologies are equally important; in reality, Ethernet became the dominant standard, and exam questions usually highlight this fact. When in doubt and the question mentions a popular access method for computer networks, Ethernet is usually the safest and most accurate answer. Final Answer: The most popular access method used in local area computer networks is Ethernet.

Question 9

In computer security and system protection, Trend Micro is best described as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is drawn from the area of computer security products. Many companies develop software that protects computers and networks from viruses, malware and online threats. Brand names such as Trend Micro, McAfee, Kaspersky and others often appear in exam questions to test whether you can identify them correctly as security tools rather than hardware devices or general applications. Recognising these names also helps users make informed choices about protecting their systems. Given Data / Assumptions: The name in question is Trend Micro. We are asked to identify what Trend Micro is. Options suggest it might be an insect, an electronic machine, anti virus software, a protocol or something else. We assume basic awareness of major security software vendors. Concept / Approach: Trend Micro is a well known global company that produces anti virus, anti malware and internet security solutions for home users, businesses and cloud environments. Its products include endpoint security suites, email protection, and specialised tools for servers and virtual machines. The company name often appears on product boxes, download pages and security alerts. It is not the name of a device, insect or protocol. Therefore, the most accurate description from the options is anti virus and internet security software, which captures the core business of Trend Micro in the context of computer studies. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise Trend Micro as a brand name you might see on security products or in software lists. Step 2: Recall that Trend Micro produces tools to detect and remove viruses, spyware, ransomware and other threats. Step 3: Understand that these tools are software applications, not physical machines or network protocols. Step 4: Compare this understanding with the answer choices and locate the option describing anti virus and internet security software. Step 5: Select that option as the correct description of Trend Micro. Verification / Alternative check: If you search for Trend Micro in any software catalogue or on a computer where it is installed, it appears as an anti virus or security suite. Product names include Trend Micro Internet Security and Trend Micro Maximum Security. On corporate websites and cyber security news, Trend Micro is mentioned as a security vendor, not as a hardware manufacturer or standards body. Network protocol documentation does not list Trend Micro as a protocol name. These multiple references confirm that Trend Micro is primarily known as anti virus and security software. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The name of an insect species: This is incorrect and likely included only as a distractor because of the word micro. A general purpose electronic machine: Trend Micro is not a physical computer; it provides software that runs on computers. A computer networking protocol: Networking protocols have names like TCP, IP or HTTP, not Trend Micro. None of these: Incorrect because the anti virus and security software option is accurate. Common Pitfalls: Candidates who have not heard of Trend Micro may try to guess based on the word micro, which appears in hardware names such as microprocessor. This can lead to confusion. A helpful exam strategy is to familiarise yourself with major security vendors and their product lines, because they appear frequently in computer awareness questions. Names like Trend Micro, Norton, Kaspersky and Avast are all associated with anti virus and security software, not with physical devices or basic networking standards. Final Answer: Trend Micro is best described as Anti virus and internet security software used to protect computers from malware and online threats.

