Question 1

In word processors and smartphone keyboards, the Autocorrect feature was originally designed primarily to automatically replace which type of text while you are typing?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Autocorrect is a familiar feature in modern word processors, email programs and smartphone keyboards. Many users associate it with funny mistakes or automatic changes in their text, but originally its purpose was very simple and focused. This question tests your understanding of what Autocorrect was first designed to do, before it started including richer grammar tools and predictive text features in later generations of software. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is common office software and mobile text input tools. We are considering the original design goal of the Autocorrect feature. Options mention spelling, grammar, repetition and general mistake correction. We assume a basic understanding of how typing and spell checking work. Concept / Approach: Autocorrect was introduced to reduce the time spent fixing simple spelling and typing errors. When a user types a common misspelling such as teh instead of the, the software automatically replaces it with the correct word. This behaviour differs from a grammar checker, which analyses sentence structure, and from style tools, which suggest better wording. The original Autocorrect list typically stored pairs of misspelled words and their correct replacements. Therefore, the best answer focuses on misspelled words and common typing errors, not on grammar or all possible types of mistakes. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that early versions of word processors such as Microsoft Word offered a list of common typing mistakes that would be automatically corrected as you typed. Step 2: Notice that these corrections usually involved obvious spelling errors or transposed letters, not deep grammar analysis. Step 3: Understand that grammar checking and style suggestions are typically separate tools that mark text with underlines and offer optional corrections. Step 4: Compare the options and identify the one that mentions misspelled words and typing errors specifically. Step 5: Reject options that exaggerate Autocorrect into fixing all grammar and style issues automatically, which is beyond its original design. Verification / Alternative check: Documentation and settings for early Autocorrect features usually show a custom list of replace and with entries, containing items like adn → and or recieve → receive. Users can edit this list to add their own frequent typing mistakes. Grammar tools, on the other hand, are usually configured separately under grammar and style settings and do not automatically rewrite text without user confirmation. This separation in configuration and user interface confirms that Autocorrect began as a spell and typo correction tool, rather than a general purpose grammar engine or style rewriter. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Grammatically incorrect sentences: Grammar checkers highlight sentence structure issues, but Autocorrect was not initially designed to fix complex grammar automatically. Repetitive or overused words in a document: Detecting repetition is related to style analysis, not simple automatic replacement of typos. All types of mistakes, including spelling, grammar and style: This overstates the feature; no single tool corrects everything automatically without user review. Slang words with formal language automatically: Some tools may suggest more formal words, but this is not the original, primary use of Autocorrect. Common Pitfalls: Users sometimes confuse Autocorrect with broader intelligent writing tools because modern software bundles many features together. It is easy to think that a single system handles spelling, grammar and style. However, exam questions often focus on the initial, core purpose of a feature. For Autocorrect, that purpose was to replace frequently misspelled words and basic typing mistakes automatically, reducing manual editing time. Keeping that narrow definition in mind helps you select the correct option in similar questions. Final Answer: Autocorrect was originally designed primarily to automatically replace misspelled words and common typing errors while you are typing.

Question 2

In basic computer terminology, a hard copy of a document refers to which form of that document?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When working with documents on a computer, you will often hear the terms soft copy and hard copy. Understanding the difference between these two is essential for basic computer literacy. This question tests whether you know what is meant by a hard copy of a document and can distinguish it from digital forms stored on various storage devices, including pen drives, hard disks and floppy disks. Given Data / Assumptions: We are dealing with documents created and edited on a computer. The term hard copy is used in contrast to soft copy. Several options mention different kinds of storage and formats. We assume you know what a printer does and what a printout is. Concept / Approach: Soft copy refers to the electronic version of data or a document that is displayed on a screen or stored as a file. Hard copy, by contrast, refers to a physical printed version on paper or another tangible medium. When a document is printed using a printer, the resulting sheets are called the hard copy. Saving a file to a pen drive, floppy disk or hard disk still keeps it as an electronic soft copy. Even a PDF file is still digital until it is printed. Therefore, the only option that correctly expresses the idea of a hard copy is a version printed on paper using a printer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that soft copy is information you can see on a monitor or store in computer files. Step 2: Remember that hard copy is physical output you can touch and carry, such as printed pages. Step 3: Check each option to see whether it describes a physical printed form or just another way of storing a digital file. Step 4: Note that pen drives, hard disks and floppy disks all hold electronic files, not physical printouts. Step 5: Identify the option that clearly states a version printed on paper using a printer as the correct meaning of hard copy. Verification / Alternative check: Computer fundamentals textbooks and office documentation consistently define hard copy as the printed form of data, such as output produced by a printer on paper. They likewise define soft copy as the display on a screen or the electronic file stored inside the computer. Hardware such as pen drives and hard disks are described as storage devices for soft copies. Even when a document is saved as a PDF or any other file type, it remains a soft copy until printed. These consistent definitions in educational material confirm that a paper printout is what we mean by hard copy. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A version stored on a USB pen drive: This is still a digital file, which is a soft copy, not a hard copy. A version that can be read from a floppy disk: Again, this describes electronic storage, not a printed output. A version stored on the internal hard disk: The hard disk keeps electronic data; it does not automatically produce physical copies. A version saved as a PDF file on the computer: A PDF is a digital format; it becomes a hard copy only when physically printed. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the word hard in hard copy with hard disk and think that anything stored on the hard disk must be a hard copy. This is incorrect. The words sound similar but have different meanings. Another mistake is to think that a PDF or other file type is more permanent and therefore a hard copy; in reality, permanence depends on physical printing, not file format. Always remember: soft copy is on screen or in files, hard copy is on paper or another physical medium after printing. Final Answer: A hard copy of a document is a version printed on paper using a printer.

Question 3

In operating system design, which scheduler selects processes from the job pool on secondary storage and loads them into main memory for execution?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Modern operating systems use several kinds of schedulers to manage how processes move from creation to execution. Understanding what each scheduler does is important for questions on process management. This question specifically asks which scheduler is responsible for selecting processes from the pool of submitted jobs, usually on secondary storage, and bringing them into main memory so that they can start running on the CPU. Given Data / Assumptions: There is a pool of jobs or processes waiting on secondary storage (job pool). The operating system decides which jobs to bring into memory. Different schedulers operate at different stages: long term, short term and sometimes medium term. Options mention job scheduler, CPU scheduler and other schedulers. Concept / Approach: In classical operating system theory, the long term scheduler is also called the job scheduler. It controls the degree of multiprogramming by deciding which jobs from the job pool on disk should be admitted into main memory and turned into active processes. Once in memory, the short term scheduler (CPU scheduler) selects among the ready processes for execution on the CPU. A resource scheduler or I/O scheduler may allocate devices and order disk requests, but they are not responsible for loading processes from the job pool into memory. Therefore, the scheduler that fits the description in the question is the job scheduler, also known as the long term scheduler. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the key phrase in the question: selects processes from the pool and loads them into memory for execution. Step 2: Recall that the long term or job scheduler decides which jobs on secondary storage will be admitted into the system as processes. Step 3: Understand that the CPU scheduler works only with processes already in main memory, choosing which one runs next on the CPU. Step 4: Recognise that resource schedulers focus on allocating I/O devices or other resources, not on admitting jobs from the job pool. Step 5: Select job scheduler (long term scheduler) as the correct option that matches the description given in the question. Verification / Alternative check: Standard operating system textbooks describe three levels of scheduling. The long term scheduler (job scheduler) controls which jobs enter the system, thereby managing the overall multiprogramming level. The short term scheduler (CPU scheduler) runs very frequently and chooses among ready processes in memory whenever the CPU becomes free. Some systems also include a medium term scheduler that swaps processes in and out of memory. The specific phrase selecting from the job pool and loading into memory appears in many descriptions of the job scheduler, confirming that this is the correct answer, not the CPU scheduler or other types of schedulers. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Resource scheduler that allocates devices: Deals with assigning I/O devices or other resources, not with moving jobs from disk to memory. CPU scheduler (short term scheduler): Chooses which ready process gets the CPU next, but only after processes are already in memory. Process scheduler that handles only batch jobs: This phrase is vague and does not correspond to the standard long term scheduler terminology. I/O scheduler used only for disk operations: Manages the order of disk access requests and does not perform job admission into main memory. Common Pitfalls: Many students confuse the CPU scheduler with the job scheduler because both involve choosing processes. The key difference is the stage: the job scheduler admits jobs from disk to memory, while the CPU scheduler runs frequently to pick which in memory process uses the CPU next. Another pitfall is to see the word process and assume that process scheduler is a separate, special concept. In many books, process scheduling refers broadly to all scheduling mechanisms, but in exam questions, job scheduler has a specific meaning. Always pay attention to whether the question refers to the job pool on disk or the ready queue in memory. Final Answer: In operating systems, the scheduler that selects processes from the job pool and loads them into main memory for execution is the Job scheduler (long term scheduler).

