Question 1

In computer terminology, what does the term wetware refer to in the context of computing and information systems?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The term wetware is an informal word used in computer science and information technology to describe the biological part of an information system, especially human brains. While hardware refers to physical electronic components and software refers to programs and data, wetware highlights the role of human beings who think, decide, and interact with computers. This question checks whether you can correctly distinguish wetware from hardware and software concepts in basic computer awareness. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is computing and information systems. The word wetware is being compared with more familiar terms such as software and circuitry. We assume standard usage from computer science books and popular IT articles. Concept / Approach: The word wetware is formed by analogy with hardware and software. Hardware refers to solid physical components like chips, boards, and devices. Software refers to intangible programs and data stored in memory. Wetware focuses on living biological tissue, especially brains and nervous systems, which are literally wet and organic. In computing discussions, wetware usually means the human brain of the computer user or programmer, emphasising that people are an essential part of any information system. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that software and hardware are already covered by other standard terms, so wetware must refer to something different. Step 2: Notice that several computer science glossaries define wetware as the human brain or human operators in a computing environment. Step 3: Compare each option with this idea to see which best matches the biological meaning. Step 4: Identify that the human brain and nervous system exactly captures the biological, living part of an information processing system. Step 5: Confirm that other options such as software programs and circuitry are non living and already have precise technical names. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify the meaning by remembering common phrases such as hardware, software, and wetware, where wetware is jokingly used to refer to the human user who sometimes makes more errors than the computer. Technical articles sometimes mention wetware bugs when they mean human mistakes rather than programming bugs. These uses are always about people and their brains, never about chips or chemical devices, which confirms the correct interpretation. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Computer software programs: This is wrong because software is already the accepted term for programs and data. Wetware does not replace that word. Electronic circuitry on a chip: This is wrong because circuitry is part of hardware, such as motherboards and integrated circuits, not biological tissue. Chemical storage devices used in laboratories: This is wrong because such devices are specialised hardware or lab equipment and are not what IT professionals mean by wetware. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to guess that wetware is some new kind of storage or physical device because of the word ware. Learners may also confuse it with malware or firmware. Remember that wet in this context points to living tissue rather than metal or plastic. Understanding this analogy helps you recognise other playful IT terms in exam questions. Final Answer: In computing, wetware refers to The human brain and nervous system that interact with computer systems.

Question 2

In computer architecture and caching, the method that updates main memory when modified data is written back only when the cache block is removed is called which write policy?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your understanding of cache memory write policies in computer architecture. When the processor writes data to a cache, the system must decide when and how to update the corresponding value in main memory. Two classic strategies are write-through and write-back. Knowing the difference between these policies is important for understanding performance, bandwidth usage, and data consistency in modern CPUs. Given Data / Assumptions: We are working with a processor cache and main memory. The method described updates main memory when the modified cache block is removed or evicted. We assume standard textbook definitions of write-through and write-back policies. Concept / Approach: With a write-through policy, every write to the cache is immediately written to main memory as well. With a write-back policy, the processor writes to the cache and marks the block as dirty, but main memory is not updated right away. Instead, the updated data is written back to main memory only when the dirty cache block is removed or replaced. The description in the question clearly matches the behaviour of write-back, where the update happens when the word or block leaves the cache. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the key phrase in the question: main memory is updated when a word is removed from the cache. Step 2: Recall that write-through sends every write operation directly to both cache and main memory at the time of the write, not at removal. Step 3: Recall that write-back keeps changed data only in the cache until the cache block is evicted, then writes the modified data back to main memory. Step 4: Match this behaviour with the description of updating main memory when the data leaves the cache, which is exactly the write-back policy. Step 5: Eliminate options that are not standard names for cache write policies or do not match this description. Verification / Alternative check: A quick way to verify is to remember the trade off between memory traffic and complexity. Write-through generates more memory traffic because every write hits main memory immediately, which is slower but simple and safer. Write-back reduces traffic and can improve performance because many repeated writes stay in the cache and memory is updated only once when the block is evicted. This characteristic of waiting until removal matches the wording of the question and confirms that write-back is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Write-through policy: This is wrong because write-through updates main memory at the time of each write, not only when the cache block is removed. Protected-write policy: This is wrong because it is not a standard name for a cache write policy in classical computer architecture terminology. Cache-write policy: This is wrong because it is a vague phrase and not the recognised term used in textbooks for a specific write strategy. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse write-through and write-back because both involve writing data to memory, but the timing is different. Another pitfall is to focus only on the word write in the option names without checking the definition. Always connect write-through with immediate updates to memory and write-back with delayed updates at eviction time. This distinction appears frequently in exam questions. Final Answer: The method that updates main memory when modified data is written back only when the cache block is removed is the Write-back policy.