Question 10

On the internet, which of the following is not considered a common means of personal communication between individual users?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your understanding of common internet based communication services. Personal communication on the internet includes various tools that allow individuals to exchange messages in real time or with some delay. Examples include instant messaging, chat services, email and video calls. Exam setters sometimes mix genuine terms with invented names to check whether you can distinguish real communication methods from distractors. Recognising which term does not belong in the list is key to answering correctly. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks which option is not a means of personal communication on the internet. Options mention instant messaging, chat, electronic mail, Instanotes and video calling. We consider widely used technologies and services that allow person to person communication online. Instanotes appears as an unfamiliar or invented term. Concept / Approach: Instant messaging, online chat, email and video calling are all established forms of personal communication on the internet. Instant messaging services and chat rooms allow real time text conversations. Electronic mail, or email, supports asynchronous message exchange. Video calling lets people talk face to face using cameras and microphones. Instanotes, however, is not recognised as a standard or popular internet communication term in textbooks or everyday usage. It may sound similar to instant messaging or notes applications, but it is not specifically known as a common communication method. Therefore, Instanotes is the correct answer because it stands out as the option that is not widely used or defined as a mainstream internet communication channel. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the known communication methods: instant messaging, chat and electronic mail are widely used and clearly forms of person to person communication. Step 2: Recognise that video calling through applications like video meeting tools is also a common internet communication method. Step 3: Examine the remaining option, Instanotes, and note that it does not correspond to any widely known protocol or service type. Step 4: Understand that the question asks for the option that is not a means of personal communication, so we look for the out of place term. Step 5: Select Instanotes as the correct answer because it is the only option that is not a standard communication method. Verification / Alternative check: Lists of internet communication tools in computer awareness books usually include email, chat, instant messaging, social networking and voice or video calls. They do not list Instanotes as a category. Searching major communication platforms also reveals no standard protocol or major application category with this name. In contrast, the other options match widely used technologies such as instant messaging applications, chat platforms and video conferencing tools. This absence from recognised lists supports the conclusion that Instanotes is not considered a common means of personal communication on the internet in exam style terminology. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Instant messaging: A real time text communication method, definitely a common personal communication tool. Online chat: Chat rooms and chat windows are classic forms of internet conversation. Electronic mail (email): One of the oldest and most common means of exchanging messages over the internet. Video calling: Widely used through video conferencing apps and social media platforms for personal conversations. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may not recognise Instanotes and feel tempted to choose None of these if such an option is available in similar questions. Another pitfall is to assume video calling is only for business meetings and not personal communication, even though people frequently use it for family and friends. The key is to focus on whether the method enables person to person exchange of information over the internet. Instant messaging, chat, email and video calls all clearly do, while Instanotes does not correspond to any standard form, making it the correct outlier. Final Answer: The option that is not a recognised common means of personal communication on the internet is Instanotes.

Question 11

In data processing terminology, properly arranged and processed data that makes sense to the user is called what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question concerns the basic distinction between data and information in computer science and information systems. Raw data consists of unprocessed facts and figures, while information is data that has been organised, processed and presented in a way that is meaningful to a user. This conceptual difference appears early in computer fundamentals courses and is frequently tested in competitive exams to ensure that learners understand the foundations of data handling. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to properly arranged or processed data. It emphasises that the arranged data should be meaningful to the user. Options include information, file, field, words and record. We assume standard definitions used in data processing, database design and information theory. Concept / Approach: Data by itself can be random and unorganised. When it is processed, sorted, summarised and given context, it becomes information. For example, a list of sales numbers is data, while a report showing total sales by region is information. A file is a container used to store data and information on a storage device. A field refers to an individual data item within a record, such as a customer name. Words are just language units and do not necessarily form meaningful information until they are arranged properly. Therefore, the best term for properly arranged and meaningful data is information, which captures the idea that the data has been processed into a useful form. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the basic definition that data is raw fact and information is processed data that is meaningful. Step 2: Match this definition with the phrase in the question, properly arranged data, which implies processing and organisation. Step 3: Recognise that a file is just a storage unit and may contain unprocessed data, not necessarily arranged in a meaningful way. Step 4: Understand that field and record are technical database terms for structural parts of data, not for its processed form. Step 5: Choose Information as the correct option that aligns with properly arranged and meaningful data. Verification / Alternative check: Textbooks on information systems almost always start with definitions where data is described as raw facts and information as data that has been processed into a meaningful and useful form. Examples often show how raw numbers become informative charts or summaries. Database management books further describe files, records and fields as physical or logical structures in which data and information are stored. These sources consistently treat information as the outcome of arranging and processing data so that users can make decisions. This confirms that the correct answer to the question is information and not any of the structural terms used in the options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: File: A file is a container on disk that holds data or information but does not, by itself, guarantee that the contents are properly arranged or meaningful. Field: A field is a single data element such as a name or date within a record, not the overall result of processing data. Words: Words are language components; individual words or random sequences of words may not form useful information. Record: A record is a collection of related fields in a database, but the question asks about the concept of organised, meaningful data rather than a database structure. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse storage structures with conceptual meanings and therefore choose file or record. It is helpful to remember that files, records and fields are containers and subdivisions of data storage, while information is the meaningful content produced when raw data is processed. When exam questions include phrases like properly arranged, processed, meaningful or useful for decision making, they are almost always pointing to the term information rather than to any storage related word. Final Answer: Properly arranged and processed data that is meaningful to the user is called Information.