Question 4

In cricket history, who became the first cricketer ever to score 1000 or more runs in a single innings in any recognised competitive match?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Cricket statistics include many remarkable records, but very few achievements are as astonishing as scoring 1000 runs in a single innings. This question comes from general sports knowledge and asks you to identify the first cricketer to reach or cross the 1000 run mark in one innings of a recognised competitive match, which drew worldwide attention in the cricketing community. Given Data / Assumptions: The match referred to is a recognised competitive match, not a friendly backyard game. The milestone is scoring 1000 or more runs in a single innings. Options include several well known Indian cricketers and one lesser known name. We assume awareness that this record was set in school level cricket, not international play. Concept / Approach: The record in question was created in an Indian school cricket tournament. Pranav Dhanawade, a schoolboy from Mumbai, scored an unbeaten 1009 runs in an officially recognised inter school match. This made him the first player in the history of any form of competitive cricket to reach four figures in a single innings. Although international stars such as Virat Kohli and Shikhar Dhawan have many impressive records, they have not scored 1000 runs in a single innings. Prithvi Shaw is another highly talented young cricketer but also has not crossed this mark in one innings. Therefore, the correct answer is Pranav Dhanawade. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall news reports about an Indian schoolboy who set a world record by scoring over 1000 runs in a school match. Step 2: Remember his name: Pranav Dhanawade, whose innings made headlines around the world. Step 3: Compare this with the other names listed, which are mainly international Indian cricketers known for different records. Step 4: Note that despite their fame, Virat Kohli, Shikhar Dhawan and Sachin Tendulkar have never scored 1000 runs in a single innings. Step 5: Select Pranav Dhanawade as the only option that matches the specific record described. Verification / Alternative check: Cricket record summaries and sports news archives mention Pranav Dhanawade's 1009 not out in a local school tournament as the first ever quadruple figure individual score in any form of competitive cricket. The innings far surpassed previous highest scores in school and first class cricket. No official records credit Kohli, Dhawan, Shaw or Tendulkar with a four figure score in a single innings. This clear and unique association of the 1000 run milestone with Pranav Dhanawade confirms that he is the right answer for this question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Prithvi Shaw: Known for high scores at youth and first class level, but he has not scored 1000 runs in a single innings. Virat Kohli: A legendary modern batsman with many international centuries and records, yet no four figure innings. Shikhar Dhawan: Famous for explosive batting in limited overs cricket, but without a 1000 run innings. Sachin Tendulkar: Holds many batting records, but he also never scored 1000 runs in a single competitive innings. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes choose the most famous name in the list, such as Virat Kohli or Sachin Tendulkar, assuming that the biggest star must hold every record. Competitive exam questions often include well known names as distractors and the relatively lesser known record holder as the correct answer. Another pitfall is forgetting that this record was set in school level cricket, not at the international or first class level. To answer correctly, always pay attention to the exact wording: first cricketer to score 1000 runs in an innings, which clearly points to Pranav Dhanawade. Final Answer: The first cricketer to score 1000 or more runs in a single innings in a recognised competitive match was Pranav Dhanawade.

Question 5

On a standard computer keyboard, which of the following keys are classified as modifier keys that change the meaning of other keys when used in combination?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computer keyboards include several special keys that do not usually produce characters by themselves but instead change the behaviour of other keys when pressed together with them. These are known as modifier keys and are essential for keyboard shortcuts and advanced typing. This question asks you to identify which among Control, Shift and Alt are considered modifier keys on a standard keyboard. Given Data / Assumptions: We are dealing with a standard PC keyboard layout. Modifier keys alter the meaning or function of other keys when combined. Control (Ctrl), Shift and Alt are all common keys used in shortcuts. Enter is typically used to confirm actions, not to modify other keys. Concept / Approach: Modifier keys are keys that, when pressed and held in combination with another key, change the resulting action. For example, pressing Ctrl with C triggers a copy command, while pressing C alone simply types the letter c. The Shift key modifies letters to uppercase and number keys to symbols. The Alt key is used in many application specific shortcuts and in combination with function keys. All three keys, Control, Shift and Alt, therefore fit the definition of modifier keys. The Enter key, by contrast, usually executes a command or inserts a newline and is not generally classified as a modifier key, because it does not change the meaning of another key pressed simultaneously. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that pressing Ctrl with other keys (for example Ctrl+S, Ctrl+P) activates special commands instead of typing letters. Step 2: Notice that pressing Shift with a letter key produces the uppercase version, and with number keys produces symbols such as ! or @. Step 3: Recognise that Alt is used in many shortcuts (such as Alt+Tab or Alt+F4), changing how other keys behave. Step 4: Understand that each of these keys modifies the action of other keys and is therefore a modifier key. Step 5: Conclude that all three keys listed (Control, Shift and Alt) are modifier keys, making the all of the above option correct. Verification / Alternative check: Keyboard layout guides and operating system documentation classify Ctrl, Shift and Alt as modifier keys. Programming environments and game engines refer to them as modifier keys when detecting keyboard shortcuts and combinations. For instance, event handling libraries explicitly label them as modifier flags that can be combined with regular key codes. The Enter key is categorised as a control or command key, triggering actions like submitting a form or creating a new line, but it does not typically modify other keys' effects when held down. This consistent classification confirms that Control, Shift and Alt are all modifier keys. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Control (Ctrl) key only: Correctly identifies a modifier key but ignores the fact that Shift and Alt are also modifiers. Shift key only: Shift is a modifier, but the option excludes other valid modifier keys like Ctrl and Alt. Alt (Alternate) key only: Alt is also a modifier, but again, the option is incomplete. Enter key, which always modifies text: Enter confirms actions or inserts new lines; it does not change the meaning of other keys in combination and is not classified as a modifier key. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may think of Enter, Backspace or Tab as modifier keys because they affect text layout or commands. However, the technical term modifier key refers specifically to keys that are held down simultaneously with others to alter their function, such as Ctrl, Shift, Alt and sometimes the Windows or Command key. Another pitfall is to choose only one of the listed modifier keys, forgetting that the question allows an all of the above style answer. Always remember that multiple modifier keys exist and are frequently used together in keyboard shortcuts. Final Answer: On a standard keyboard, Control, Shift and Alt are all modifier keys, so the correct choice is the all of the above option.