Question 3

Which type of computing performs computation, storage, and even complete applications as a service delivered across a network?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Modern information technology increasingly relies on delivering computing resources as services over networks. Instead of owning all hardware and software locally, organisations and individuals can rent processing power, storage, and applications from remote data centres. This question checks if you know the standard term used when computation, storage, and entire applications are provided as on demand services over the internet or a similar network. Given Data / Assumptions: The description includes computation, storage, and applications. These are delivered as services rather than local installations. Access is across a network, typically the internet. Concept / Approach: Cloud computing is the widely accepted term for delivering computing resources as services over a network. In cloud computing, providers offer infrastructure, platforms, and software as services, commonly called IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS. Users access these services over the internet without needing to know the details of the underlying hardware. Distributed computing and parallel computing focus on how computation is organised internally, not on the business model of delivering resources as services. Virtual computing refers to virtualisation technology rather than the service delivery model itself. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the question emphasises computation, storage, and applications delivered as a service. Step 2: Recall that cloud computing is defined as on demand network access to shared computing resources that can be rapidly provisioned with minimal management effort. Step 3: Note that distributed and parallel computing mainly describe how multiple computers cooperate to solve problems, not how those resources are sold or rented as services. Step 4: Recognise that virtual computing relates to creating virtual machines and virtual environments and is a technique used inside data centres, including clouds. Step 5: Therefore, the only option that directly captures the idea of computing delivered as a service across a network is cloud computing. Verification / Alternative check: Look at common examples such as web based email, online document editing, or renting virtual servers from a cloud provider. These services provide storage, processing, and complete applications through a browser or client over the internet. Marketing material and technical documentation consistently label these solutions as cloud services or cloud computing offerings. This confirms that cloud computing is the correct match for the description in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Distributed computing: This is wrong because it describes a style of computation spread across multiple nodes but does not necessarily mean that resources are delivered as pay per use services over a public network. Parallel computing: This is wrong because it focuses on concurrent execution of tasks to increase speed, not on delivering applications, storage, or processing as services. Virtual computing: This is wrong because virtualisation enables creating virtual machines and virtual networks, but by itself does not mean that resources are offered as remote cloud services to external users. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse internal technical architectures with service models. Distributed and parallel systems may exist inside a cloud, but the exam phrase performs computation, storage and even applications as a service points specifically to cloud computing. Another pitfall is thinking that any use of virtual machines automatically implies cloud computing, but virtualisation can also be local. Focus on the as a service idea to avoid confusion. Final Answer: The described model is known as Cloud computing.

Question 4

In basic computer awareness, C++ is correctly classified as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: C++ is one of the most widely known languages in computer science and software engineering. It is used to develop system software, games, desktop applications, and many other types of programs. This question checks whether you can correctly classify C++ within the basic categories of computer concepts, such as operating systems, programming languages, and software applications. Given Data / Assumptions: The name C++ appears in the question without any version number. The options offer categories such as operating system, programming language, and software. We assume standard definitions used in introductory computer courses. Concept / Approach: A programming language is a formal language used to write instructions that a computer can execute. C++ is an extension of C that supports object oriented programming, generic programming, and other features. An operating system is a complex software system that manages hardware and provides services to applications, such as Windows or Linux. A software package generally refers to an application or a group of programs designed for a specific end user task. C++ itself is not an operating system or a ready made application; instead, it is the tool used to create such software. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that C++ syntax includes concepts like classes, objects, templates, and functions, which are all elements of a programming language. Step 2: Compare C++ with examples of operating systems like Windows or Linux and notice that C++ does not manage hardware or provide system services by itself. Step 3: Recognise that C++ is used to build software packages but is not itself a single packaged application with a specific user task. Step 4: Based on these observations, classify C++ as a programming language. Step 5: Confirm that none of the other options correctly describe the nature of C++. Verification / Alternative check: If you open any standard textbook on C++, the very first chapters describe it as a general purpose programming language. It has compilers available on many platforms and is used to compile source code into executable programs. Documentation from compiler vendors also calls C++ a compiled programming language. This consistent description across multiple sources verifies that C++ fits squarely into the programming language category. Why Other Options Are Wrong: An operating system: This is wrong because C++ does not run as the main control program on hardware. Instead, you can write operating systems using C++ or C, but that does not make the language itself an operating system. A general software package: This is wrong because a software package is typically a ready to use application that performs a direct task for the user. C++ is a tool used to create such packages. None of these: This is wrong because one of the provided options, programming language, exactly matches the correct classification of C++. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse development tools with end user applications and may incorrectly think of C++ as a software package like a word processor. Others might mix up programming languages with the operating systems that they run on. Always remember that languages define rules for writing code, while operating systems and applications are specific programs written in those languages. Final Answer: C++ is correctly classified as A programming language.