Question 12

A small group of computers and peripherals linked together within a limited geographic area such as a room, building or campus is known as what type of network?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your understanding of basic network types based on geographic coverage and scale. Computer networks are classified into categories like PAN, LAN, MAN and WAN depending on how large an area they cover and how many devices they usually connect. A small group of computers and peripherals in a limited area such as an office floor or school building is a classic example of one of these network types. Knowing the correct term helps you interpret diagrams, network descriptions and exam questions accurately. Given Data / Assumptions: The network connects a small group of computers and peripherals. The coverage area is limited to a small geographic region such as a room, building or campus. Options include WAN, PAN, LAN, CAN and MAN. We assume standard textbook definitions of these network categories. Concept / Approach: A Local Area Network, or LAN, is defined as a network that connects computers and devices within a relatively small geographic area, such as a single building, office, laboratory or small campus. LANs typically use Ethernet or Wi Fi and are owned and managed by a single organisation. A PAN is smaller and focuses on very short range personal connectivity, such as between a phone and a headset. A WAN covers very large areas, linking cities or countries. A MAN covers a city or metropolitan region, and CAN is sometimes used for campus level networks. In most exam oriented definitions, the phrase small group of computers and peripherals in a small geographic area points directly to LAN as the correct answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that the question describes a network contained within a limited area such as a room, office or building. Step 2: Recall that Local Area Network (LAN) is the standard term for networks that operate within such small areas. Step 3: Distinguish this from WAN, which spans large geographic distances and may connect multiple cities or countries. Step 4: Understand that PAN is typically used for very short range personal connections, and MAN is used for city sized networks. Step 5: Choose LAN (Local Area Network) as the best match for a small group of computers and peripherals in a limited region. Verification / Alternative check: Networking textbooks describe LANs as connecting devices in homes, schools and offices, often citing examples like office LAN, laboratory LAN or school computer lab. They nearly always use diagrams showing a small number of computers connected to a switch or wireless router under the LAN heading. By contrast, WAN diagrams show multiple LANs connected through routers across great distances, and PAN diagrams show devices like phones and headsets around a single person. These consistent descriptions across multiple references confirm that the generic phrase small group of computers in a small geographic area refers to a LAN rather than to other network types. Why Other Options Are Wrong: WAN (Wide Area Network): Too large in scope, typically covering countries or continents and interconnecting multiple LANs. PAN (Personal Area Network): Focused on devices around one person, such as mobile phones and wearable gadgets, rather than a full office of computers and peripherals. CAN (Campus Area Network): Sometimes used for networks that span multiple buildings across a larger campus, which is wider than the small area described. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Covers an entire city or metropolitan region and is much larger than the small local network in the question. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse PAN and LAN because both can appear in relatively small spaces. A useful distinction is that a PAN is centred on an individual user and their personal devices, while a LAN is centred on an organisation or location with multiple users and shared resources like printers and file servers. When the question mentions a small group of computers and peripherals in a small geographic area, it is almost always referring to a Local Area Network in exam terminology. Final Answer: A small group of computers and peripherals linked together in a limited geographic area is called a LAN (Local Area Network).