Question 6

In digital imaging and file formats, the abbreviation JPEG stands for which full form?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: JPEG is one of the most widely used image formats on the Internet and in digital cameras. It is known for compressing photos to reduce file size while maintaining acceptable quality. The name JPEG is actually an acronym derived from the name of the committee that created the standard. This question checks whether you know the correct expansion of JPEG, which is a common topic in computer general knowledge and exam questions. Given Data / Assumptions: JPEG is an image compression standard and file format. The question asks for the full form of the abbreviation. Several options are similar sounding but only one matches exactly. We assume basic familiarity with digital photos and image files. Concept / Approach: JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. This is the name of the committee that developed the original JPEG standard for compressing photographic images. The acronym emphasises Photographic to highlight the focus on continuous tone images like photos, and Experts Group to indicate a working group of specialists. The other options mix in words like Protocol, Programming, Project or Graphics, but they do not reflect the official name of the committee. Knowing the correct expansion is largely a matter of memorisation, but understanding the context helps you eliminate incorrect alternatives that sound plausible but are not accurate. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that JPEG is closely associated with digital photographs and camera images. Step 2: Remember that many file format acronyms are formed from the names of committees or standards groups. Step 3: Identify the option that includes Photographic and Experts Group, which matches the idea of a committee working on photo compression. Step 4: Notice that Protocol, Programming or Project do not specifically relate to photographs and are not part of the official name. Step 5: Select Joint Photographic Experts Group as the only option that exactly matches the standard expansion of JPEG. Verification / Alternative check: Technical documentation and image processing books explicitly state that JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. Official standard references such as ISO/IEC documentation mention this committee by name in relation to the JPEG standard. When you open image software or camera manuals, references to the JPEG format often include the same expansion. No credible source uses the alternative phrases Joint Protocol Experts Graphics or Joint Programming Experts Graphics. This consistent usage across reliable references confirms Joint Photographic Experts Group as the correct full form. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Joint Protocol Experts Graphics: Combines networking term protocol with graphics, which does not match the historical committee name. Joint Programming Experts Graphics: Suggests a focus on programming rather than photographic imagery and is not an official expansion. Joint Project Experts Group: Sounds generic and could apply to many projects; it is not tied to the JPEG standard. Joint Picture Encoding Group: Closer in meaning but still not the official name of the committee; Photographic and Experts Group are the key words used historically. Common Pitfalls: Students may choose an option that simply sounds technical, such as something with Graphics or Encoding, assuming that any similar phrase is correct. Another common mistake is to forget the word Photographic and pick a more generic option. To avoid confusion, associate JPEG firmly with photographs and remember that it was defined by a group of experts, leading to the phrase Joint Photographic Experts Group. Repeating this full form several times while studying can help fix it in memory for exams. Final Answer: JPEG is the abbreviation for Joint Photographic Experts Group.

Question 7

In the history of high performance computing, which machine is widely recognised as the world’s first successful supercomputer?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Supercomputers are extremely powerful machines designed to perform very large numbers of calculations per second, often used for scientific simulations, weather forecasting and complex research. The concept of a supercomputer emerged in the 1960s, and one particular machine is widely regarded as the first successful supercomputer in computing history. This question asks you to identify that machine from a list of options, some of which are unrelated to supercomputers. Given Data / Assumptions: We are focusing on the first widely recognised supercomputer, not the first computer ever built. The correct answer is a specific machine built for high performance computing. Some options, such as USENET and Commodore VIC-20, are not supercomputers at all. PARAM-10000 is a later Indian supercomputer, not the first in the world. Concept / Approach: The CDC 6600, designed by Seymour Cray and released in the 1960s by Control Data Corporation, is often cited as the first successful supercomputer. At the time, it was dramatically faster than other computers and became famous for its performance. It introduced architectural innovations that influenced supercomputer design for years. USENET, by contrast, is a distributed discussion system, not a machine. The Commodore VIC-20 is an early home computer aimed at consumers, not a high performance scientific system. PARAM-10000 is a supercomputer developed in India but much later, so it cannot be the first in the world. ENIAC is an early general purpose electronic computer, but it predates the specific classification of supercomputers and is typically not labelled as the first supercomputer in standard exam answers. Thus, CDC 6600 is the correct choice. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that a supercomputer is defined by exceptionally high performance relative to other machines of its time. Step 2: Identify CDC 6600 as a historic machine designed by Seymour Cray and recognised as the earliest successful supercomputer. Step 3: Note that USENET is a networked discussion service, not a physical computer, so it cannot be a supercomputer. Step 4: Recognise that the Commodore VIC-20 is a low cost home computer, far from supercomputer class. Step 5: Remember that PARAM-10000 is an important Indian supercomputer but appeared decades after CDC 6600, and ENIAC belongs to a different category as an early general purpose electronic computer. Verification / Alternative check: Historical overviews of supercomputing almost always cite CDC 6600 as the first successful supercomputer, noting that it held the title of the world's fastest computer for several years. Biographies of Seymour Cray describe the CDC 6600 as the machine that established his reputation as the father of supercomputing. In contrast, USENET is covered in topics about early Internet communication, and the VIC-20 appears in discussions of home computing. PARAM-10000 is mentioned in the context of India's own supercomputing efforts in the 1990s, not as a worldwide first. These distinctions in historical accounts confirm CDC 6600 as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: USENET: A distributed discussion system for users to post and read messages; it is a network service, not a computer. Commodore VIC-20 home computer: An early 8 bit home computer aimed at personal use, with far lower performance than supercomputers. PARAM-10000: A notable Indian supercomputer from a much later period, not the first in global history. ENIAC mainframe: One of the earliest general purpose electronic computers, but typically not labelled in exam keys as the first supercomputer. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse oldest computer with first supercomputer and may select ENIAC simply because it is widely known as an early machine. Others may pick PARAM-10000 when thinking about Indian computing achievements, forgetting that the question is about the first supercomputer of the world. Another trap is not recognising USENET and thinking any unfamiliar word might refer to a supercomputer. To avoid these mistakes, remember the name CDC 6600 as the classic answer for the first successful supercomputer in general knowledge questions. Final Answer: The machine widely recognised as the world’s first successful supercomputer is the CDC 6600.

Question 8

In a computer system, the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a key component of which major hardware part?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Arithmetic Logic Unit, commonly known as the ALU, is one of the most important parts of a computer's internal architecture. It performs basic arithmetic and logical operations that are central to processing data. This question checks whether you know where the ALU resides within the overall structure of a computer system and how it relates to the processor, memory and other components. Given Data / Assumptions: The ALU performs arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction. It also performs logical operations such as comparisons and Boolean logic. We must identify the main hardware component that contains the ALU. Options mention application software, ROM, RAM, the processor and external storage. Concept / Approach: In classical computer architecture, the Central Processing Unit (CPU) is divided into at least two major functional units: the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and the Control Unit (CU). The ALU is the part of the processor that carries out mathematical and logical operations on data. It does not reside in application software, which is made up of programs, nor in ROM or RAM, which are types of memory. External storage devices such as hard disks store data but do not execute instructions directly. Therefore, the ALU is correctly described as a part of the processor or CPU, not part of memory or software. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the CPU is often described as the brain of the computer, executing instructions and performing calculations. Step 2: Remember that the ALU is specifically responsible for arithmetic and logical operations within the CPU. Step 3: Recognise that ROM and RAM are storage components; they hold instructions and data but do not perform calculations themselves. Step 4: Note that application software is a set of instructions, not a physical unit containing hardware like the ALU. Step 5: Select the processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) as the only option that correctly contains the ALU as one of its main sub units. Verification / Alternative check: Textbooks on computer fundamentals typically show diagrams of the CPU containing the ALU and the Control Unit. The ALU is shown connected to registers and data buses inside the processor, not to memory chips or application programs. Hardware design documentation for microprocessors also describes internal ALUs as key components implementing arithmetic and Boolean operations. Memory chips such as RAM modules are documented separately as storing data, not performing computation. These consistent descriptions confirm that the ALU is part of the CPU or processor, not of ROM, RAM, or external storage devices. Why Other Options Are Wrong: An application software program: Software is a collection of instructions; it uses the ALU but does not contain it as hardware. Read Only Memory (ROM) chip: ROM stores firmware or permanent instructions; it does not perform arithmetic operations. Random Access Memory (RAM) module: RAM temporarily stores data while programs run; it is not where the ALU is located. External storage devices such as hard disks: These devices store large amounts of data but do not execute instructions directly or contain the ALU. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the roles of memory and processor, assuming that any component involved in handling data might contain the ALU. Another mistake is to think that because software performs calculations, the ALU must somehow be part of the program. In reality, software only instructs the hardware; the ALU is a physical component embedded in the CPU. To answer correctly, remember the simple formula: CPU = ALU + Control Unit, with memory as a separate area that stores data and instructions. Final Answer: The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) is a component of the processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) of a computer.

Question 9

Which of the following is not considered a storage device used to hold data or files in a computer system?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In computer terminology, a storage device is hardware used to store data, files and programs, either permanently or temporarily. Examples include hard disks, USB drives and flash disks. An operating system, on the other hand, is software that manages hardware and software resources. This question asks you to distinguish between hardware storage devices and an operating system, identifying which option is not itself a storage device. Given Data / Assumptions: We are focusing on devices that physically store data. Options include hardware like iPods, pen drives and flash disks, plus the Linux operating system. Some hardware devices may have additional features but still function as storage. Linux is known primarily as an operating system, not as a storage medium. Concept / Approach: A storage device is a physical component that can hold data, such as a hard disk, flash drive, memory card or other non volatile memory. An iPod can act as a storage device when connected to a computer, allowing users to store and transfer media files. USB pen drives and flash disks are specifically designed for data storage. External hard drives also serve as storage devices. Linux, however, is a software operating system that runs on a computer and controls hardware; it is not a physical device. While Linux can manage storage devices and files, it does not itself store data as hardware. Therefore, the correct answer is Linux operating system installed on a computer, as it is not a storage device. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify which options represent physical hardware devices capable of storing data. Step 2: Recognise that an iPod contains internal storage and can be used to store music and files when connected to a computer. Step 3: Recall that USB pen drives, flash disks and external hard drives are all common examples of storage devices. Step 4: Understand that Linux is an operating system, a collection of software components that manage hardware and provide a platform for applications. Step 5: Select Linux operating system installed on a computer as the option that is not a storage device. Verification / Alternative check: Hardware classification guides list storage devices under categories such as hard disk drives, solid state drives, optical discs and removable flash drives. iPods and similar media players are often mentioned as portable storage because they contain internal flash storage. On the other hand, Linux is described in textbooks as a Unix like operating system kernel and distribution, not as hardware. It is installed on a storage device but is not itself the device. Configuration tools in Linux list storage devices separately from the operating system. These distinctions confirm that Linux is not a storage device, while the other listed items are or contain storage hardware. Why Other Options Are Wrong: iPod used as a portable media and file storage device: Contains internal flash storage and can be used to store data, so it is a storage device. USB pen drives used for storing and moving files: Specifically designed as portable storage devices. Flash disks and solid state storage drives: Standard forms of non volatile storage hardware. External hard drives connected via USB: Dedicated storage devices used for backups and large data storage. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse the concepts of where data is stored and which software manages it. They may think that because an operating system like Linux handles files, it is itself a storage device. Another pitfall is overlooking that devices like iPods, while known as music players, actually contain storage that functions similarly to a USB drive. To answer correctly, always separate hardware (devices that physically store data) from software (programs that run on the hardware). Linux is software, not a storage device. Final Answer: The item that is not a storage device is the Linux operating system installed on a computer.

Question 10

In categories of computer types, which term refers to the fastest, largest and most expensive class of computers designed for extremely complex calculations?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computers can be classified into different categories based on size, performance and cost. Examples include microcomputers, workstations, mainframes and supercomputers. At the extreme high end, there is a class of machines designed to handle extremely complex and large scale computations for scientific research, weather forecasting and simulation. This question asks you to identify the term commonly used for the fastest, biggest and most expensive computers in this classification scheme. Given Data / Assumptions: The question mentions computers that are fastest, largest and most expensive. These machines are used for complex, computation heavy tasks. Options include personal computers, laptops and supercomputers. We assume the standard textbook classification of computer types. Concept / Approach: Supercomputers are top tier machines designed for extremely high performance. They consist of many processors working in parallel, large amounts of memory and high speed interconnections. Their cost is very high, and they are usually installed at research laboratories, universities and government agencies. Personal computers and laptops, by contrast, are intended for individual users and general purposes, with far lower performance and cost. Tablets are also consumer devices. Therefore, when a question describes the fastest, biggest and most expensive computers, the correct term in computer fundamentals is supercomputer, not personal computer or laptop. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the key characteristics: fastest performance, largest size and highest cost. Step 2: Recall that supercomputers are built from thousands or even millions of processing cores for scientific and engineering tasks. Step 3: Recognise that personal computers and laptops are designed for everyday office work, gaming and browsing, and do not match the scale described. Step 4: Understand that tablets are even more limited mobile devices and not part of the high performance computing category. Step 5: Choose supercomputer as the only option that correctly refers to the highest end class of computers in terms of speed, size and cost. Verification / Alternative check: Computer fundamentals books define supercomputers as the most powerful and expensive computers used for applications such as weather forecasting, nuclear simulations and advanced scientific research. They mention that supercomputers operate at speeds measured in petaflops or more and often occupy large rooms. In contrast, personal computers and laptops are described as microcomputers meant for individual users, with much lower speed and price. Tablets are classified as mobile computing devices, not as high performance systems. These standard definitions support the conclusion that the term supercomputer fits the description given in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Personal computer used at home or in offices: Designed for individual use with moderate performance and relatively low cost. Laptop computer for mobile personal use: Portable version of a personal computer, with limited size and power compared to supercomputers. None of these computer types: Incorrect, because supercomputer is explicitly listed and matches the description. Tablet computer used for casual browsing: Lightweight mobile device intended for everyday tasks, not for extremely complex scientific computations. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse the term mainframe with supercomputer. While mainframes are large and powerful machines used for transaction processing and data handling in enterprises, supercomputers are specifically optimised for numerical calculation and scientific workloads. In general knowledge exam questions, the phrase fastest, biggest and most expensive is usually a clue pointing directly to supercomputer. Remembering that keyword will help you quickly pick the correct answer without overthinking the consumer devices listed as distractors. Final Answer: The fastest, largest and most expensive computers designed for extremely complex calculations are called Supercomputers.