Question 13

When you save your work so that the data remains intact even after the computer is turned off, to which type of storage device is the data usually being saved?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question deals with the difference between volatile and non volatile storage in a computer system. When working on a document or program, your changes are stored in memory, but if you want them to remain available after you shut down the computer, you must save them to a suitable storage device. Knowing which type of storage keeps data even when power is off is fundamental to understanding how computers manage files and is often tested in computer awareness exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The situation described is saving data so that it remains intact after the computer is turned off. Options include RAM, motherboard, secondary storage device, primary storage device and cache memory. We assume standard definitions where primary storage usually refers to main memory and secondary storage refers to long term storage devices. The goal is to identify non volatile storage used for long term data retention. Concept / Approach: Secondary storage devices are non volatile media used to store data and programs permanently or for long periods. Examples include hard disks, solid state drives, optical discs and USB flash drives. Data saved to these devices persists even when power is switched off. In contrast, primary storage, commonly RAM, is volatile and loses its contents when power is removed. The motherboard is the main circuit board, not a storage device. Cache memory is a small, fast type of volatile memory that also loses data when power is off. Therefore, when the question refers to data that remains intact after shutdown, it is clearly pointing to secondary storage devices as the correct answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that when you save a document in an application, it is written to a drive such as a hard disk or solid state drive. Step 2: Recognise that these drives are examples of secondary storage, which hold data even without power. Step 3: Understand that RAM is cleared when the computer is turned off and is therefore not suitable for long term storage. Step 4: Observe that the motherboard and cache memory are hardware components but are not the usual target for user file storage. Step 5: Choose secondary storage device as the option that matches non volatile, long term storage for user data. Verification / Alternative check: System documentation and basic computer textbooks describe RAM and cache as volatile memory used while the computer is running and secondary storage as the place where files, operating systems and applications are stored permanently. When you shut down a computer, open files that were not saved to disk are lost, but files that were saved to secondary storage remain and can be reopened later. Operating systems also present drives and partitions from secondary storage devices in file explorers, reinforcing their role as the main destination for saving work. This consistent information across sources confirms that secondary storage devices are the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile memory that loses its contents when power is turned off, so it does not keep data intact. Motherboard: A circuit board that hosts components such as CPU, memory and connectors, but is not itself a storage device. Primary storage device: In many textbooks, primary storage refers to RAM, which is volatile and does not meet the condition in the question. Cache memory: A small, very fast type of volatile memory used to speed up processing, not for storing user files long term. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse primary and secondary storage because both words sound important. A good rule is that primary storage is the main working memory used during processing, and it is usually volatile, while secondary storage is where you keep files and programs for long term use. Another pitfall is to view the motherboard as the central component and assume it must store everything. In reality, it only provides connections for storage devices. When a question mentions data remaining after power is off, think non volatile storage and choose secondary storage device. Final Answer: When you save data so that it remains after the computer is turned off, it is stored on a Secondary storage device.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about secondary storage in a computer system is correct?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question checks your understanding of the characteristics of secondary storage. In computer systems, different types of storage have different properties, especially regarding whether they keep data when power is turned off. Secondary storage is used to store operating systems, applications and user files for long periods. Recognising the key features of secondary storage helps distinguish it from primary memory like RAM and from other components in the system. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on general properties of secondary storage. Options present several statements about secondary storage, some correct and some incorrect. We must identify the statement that accurately describes secondary storage. Assume typical hardware such as hard disks, solid state drives and optical media. Concept / Approach: The most important property of secondary storage is that it is non volatile, meaning it retains data without continuous power. When a computer is switched off, data stored on hard disks, solid state drives and optical discs remains intact. This is different from primary memory (main memory or RAM), which loses its contents when power is removed. Secondary storage can use various media, including magnetic, optical and flash, so it is not correct to say it does not use magnetic media. It also does not always consist of exactly four device types, and it certainly does store information for later retrieval, which is its main purpose. Therefore, the statement that secondary storage does not require constant power to retain data is the correct one among the choices. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that secondary storage includes devices like hard disks, solid state drives, USB flash drives and optical discs. Step 2: Recognise that these devices preserve data when the computer is turned off, demonstrating non volatile behaviour. Step 3: Compare this with RAM, which is primary memory and loses data when power is removed. Step 4: Look at the options and identify which one states that secondary storage does not need constant power to retain data. Step 5: Select that statement as correct and reject statements that contradict known properties of secondary storage. Verification / Alternative check: Computer fundamentals books describe secondary storage as non volatile memory that stores data permanently or semi permanently. They contrast it with primary memory by emphasising that secondary storage retains data without power. Manufacturers of hard disks and solid state drives also advertise them as persistent storage for files and operating systems, suitable for long term data retention. These sources do not restrict secondary storage to exactly four devices, nor do they claim it avoids magnetic media, because traditional hard disks are magnetic. All of this confirms that the non volatile property is the key correct statement about secondary storage. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Secondary storage does not use any magnetic media at all: Incorrect, because magnetic hard disks and tapes are classic forms of secondary storage. Secondary storage always consists of exactly four types of devices: There is no fixed number; technology evolves and many types of secondary storage exist. Secondary storage does not store information for later retrieval: Completely wrong, as secondary storage is specifically designed to store information for later use. Secondary storage is the same as main memory: Incorrect, because main memory is primary storage (RAM), which is volatile and faster, while secondary storage is non volatile and slower. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse primary and secondary storage because both are used to hold data at different times. Remember that the key differentiator is whether power is needed to preserve the data. Primary storage requires constant power, while secondary storage does not. Another pitfall is to take vague sounding statements like consists of four types too literally, without evidence. Exam questions often include such misleading options. Always go back to core definitions: secondary storage is non volatile and used for long term data retention, which directly supports the correct statement in this question. Final Answer: The correct statement is that Secondary storage does not require constant power to retain data.