Question 11

In computing, when people talk about taking a hard copy of a file or document, what exactly are they referring to?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Office workers and students frequently use the phrase take a hard copy of this document. This term has a specific meaning in computing, contrasting with the idea of a soft copy. Understanding this distinction is essential for correct usage in both exams and real life. This question asks you to identify what action is meant by taking a hard copy of a file or document stored on a computer. Given Data / Assumptions: The document starts as an electronic file on a computer. People want a hard copy, often for reading, signing or filing. Options include various ways of saving or sharing the file. We assume knowledge of how printers produce physical output. Concept / Approach: Soft copy refers to the electronic version of data, such as a document displayed on a screen or stored as a file. Hard copy refers to the physical printed output, usually on paper, that you can hold in your hand. When someone says take a hard copy, they mean print the document using a printer. Saving the document to floppy disk, CD or hard disk still keeps it as a soft copy because it is still purely digital. Emailing the document also sends a digital version. Only printing produces a physical, tangible copy that fits the definition of a hard copy. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that hard copy is always something physical, such as paper, while soft copy is electronic. Step 2: Examine each option to see whether it creates a physical printed result or keeps the document in digital form. Step 3: Recognise that saving to floppy, CD or hard disk simply stores digital files. Step 4: Understand that emailing also passes along a digital file, not a physical printout. Step 5: Identify getting the document printed on paper using a printer as the only option that produces a hard copy. Verification / Alternative check: Definitions in computer textbooks state clearly that a hard copy is the printed output produced by devices such as printers and plotters. Soft copy is described as the on screen or electronic version of data. Job descriptions and office procedures also use the term hard copy to refer to printed documents that can be signed, stamped or filed in cabinets. No credible source calls a file stored on a disk or a document sent by email a hard copy. These consistent definitions confirm that printing is what people mean when they talk about taking a hard copy of a document. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Saving the document onto a floppy disk: This is purely digital storage; the document remains a soft copy on magnetic media. Saving the document onto a compact disc (CD): Again, this is another form of electronic storage, not a physical printed copy. Saving the document onto the computer’s hard disk: This is where many files normally reside, but it is still soft copy. Emailing the document to another person: This sends a digital version over a network; the recipient may print it, but the act of emailing is not taking a hard copy. Common Pitfalls: Because the words hard disk and hard copy both use the word hard, some learners mistakenly think that storing data on a hard disk means it is a hard copy. The similarity in wording is misleading. Hard disk refers to the type of internal storage device, while hard copy refers to the physical printed result. Another pitfall is assuming that any more permanent looking digital storage, like a CD, counts as a hard copy. The key is physical paper or equivalent; if you cannot hold it like a printed document, it is still a soft copy. Final Answer: Taking a hard copy of a document means getting the document printed on paper using a printer.

Question 12

In e-mail terminology, unsolicited bulk messages sent to many users, usually for advertising or malicious purposes, are commonly known as ________.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Email has become a standard communication tool, but it is also frequently abused by senders who distribute unwanted messages to large numbers of recipients. These messages can be advertisements, scams or malicious links. In Internet terminology, such unsolicited bulk email has a specific name that appears widely in both technical and everyday usage. This question asks you to recall that term from the list of options provided. Given Data / Assumptions: The emails are unsolicited, meaning the recipients did not request them. The messages are often sent in bulk to many users at once. They are commonly used for advertising, phishing or spreading malware. Options include words like newsgroup, Usenet, backbone and spam. Concept / Approach: The established term for unsolicited bulk email is spam. The word originally came from a comedy sketch and later became associated with repetitive or unwanted messages. Today, spam refers to unwanted, often commercial or fraudulent email sent to large lists of addresses. Newsgroups and Usenet are names for early Internet discussion forums where users post messages intentionally. Backbone refers to the main data routes across large networks. Cookies are small pieces of data stored in a browser, not emails. Therefore, spam is the only option that accurately describes unsolicited email in the way the question intends. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the key phrase unsolicited e-mail, which clearly refers to mail you did not ask for. Step 2: Recall that spam is the common Internet term for such unwanted email, especially when sent in bulk. Step 3: Recognise that newsgroups and Usenet are related to discussion forums, not to spam specifically. Step 4: Note that backbone is a networking term referring to major connections, not to unwanted messages. Step 5: Choose spam as the correct term that matches the description of unsolicited email in the options. Verification / Alternative check: Email provider interfaces often include a Spam or Junk folder, where unwanted messages are automatically filtered. Anti spam software products describe their function as blocking spam emails and protecting users from unsolicited messages. Internet safety guides advise users on how to avoid spam and phishing attempts, using this term consistently. None of these resources use newsgroup, Usenet, backbone or cookies as the standard name for unwanted email. This wide and consistent usage confirms that spam is the correct answer in this context. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Newsgroup posts: Messages posted to a newsgroup are usually public and topic based; they are not necessarily unsolicited emails. Usenet messages: Usenet is a distributed discussion system; messages are posted intentionally as part of forums, not primarily as unwanted email. Backbone traffic: Refers to data flowing through major network links, not a type of email. Cookies: Small pieces of data stored in a user’s web browser to remember preferences; unrelated to email spam. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse spam with viruses or malware and think that spam refers only to malicious attachments. While spam can contain harmful links or files, the defining feature is that it is unsolicited and often mass distributed. Another confusion is between spam and junk in everyday speech; many email providers use both words, but spam is the technical term that appears in exam questions. Remembering that spam equals unwanted email messages will help you quickly select the correct option in similar questions. Final Answer: Unsolicited bulk email messages are commonly known as Spam.

Question 13

In a Management Information System (MIS), the pattern and flow of information through the system is primarily ________.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: A Management Information System (MIS) is designed to provide managers and decision makers with the information they need to plan, control and operate an organisation effectively. The way information flows within an MIS is not arbitrary; it is shaped by the specific requirements of the people who use the system. This question examines your understanding of what primarily determines the flow of information in an MIS. Given Data / Assumptions: MIS collects, processes and distributes information within an organisation. Different users (top management, middle management, operational staff) have different information needs. The question asks what the flow of information through MIS depends on. Options mention organisation, information, management and needs as possible drivers. Concept / Approach: The essence of an MIS is to provide the right information to the right person at the right time. This implies that the design of the system and the flow of reports, summaries and detailed data should be driven by the information needs of users and managers. While organisational structure and management levels influence these needs, they do not completely determine them. The same organisation can re design its MIS when management's information needs change. Likewise, data formats alone do not dictate how information should flow. Therefore, in exam style questions, the correct statement is that the flow of information in an MIS is need dependent, meaning it is based on the information requirements of decision makers rather than being fixed or random. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the purpose of MIS: to supply information that supports managerial decision making. Step 2: Recognise that different decisions (strategic, tactical, operational) require different types of information. Step 3: Understand that these information requirements define what data is collected, how it is processed and how it flows to users. Step 4: Compare the options and identify the one that states information flow is need dependent, reflecting these requirements. Step 5: Reject options that treat the flow as fixed by organisational structure alone or as random and unrelated to business needs. Verification / Alternative check: Management information systems literature often describes MIS design as starting from an analysis of information needs. Designers interview managers at various levels to determine what reports and indicators they require. Based on this analysis, data collection, processing routines and reporting formats are set up. When information needs change, the MIS is adjusted. Organisational charts and management levels are important, but they are used to identify and understand needs, not to rigidly fix information flow. This supports the idea that MIS information flow is primarily need dependent rather than purely organisation or management dependent. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Organisation dependent and fixed regardless of needs: While organisation structure influences information paths, modern MIS is designed around changing information needs, not fixed patterns. Information dependent based only on data formats: Data formats and content matter, but they are chosen to meet needs; they do not by themselves determine the flow. Management dependent based only on hierarchy: Management levels are a factor but do not fully capture the specific information needs at each level. Random and not related to business requirements: MIS is carefully planned to serve business purposes, so information flow is not random. Common Pitfalls: Students may see the word management in MIS and assume that everything is management dependent, but that phrase is vague and does not emphasise that the system is built to satisfy concrete information needs. Another confusion arises from thinking that data flows are fixed once the organisation is set, ignoring that organisations evolve and MIS must adapt. To answer such questions, remember that the core design principle of MIS is to satisfy user and managerial information needs; thus, the flow is need dependent. Final Answer: In an MIS, the flow of information is primarily need dependent, based on the information needs of users and managers.

Question 14

In computer networking, the utility command ping is used to test connectivity between hosts. Which underlying protocol does ping use to send its echo request and echo reply messages?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The ping command is a widely used troubleshooting tool that helps administrators and users check whether one network host can reach another. When you run ping, it sends small test messages and measures how long it takes to get replies. To understand networking fundamentals, it is important to know which protocol is responsible for those messages. This question asks you to identify the protocol that ping uses under the hood for its echo request and echo reply packets. Given Data / Assumptions: Ping is used to test reachability between IP hosts. It sends echo request messages and expects echo replies. Options include common Internet protocols such as ICMP, TCP, BootP and ARP. We assume basic familiarity with protocol names but not necessarily deep details. Concept / Approach: Ping operates using the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP is part of the IP protocol suite and is used to send control and error messages, including echo request and echo reply. When you ping a host, your machine sends an ICMP echo request to the target, which should respond with an ICMP echo reply if it is reachable and configured to respond. TCP and HTTP are higher level protocols used for reliable data transfer and web communication, not for simple connectivity tests. BootP is used for bootstrapping diskless machines and assigning IP addresses. ARP is used on local networks to map IP addresses to MAC addresses. Therefore, ICMP is the only correct answer for the protocol used by ping. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that ping does not open a TCP connection or send HTTP requests; it simply sends small test packets. Step 2: Remember that ICMP is designed for control messages such as destination unreachable, time exceeded and echo request/reply. Step 3: Recognise that ping specifically sends ICMP echo request messages and waits for ICMP echo reply messages. Step 4: Note that BootP is related to IP address assignment during boot and ARP relates to MAC address resolution, neither of which is directly used by ping to test connectivity. Step 5: Select ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) as the protocol used by ping. Verification / Alternative check: Network analysis tools like Wireshark can capture ping traffic on a network. When you run a capture and then execute ping, you will see ICMP packets with types labelled echo (request) and echo (reply). Technical documentation for ping utilities in Linux, Windows and other systems explicitly mention that ping uses ICMP echo messages. By contrast, traffic for TCP and HTTP appears only when running applications like web browsers or file transfers. ARP packets appear when resolving local IP to MAC mappings, not as part of the ping test itself. This evidence clearly shows that ICMP is the correct protocol associated with ping. Why Other Options Are Wrong: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Used for reliable data streams such as web pages and emails; ping does not establish TCP sessions. BootP (Bootstrap Protocol): Used to help diskless workstations obtain IP configuration at boot time, not to test connectivity. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses on a local network; ping relies on ARP indirectly but does not use ARP as its main protocol. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for web page transfer; completely unrelated to the function of ping. Common Pitfalls: Some learners mistakenly select TCP because they associate all Internet communication with TCP/IP and assume ping must use TCP. Others confuse lower level utility protocols like ARP and BootP with the specific signalling used by ping. To avoid these mistakes, remember that ICMP is the special protocol for control and error messages in IP networks, and ping is the classic example of an application that uses ICMP echo request and echo reply messages. Final Answer: The ping command uses the ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) to send echo request and echo reply messages between hosts.

Question 15

In basic computer memory classification, the two main kinds of primary (main) memory inside a computer are ________.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computer memory is broadly divided into primary (main) memory and secondary storage. Within the category of primary memory, there are two well known types that appear frequently in computer fundamentals: ROM and RAM. This question tests whether you can correctly identify these two kinds of main memory and distinguish them from other memory related terms that refer to different classifications or levels of storage. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on main or primary memory inside the computer. Primary memory is used directly by the CPU during processing. ROM and RAM are standard components in basic computer hardware. Options include terms like random and sequential, or primary and secondary, which are different classifications. Concept / Approach: Primary memory usually refers to the memory that the CPU can access directly at high speed. The two main types of primary memory in basic computer studies are ROM (Read Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory). ROM stores firmware and startup instructions that are not normally changed, while RAM holds data and programs that are being used currently. Random and sequential refer more to access methods, not types of primary memory. Primary and secondary describe categories of storage, not two kinds of main memory. Cache and virtual memory are also important concepts, but they are not usually presented as the two fundamental kinds of main memory in introductory questions. Thus, the correct answer is ROM and RAM. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the motherboard of a computer has ROM chips and RAM modules for main memory functions. Step 2: Understand that ROM contains permanent instructions (such as BIOS or firmware), and RAM is used for temporary storage of active data and programs. Step 3: Recognise that random and sequential are terms often used in discussing access patterns on storage devices, not the basic types of main memory. Step 4: Note that primary versus secondary is a broader classification, where secondary includes hard disks and other long term storage. Step 5: Choose ROM (Read Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory) as the two main kinds of primary memory. Verification / Alternative check: Computer basics textbooks typically include a section titled Types of Primary Memory that explicitly lists ROM and RAM. They then go on to describe several sub types, such as PROM, EPROM and EEPROM for ROM, and static and dynamic RAM. Diagrams show the CPU connected to main memory, labelled as RAM and ROM. Discussions of random versus sequential access appear mainly in the context of file access on disks or tapes, and primary versus secondary is used to distinguish fast internal memory from slower external storage. This presentation pattern confirms that ROM and RAM are the two kinds of main memory sought by this question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Random and sequential memory: These terms describe access modes, not specific primary memory types installed in a computer. Primary memory and secondary memory: These are broad categories; secondary memory includes disks and other storage, not just main memory. All of the above combinations: Incorrect because the first and third options do not name the two kinds of primary memory; they mix classifications. Cache memory and virtual memory only: Cache is a small, very fast type of memory, and virtual memory is a technique that uses disk space; they do not replace ROM and RAM as the two fundamental kinds of main memory. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse background classifications and may see primary and secondary as the obvious pair to choose when reading quickly. Others may be unsure whether cache counts as main memory, since it is inside the CPU chip. In exam questions that explicitly ask for the two kinds of main memory, the intended textbook answer is almost always ROM and RAM. Remembering this pairing and their basic roles (permanent versus temporary storage) will help you answer similar questions with confidence. Final Answer: The two main kinds of primary (main) memory inside a computer are ROM (Read Only Memory) and RAM (Random Access Memory).