Question 15

In the history of the World Wide Web, who is credited as the original inventor of the WWW?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question relates to the origins of the World Wide Web, which is the system of interlinked hypertext documents that you access through web browsers. While many people contributed to the development of the internet and networking, one person is widely credited with inventing the World Wide Web as we know it today. Recognising this inventor is a common requirement in computer awareness and general knowledge exams, and it also gives historical context to modern web technologies. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is specifically on the World Wide Web, not on the underlying internet or hardware. Options include Bill Gates, Lee N Feyong, N Resscl, Tim Berners Lee and Steve Jobs. We assume standard historical accounts of the development of the WWW. The question asks who is credited as the inventor, not who later commercialised web technologies. Concept / Approach: Tim Berners Lee, a British computer scientist working at CERN, proposed the idea of a global hypertext system in 1989. He then developed key components of the World Wide Web, including the first web browser, the first web server and the HTTP protocol. His work turned the internet into a user friendly system of clickable links and web pages. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs are famous technology leaders but did not invent the Web itself. The other names in the options are distractors. Therefore, the correct answer is Tim Berners Lee, who is widely acknowledged as the inventor of the World Wide Web in textbooks, articles and exam syllabi. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the World Wide Web was created at CERN to help scientists share information easily. Step 2: Remember the name of the computer scientist associated with this work, Tim Berners Lee. Step 3: Recognise that Bill Gates and Steve Jobs founded major technology companies but focused on operating systems, personal computers and consumer products, not on inventing the Web. Step 4: Note that the other names Lee N Feyong and N Resscl are not widely recognised in standard accounts of web history. Step 5: Select Tim Berners Lee as the inventor of the World Wide Web. Verification / Alternative check: Historical summaries on the World Wide Web from reputable organisations such as CERN and academic institutions clearly state that Tim Berners Lee invented the Web in 1989 while working at CERN. They credit him with writing the first web browser and server and with defining the basic ideas of URLs, HTTP and HTML. Interviews and awards, including being knighted and receiving the Turing Award, also acknowledge his role as the inventor of the Web. Bill Gates, Steve Jobs and others are recognised for different contributions but not for this specific invention. These consistent accounts confirm Tim Berners Lee as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Bill Gates: Co founder of Microsoft and important in personal computing and software but not the inventor of the World Wide Web. Lee N Feyong: Not known in standard histories as a web inventor and likely a distractor name. N Resscl: Similarly not recognised in widely accepted accounts of the Web's invention. Steve Jobs: Co founder of Apple and influential in personal computers, smartphones and design, but did not invent the Web. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the internet and the World Wide Web. The internet is the global network of networks that predates the Web, while the Web is the system of hyperlinked documents built on top of the internet. Because Bill Gates and Steve Jobs are widely known technology figures, some candidates mistakenly choose them when they see computer related questions. To avoid this, always remember that Tim Berners Lee is specifically associated with the invention of the World Wide Web, which turned the internet into the familiar browsing experience we use every day. Final Answer: The inventor of the World Wide Web is Tim Berners Lee.

Question 16

A person who uses his or her computer expertise to gain unauthorised access to other people's computers in order to obtain information illegally or cause damage is called what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question belongs to the field of cyber security and computer ethics. Many terms are used to describe people who interact with computer systems in different ways. One of the most common exam questions is about the term used for individuals who break into computer systems without permission. Knowing the correct term helps learners understand news reports about security incidents and study basic concepts of information security and cyber law. Given Data / Assumptions: The question describes someone who uses computer expertise to gain access to other computers without authorisation. This person may obtain information illegally or cause damage to systems. Options include spammer, hacker, instant messenger, programmer and technician. We assume the question uses the common meaning of the word used in exams and general discussion. Concept / Approach: In popular and exam oriented computer terminology, a hacker is someone who uses advanced computer skills to gain unauthorised access to systems, networks or data. Such access is often illegal and can be used to steal information, modify data or disrupt services. Although some communities use hacker in a more neutral or positive sense, question writers typically use it to mean malicious intruder. A spammer is someone who sends large quantities of unwanted emails or messages. Programmers and technicians may have deep technical knowledge but do not necessarily misuse it. Instant messenger is a communication tool, not a person. Therefore, hacker is the correct term for the person described in the question. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the key phrases in the question: uses expertise, gains access to other people's computers, obtains information illegally or causes damage. Step 2: Recall that this behaviour fits the commonly used definition of hacking in security awareness materials. Step 3: Compare this with spammer, which refers to sending junk email rather than breaking into systems. Step 4: Note that instant messenger is a type of software and programmer or technician are job roles that do not imply illegal activity. Step 5: Select hacker as the option that best matches the description of unauthorised access and damage. Verification / Alternative check: Cyber security awareness campaigns, news articles and exam preparation guides frequently use the term hacker when discussing breaches where individuals break into systems. They talk about hackers stealing data, defacing websites or deploying malware. They also refer to ethical hackers who test systems legally, but the core idea remains that a hacker is someone skilled in gaining access. In contrast, spammer is used only in relation to sending unsolicited messages. This consistent usage across many contexts confirms that hacker is the correct answer for the described behaviour. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Spammer: Sends large volumes of unwanted messages but does not necessarily break into computer systems. Instant messenger: This is a software tool or service for communication, not a person. Programmer: Writes code and develops software but is not automatically associated with illegal access. Technician: Installs, maintains or repairs equipment; again, the role does not imply unauthorised access or damage. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse spammer and hacker because both are involved in cyber issues. However, the key difference is that spammers send unsolicited messages while hackers actively break into systems. Exam questions that mention gaining access, illegally, damage or stealing data are usually referring to hackers. To avoid confusion, remember that spam is about unwanted communication, while hacking is about unauthorised access to systems and data. Final Answer: A person who uses expertise to gain unauthorised access and cause damage is called a Hacker.

Question 17

In the history of mathematics and computer science, symbolic logic was developed by which of the following pioneers?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This general knowledge question links mathematical logic with the foundations of computer science. Symbolic logic uses symbols to represent logical expressions and operations such as AND, OR and NOT. These ideas form the basis of Boolean algebra and digital circuit design. Many early computer scientists and mathematicians made important contributions, but one person is especially associated with the development of symbolic logic and the algebra that now carries his name. Recognising this person helps you connect abstract logic to practical computing. Given Data / Assumptions: The subject is symbolic logic, which underlies Boolean algebra and digital logic. Options include Herman Hollerith, John von Neumann, George Boole, Sun Microsystems and Alan Turing. We assume standard historical accounts of the development of formal logic used in computation. The question asks who discovered or developed symbolic logic in this context. Concept / Approach: George Boole, a nineteenth century mathematician, developed an algebraic system for logic that later became known as Boolean algebra. His work used symbols to represent logical statements and operations, forming the foundation of symbolic logic that is now used in digital circuit design and computer science. Herman Hollerith contributed to punched card tabulating machines, John von Neumann worked on computer architecture, and Alan Turing contributed to computability theory and early computing devices. Sun Microsystems is a company, not a person. Therefore, when asked specifically about symbolic logic in this exam context, George Boole is the correct choice. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Boolean algebra, used in digital logic and circuits, is named after George Boole. Step 2: Recognise that Boolean algebra is a form of symbolic logic where variables take values like true or false. Step 3: Compare the other names in the options and note that they are known for different contributions, such as tabulating machines or computer architecture. Step 4: Remember that Sun Microsystems is a company and therefore cannot be the individual who developed symbolic logic. Step 5: Select George Boole as the pioneer associated with the development of symbolic logic. Verification / Alternative check: Histories of mathematics and computer science consistently credit George Boole with creating an algebraic approach to logic in the mid nineteenth century. His work allowed logical statements to be manipulated algebraically, which later proved essential for designing digital circuits and programming languages. Digital electronics textbooks explicitly refer to Boolean algebra as the mathematical basis for logic gates. Meanwhile, references to John von Neumann focus on stored program architecture, and Herman Hollerith appears in discussions about early data processing machines. This clear mapping of contributions verifies that the correct answer for symbolic logic is George Boole. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Herman Hollerith: Known for punched card tabulating machines used in census data processing, not for symbolic logic. John von Neumann: Important for modern computer architecture and the concept of the stored program, not the originator of symbolic logic. Sun Microsystems: A technology company, not a person or mathematician. Alan Turing: A key figure in computability and early computing machines, but not the developer of symbolic logic as an algebraic system. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes choose von Neumann or Turing because they recognise the names from other computer science topics. However, this question is specifically about symbolic logic and Boolean algebra. A simple way to avoid confusion is to link the word Boolean with Boole, which directly points to George Boole. Whenever you see a question mentioning symbolic logic or Boolean algebra, remembering this name pairing will help you quickly select the correct answer even when other famous names are present in the options. Final Answer: Symbolic logic, which led to Boolean algebra, was developed by George Boole.