Question 16

The processing speed of a computer’s processor (CPU) is commonly measured in which basic unit of frequency?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When describing the performance of a computer, people often mention the speed of its processor. This speed is usually expressed as a frequency that indicates how many cycles per second the CPU clock runs. Understanding the basic unit used for this measurement helps you interpret specifications like 3.0 GHz or 2.5 GHz. This question asks which unit is commonly used to measure processor speed in general purpose computer specifications. Given Data / Assumptions: We are considering the clock speed of the CPU, often called processor speed. Typical values are expressed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). Options include Hertz, Baud, MIPS, BPS and PPM. Each of these units is used in some aspect of computing, but not all apply to CPU speed. Concept / Approach: The basic unit for measuring frequency is the hertz (Hz), which means cycles per second. CPU clock speed is expressed as a frequency, typically in megahertz (10^6 Hz) or gigahertz (10^9 Hz). This tells you how many clock cycles the processor performs each second. MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second) is another performance metric, but it is less standard in consumer specifications and depends on instruction set and workload. Baud and BPS are primarily used in communication, describing symbol and bit rates on data links. Pages Per Minute (PPM) is used for printer speed. Therefore, the standard answer for processor speed measurement is hertz, with MHz and GHz as common multiples. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall typical CPU specifications written on boxes or in system info, such as 2.4 GHz or 3.2 GHz. Step 2: Recognise that GHz stands for gigahertz, a multiple of the basic unit hertz. Step 3: Understand that hertz measures how many clock cycles occur per second, matching the idea of processor speed. Step 4: Compare this with Baud and BPS, which are used more for modem speeds and network data rates. Step 5: Select Hertz (Hz), such as megahertz or gigahertz, as the correct unit for CPU clock speed. Verification / Alternative check: User manuals, hardware review articles and operating system tools all describe CPU clock speed in terms of MHz or GHz. The acronym stands for megahertz and gigahertz, respectively. Benchmarking sites may mention MIPS as a rough measure of instruction throughput, but even they emphasise clock frequency in hertz. Networking hardware, on the other hand, is documented using bits per second (bps) or baud for signalling rates. Printer specifications use pages per minute. These clear patterns across multiple sources confirm that hertz is the correct unit for processor speed in general descriptions. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Baud, used for signalling rate on communication lines: Measures symbols per second on a communication channel, not CPU clock speed. MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second) only: A performance metric that depends on architecture and workload; it is not the basic frequency unit and is not how consumer CPU speeds are normally quoted. BPS (Bits Per Second), used for data transfer rate: Describes throughput of network links or communication channels, not internal CPU clock frequency. Pages Per Minute (PPM), used for printers: Unit for printer output speed, unrelated to processing speed of a CPU. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse MIPS or FLOPS with clock speed because all are used when discussing performance. While these metrics are important, they are not the standard units printed on consumer CPU specifications. Another common confusion comes from networking, where speeds are often listed in Mbps (megabits per second), which looks similar to MHz but refers to data rate, not CPU frequency. To avoid mistakes, remember that CPU speed is given in hertz (Hz), and the most common forms you see are MHz and GHz. Final Answer: The processing speed of a computer’s processor is commonly measured in Hertz (Hz), typically expressed as megahertz or gigahertz.

Question 17

In software classification, which of the following is an example of system software rather than application software or hardware?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Software on a computer is often divided into two major categories: system software and application software. System software provides a platform for other software and manages hardware resources, while application software helps users perform specific tasks. This question checks if you can correctly identify which option represents system software, distinguishing it from application programs and physical hardware components like RAM. Given Data / Assumptions: System software includes operating systems, device drivers and similar low level programs. Application software includes programs like word processors, calculators and web browsers. RAM is hardware, not software. The question asks specifically for an example of system software. Concept / Approach: System software is the layer of software that communicates directly with hardware and provides services to application programs. The most important example is the operating system (such as Windows, Linux or macOS), which manages processes, memory, files and devices. Microsoft Word, calculator utilities and web browsers are application programs that run on top of the operating system to perform user oriented tasks. RAM is a hardware component that stores data temporarily; it is not software at all. Therefore, the only option that fits the definition of system software is the operating system that manages hardware and software resources. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that system software is responsible for booting the computer, managing resources and providing a platform for applications. Step 2: Identify the operating system as the classic example of system software. Step 3: Recognise that Microsoft Word and calculator utilities are application programs used for writing and calculations. Step 4: Understand that RAM is a physical memory component, belonging to hardware, not to system or application software. Step 5: Select operating system that manages hardware and software resources as the correct example of system software. Verification / Alternative check: Computer fundamentals texts define system software as programs that directly control the operation of the computer and provide a foundation for application programs. They list operating systems, language translators and device drivers as key examples. Application software is defined as programs written to perform specific tasks for users, such as word processing, spreadsheets, browsers and games. Hardware chapters describe RAM as a physical memory module, not a program. These definitions and lists align perfectly with the choice of operating system as system software and rule out the other options as either application software or hardware. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Microsoft Word word-processing program: An application software used for creating and editing documents. Calculator utility used for simple arithmetic: A small application program, even if it is bundled with the operating system. RAM (Random Access Memory) module installed in the computer: A hardware component, not software. Web browser used to view websites: Application software that relies on system software to access network and display content. Common Pitfalls: Some learners think that any built in utility that comes with the operating system must be system software, but in classification terms, those utilities are still application programs. Another confusion is treating RAM or other hardware components as software because they are discussed in the same context. To answer questions correctly, keep in mind that system software refers to software that manages the computer as a whole, and the most important example is the operating system, which controls hardware and supports applications. Final Answer: An example of system software is the Operating system that manages hardware and software resources on the computer.

Question 18

In Microsoft Excel, the address of the currently selected cell (for example A1 or B5) is displayed in which part of the Excel window?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Microsoft Excel is a widely used spreadsheet application. Its interface includes several components such as the title bar, ribbon, formula bar, name box and status bar. Each component has a specific purpose. One basic skill is knowing where Excel displays the address of the currently active cell, such as A1 or C3. This question tests your familiarity with the Excel user interface and where to look for the current cell reference. Given Data / Assumptions: We are using Microsoft Excel or a similar spreadsheet program with a comparable layout. The active cell has an address like A1, B5, C10 and so on. The question asks which part of the window shows that address. Options mention the title bar, name box, status bar, formula bar and worksheet tabs. Concept / Approach: The Name Box in Excel is located to the left of the formula bar and shows the address of the active cell or the name of a selected range. When you click on a cell, the Name Box updates to display its coordinate, such as A1. The formula bar, by contrast, shows the contents of the cell, such as a number, text or formula, not the address. The title bar shows the name of the workbook file. The status bar at the bottom can show messages and summary calculations, and worksheet tabs show sheet names. Therefore, the correct answer is that the current cell address is shown in the Name Box next to the formula bar. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Visualise the Excel window with cells, formula bar and a small box to the left of the formula bar. Step 2: Recall that when you click on cell B3, the small box to the left of the formula bar displays B3. Step 3: Remember that this small box is called the Name Box because it can show cell addresses or named ranges. Step 4: Recognise that the formula bar displays the contents inside the selected cell, such as =SUM(A1:A5), not the address itself. Step 5: Choose Name Box located next to the formula bar as the part that displays the current cell address. Verification / Alternative check: Excel help documentation and tutorials identify the Name Box as the area that displays the active cell reference. When demonstrating navigation, trainers often say, "Look at the Name Box to see which cell is selected." The formula bar is consistently described as the place where you view and edit cell contents. The title bar shows the file name, and status bar displays information such as Sum, Average or Count of selected cells. Worksheet tabs display sheet names like Sheet1, Sheet2. None of these other elements are documented as showing the active cell address by default. This confirms that the Name Box is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Title bar at the very top of the window: Shows the name of the workbook file and possibly the application name, not the cell address. Status bar at the bottom of the window: Displays status messages and summary statistics for selected cells, not the active cell address directly. Formula bar where formulas and values are edited: Shows the contents of the cell, not its address label. Worksheet tab area at the bottom of the workbook: Shows names of different sheets, such as Sheet1 or Sales, not individual cell addresses. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse the formula bar and Name Box because they are adjacent and look similar. A useful memory trick is that the formula bar is wide and used for typing formulas, while the Name Box is smaller and used to show names and addresses. Another pitfall is thinking that the status bar might show the address because it displays various useful information; however, its main purpose is to show hints and summaries, not the active cell reference. To answer correctly, remember that cell addresses live in the Name Box. Final Answer: In Microsoft Excel, the address of the currently selected cell is displayed in the Name Box located next to the formula bar.