Question 18

In the history of electronic communication, who is widely known as the father of email?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question focuses on the origins of electronic mail, commonly called email. Email has become one of the most important communication tools on the internet. Different people contributed to the development of networks and applications, but one engineer is especially credited with implementing the first networked email system in a form recognisable today. Exams often ask for his name under the title father of email, so it is important to know who he is and what he did. Given Data / Assumptions: The topic is email, the electronic message system that uses computer networks. The phrase father of email is used in the question. Options include Charles Babbage, Ray Tomlinson, Tim Berners Lee, Paul Buchheit and Vinton Cerf. We assume standard historical accounts of early email systems on ARPANET. Concept / Approach: Ray Tomlinson, an American computer engineer, is widely known for implementing the first networked email system on the ARPANET in the early 1970s. He introduced the use of the at symbol to separate the user name from the host name in email addresses, a convention still used today. Because of this pioneering work, he is often called the father of email. Charles Babbage is associated with mechanical computers, Tim Berners Lee with the World Wide Web, Paul Buchheit with creating a popular email service but not the original concept, and Vinton Cerf with internet protocol development. Therefore, Ray Tomlinson is the correct answer for this specific title. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the first networked email messages were sent on ARPANET, a precursor to the modern internet. Step 2: Remember that Ray Tomlinson wrote the software that allowed messages to be sent between users on different machines and chose the at symbol for email addressing. Step 3: Match this historical fact with the exam phrase father of email. Step 4: Compare this with Tim Berners Lee, who is known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, not of email. Step 5: Select Ray Tomlinson as the correct answer among the options provided. Verification / Alternative check: Biographical articles and internet history references consistently credit Ray Tomlinson as the person who sent the first email across a network and who established the email address format still in use. These sources describe him as the inventor of networked email or the father of email. Other figures in the options are recognised for different achievements: Babbage for mechanical computing, Berners Lee for the Web, Buchheit for the Gmail service and Cerf for the design of key internet protocols. This clear separation of contributions confirms that Ray Tomlinson is the correct answer for this question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Charles Babbage: Known as the father of the computer for his designs of mechanical engines, not for email. Tim Berners Lee: Invented the World Wide Web and is not credited as the father of email. Paul Buchheit: Created a popular web based email service but did not invent email itself. Vinton Cerf: Helped design the TCP IP protocols and is called one of the fathers of the internet, not specifically of email. Common Pitfalls: Because multiple figures have titles like father of the internet or father of the Web, students sometimes mix them up. A useful strategy is to link each name with a key keyword: Babbage with computer, Berners Lee with Web, Cerf with internet and Tomlinson with email. Remembering these pairings can help you quickly select Ray Tomlinson when a question mentions email and avoid being distracted by other well known names in computing history. Final Answer: The father of email is Ray Tomlinson.

Question 19

In Unix or Linux operating systems, which command is used to count the total number of lines, words and characters contained in a file?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question covers a basic command line utility in Unix and Linux environments. System administrators, programmers and power users often need quick statistics about text files, such as how many lines, words or characters they contain. The operating system provides a simple command that produces these counts in one step. Computer awareness exams and Linux certification tests frequently ask you to identify this command by name, so it is useful to remember its short but descriptive abbreviation. Given Data / Assumptions: The environment is a Unix or Linux shell. The task is to count lines, words and characters in a text file. Options include wc, count p, wcount, countw and lnwc. We assume basic familiarity with common Unix utilities. Concept / Approach: The Unix command used to count the number of lines, words and bytes or characters in a file is wc, which stands for word count. By default, running wc with a file name prints three numbers: line count, word count and byte count or character count depending on the implementation. Additional options can be used to show only one of these statistics, but the key point is that wc is the standard utility for these measurements. Scripts and tutorials often demonstrate wc as the tool of choice for quick file statistics. The other names in the options, such as count p or wcount, are not standard Unix commands and are likely distractors. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall what you would type on a Unix terminal to see basic statistics for a file, for example wc filename.txt. Step 2: Remember that the output shows columns for lines, words and bytes or characters. Step 3: Connect the abbreviation wc with the phrase word count, which helps explain the name of the command. Step 4: Compare this with the other options, none of which correspond to well known standard utilities. Step 5: Choose wc as the correct command for counting lines, words and characters in a file. Verification / Alternative check: Unix and Linux manuals and online help pages describe wc as a utility that prints newline, word and byte counts for each file. The command is part of the core utility sets installed on almost every Unix like system. Using the manual page man wc shows options to count only lines, only words or only characters, but the default behaviour includes all three. The other command names listed in the options do not appear in standard documentation for basic Unix utilities. This evidence confirms that wc is the correct answer for the task described in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: count p: Not a standard Unix or Linux command for counting lines, words and characters. wcount: Although it sounds descriptive, it is not the actual name of the standard utility. countw: Another invented name that is not part of the Unix core utilities. lnwc: Also not a recognised standard command for word counting in Unix. Common Pitfalls: Because wc is very short, some learners mistakenly believe the exam will use a longer, more descriptive name like wcount. However, Unix tradition favours short command names. Another pitfall is forgetting that wc counts lines and characters as well as words, leading some to think there must be a more complex tool. To avoid these errors, practise basic shell commands and remember that wc alone is sufficient to count lines, words and characters in a simple text file. Final Answer: The Unix command used to count lines, words and characters in a file is wc.

Question 20

In Microsoft Excel, which worksheet function is used to display the current system date and time together in a single cell?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests practical knowledge of spreadsheet functions in Microsoft Excel. Excel provides several date and time functions that allow users to insert the current date, the current time or both into a cell. These functions are useful for stamping reports, logging entries or building time based formulas. The question asks specifically which function displays both the current date and the current time in a single cell, which is a distinction that often appears in computer awareness exams and office productivity courses. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is Microsoft Excel or a similar spreadsheet program. The task is to display the current date and current time together, not only one of them. Options list TIME(), NOW(), DATE(), TODAY() and CURRENT(). We assume standard Excel function behaviour with automatic recalculation when the sheet is recalculated. Concept / Approach: Excel offers several related functions. TODAY() returns only the current date with no time portion. NOW() returns a serial value representing both the current date and current time. DATE() constructs a date from year, month and day arguments and does not automatically insert the current time. TIME() constructs a time from hour, minute and second arguments. CURRENT() is not a standard Excel function. Therefore, when you need to display both date and time in one cell based on the system clock, the correct function is NOW(), which updates whenever the worksheet is recalculated or opened, depending on settings. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that typing =TODAY() in a cell displays the current date but usually shows 00:00 as the time internally. Step 2: Remember that typing =NOW() displays a value that includes both the current date and the current time in one cell. Step 3: Note that TIME() and DATE() require you to pass specific arguments such as hour, minute, year and month, and do not automatically use the current system date and time together. Step 4: Observe that CURRENT() is not recognised as a built in Excel function. Step 5: Choose NOW() as the function that matches the requirement of showing both current date and time in a single cell. Verification / Alternative check: Excel help documentation describes NOW() as a function that returns the current date and time formatted according to the cell's date and time settings. It explicitly notes that NOW() is volatile, meaning it recalculates when the sheet does. The TODAY() entry states that it returns only the current date. Guides and tutorials on time functions demonstrate NOW() for timestamping tasks that require both date and time, while recommending TODAY() for date only needs. There is no mention of a function named CURRENT() in official documentation. These references confirm that NOW() is the correct answer to this question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: TIME(): Creates a time value from specified hour, minute and second inputs, but does not automatically provide the current date and time. DATE(): Creates a date value from specified year, month and day inputs and does not return the current time. TODAY(): Returns only the current date without the current time. CURRENT(): Not a standard worksheet function in Excel, so it cannot be the correct choice. Common Pitfalls: Users often confuse TODAY() and NOW() because both seem related to current date and time. A simple way to remember the difference is that TODAY focuses on the date only, while NOW indicates the precise moment including time. Another pitfall is assuming that any natural sounding name like CURRENT() must be correct, even though Excel has specific function names. Reviewing Excel function lists and practising small formulas can help reinforce which functions exist and what they do. When a question asks for both date and time in one function, NOW() should immediately come to mind. Final Answer: In Microsoft Excel, the function that displays both the current date and current time is NOW().

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