Question 19

In spreadsheet software such as Microsoft Excel, what is the name for the basic unit of the worksheet formed at the intersection of a column and a row?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Spreadsheets like Microsoft Excel and Google Sheets organise data in a grid made up of horizontal rows and vertical columns. Where a row and a column cross, they form a basic box where you can enter a value or formula. This question asks you to recall the standard term used for that basic unit in the grid, which is fundamental vocabulary for working with spreadsheets in any context. Given Data / Assumptions: The software in question is a spreadsheet program. The worksheet is arranged as rows and columns. We are interested in the location where one row and one column intersect. Options include cell, menu, key, field and chart area. Concept / Approach: In spreadsheets, the intersection of a row and a column is called a cell. Each cell can hold a number, text, date or formula, and is referenced by a cell address such as A1 or C5. Menu refers to a list of commands in the program interface, not to the grid. Key is a vague term and usually relates to keyboard keys. The word field is more commonly used in database tables, although conceptually similar, the standard spreadsheet term is cell. Chart area refers to a graphical object, not the basic grid location. Therefore, the correct term for the intersection of a row and a column in a spreadsheet is cell. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Visualise the spreadsheet grid, with letters at the top for columns and numbers down the side for rows. Step 2: Recall that each box in this grid where you can type data is called a cell. Step 3: Remember that cells are named by combining the column letter and row number, such as B2 or D10. Step 4: Recognise that menus belong to the program’s user interface and keys belong to the keyboard, not to the worksheet grid. Step 5: Select cell as the correct term for the basic unit at the intersection of a column and a row. Verification / Alternative check: Spreadsheet documentation, help files and tutorials consistently refer to each grid box as a cell. They instruct users to click on a cell, type data into a cell, or format cells. Database materials, by contrast, talk about records and fields in tables. While a cell in a database table could informally be called a field value, the exam question specifically mentions spreadsheet software, where cell is the standard term. Chart features are discussed separately under creating or formatting charts, not under basic grid concepts. This consistent usage confirms that cell is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Menu item: Part of the application’s command interface; it is not part of the worksheet grid. Key: Usually refers to a keyboard key or a primary identifier in databases; it is not the name for a spreadsheet grid unit. Field only in databases: Field is a database term for a column of data; while conceptually related, it is not the standard term used in spreadsheets. Chart area: Refers to the space used for graphs and charts, not the row and column intersection used for data entry. Common Pitfalls: New learners might mix database vocabulary with spreadsheet vocabulary and choose field instead of cell. Others may overthink the question and look for a more complex term when the simplest answer is correct. To avoid mistakes, remember that in Excel and similar tools, you work with cells, rows and columns. Each individual square you click and type into is called a cell, so the intersection of a row and a column is simply a cell. Final Answer: In a spreadsheet, the basic unit formed at the intersection of a column and a row is called a Cell.

Question 20

In modern generation computer processors, instructions are executed in which of the following ways with respect to order and concurrency?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Modern computer processors are highly sophisticated and use a variety of techniques to increase performance. At a basic level, programs are written as sequences of instructions, but inside the CPU, many of these instructions can be overlapped or executed in parallel. This question explores how instructions are executed in the latest generation of computers, asking whether execution is purely sequential, purely parallel or a combination of both approaches. Given Data / Assumptions: We are considering modern processors with features such as pipelining, superscalar execution and multi core architectures. Programs are still defined as ordered sequences of instructions. The processor attempts to execute as many instructions as possible in parallel while respecting program order. Options suggest purely sequential, purely parallel, or a combination of both. Concept / Approach: At the level of program semantics, instructions must appear to execute in the correct sequence defined by the program. This gives the illusion of sequential execution to the programmer. Internally, however, modern CPUs use multiple techniques to achieve parallelism. Pipelining divides instruction execution into stages so that several instructions are in different stages at the same time. Superscalar processors can execute multiple instructions per clock cycle. Multi core processors run different instruction streams on separate cores in parallel. Therefore, the best description is that instructions are executed both sequentially and parallelly: sequentially in terms of program logic, and parallelly inside the hardware to improve performance. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that programs are written as ordered lists of instructions; violating this order would break correctness. Step 2: Understand that the CPU maintains the logical order of instructions, ensuring results match a sequential model. Step 3: Recall that hardware features like pipelines, multiple execution units and multiple cores allow several instructions to be processed at the same time. Step 4: Note that this creates parallelism at the hardware level even while preserving the appearance of sequential execution at the software level. Step 5: Choose the option that states both sequentially and parallelly, capturing this dual nature of execution in modern processors. Verification / Alternative check: Computer architecture textbooks describe the von Neumann model, where a program consists of a sequence of instructions in memory, and they also describe enhancements such as pipelining and superscalar designs that increase throughput by overlapping instruction execution. Multi core and multi processor systems provide additional parallelism by running multiple instruction streams simultaneously. However, all of these designs are built to preserve the correct program order as specified by the instruction sequence, so that programmers do not have to think about low level parallel hazards in most cases. Discussions of instruction level parallelism explicitly emphasise this combination of sequential programming model and parallel hardware execution. This confirms that both sequential and parallel execution occur in modern systems. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Sequentially only, one after another with no overlap: Describes a very simple processor without pipelining or parallel units; it does not match modern CPU designs. Parallelly only, with no sequential order at all: Impossible for general purpose computing, as programs rely on correct ordering of operations. None of the above; execution order is completely random: Execution is highly structured and controlled, not random. Only when all programs are closed except one: Multi tasking operating systems can run multiple programs concurrently; execution does not stop simply because more than one program is open. Common Pitfalls: Some learners oversimplify and think of old textbook models where a CPU executes one instruction at a time, strictly sequentially. Others hear about multi core and parallel processing and imagine that everything is parallel with no regard for order. The reality in modern systems is a combination: the programming model is sequential, but the hardware tries to exploit as much parallelism as possible internally. For exam questions, remember the phrase both sequentially and parallelly when describing instruction execution in the latest generation of processors. Final Answer: In modern computers, instructions are executed both sequentially and parallelly, using pipelines and multiple cores while preserving program order.

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