Question 5

In computer memory terminology, associative memory is more precisely known as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Associative memory is a special kind of memory used in computer systems where data is accessed by content rather than by a specific address. This concept is important in areas such as cache design, translation lookaside buffers, and networking hardware. The question asks you to recognise the more precise technical name that is used in textbooks for associative memory. Given Data / Assumptions: The phrase associative memory appears, which suggests matching by content. The options include various types of memory used in computers. We assume standard computer architecture terminology. Concept / Approach: In normal random access memory RAM, the processor supplies an address and receives the data stored at that location. In associative memory, also called content addressable memory, the processor supplies a pattern and the memory hardware searches all entries in parallel to find matching data. This is extremely useful for fast lookups of tags or keys. The formal term content addressable memory is widely used in hardware design for this type of memory. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that associative memory is memory that can be accessed by content instead of numeric address. Step 2: Recognise that the phrase content addressable matches this idea exactly, because the content of the cell is used as the address key. Step 3: Compare this with virtual memory, which is a technique for extending logical address space using disk storage, not for content based lookup. Step 4: Compare with cache memory, which is a fast memory used to store frequently used data but is not necessarily content addressable in the general sense. Step 5: Compare with main memory, which is ordinary RAM accessed by address, not by content pattern. Verification / Alternative check: If you check diagrams of translation lookaside buffers in operating systems and networking hardware such as routers, you will often see chips labelled CAM, which stands for content addressable memory. Textbooks explain that CAM is also called associative memory because of its ability to match on keys. This consistent pairing of names across different sources confirms that associative memory and content addressable memory refer to the same concept. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Virtual memory: This is wrong because virtual memory is a technique that uses disk to extend apparent RAM size. It is still address based and does not perform hardware level content matching in the way associative memory does. Cache memory: This is wrong because cache memory is a small, fast memory that stores frequently used data, but the term cache does not inherently mean content based access, even though some caches may use associative search internally. Main memory: This is wrong because main memory is standard RAM where data is retrieved by specifying an address, not by presenting the content to search for. Common Pitfalls: Students often confuse how memory is implemented internally with its conceptual classification. Because caches sometimes use associative techniques, it is easy to wrongly assume that associative memory simply means cache. However, the precise technical name is content addressable memory, which describes the key idea of matching by content. Remembering this helps with many exam questions about CAM and associative search. Final Answer: Associative memory is more precisely known as Content addressable memory.

Question 6

In standard IPv4 networking, an IP address is a binary number of how many bits in length?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Internet Protocol version 4, commonly known as IPv4, is one of the core protocols of the internet. Every device that communicates over IPv4 is assigned an IP address. Understanding the size of this address in bits is a fundamental networking fact that is frequently tested in general knowledge and computer awareness exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The question is specifically about IP addresses in the context of IPv4. The unit requested is bits, not bytes. The options list several possible bit lengths that are powers of two. Concept / Approach: An IPv4 address is defined to be 32 bits long. It is usually written in dotted decimal notation as four numbers separated by dots, for example 192.168.1.10, where each number represents 8 bits and is called an octet. Because there are four octets of 8 bits each, the total length is 4 * 8 = 32 bits. Longer 128 bit addresses are used in IPv6, not in IPv4, and 64 bit lengths are more typical for other identifiers. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that dotted decimal notation for IPv4 addresses uses four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255. Step 2: Recognise that a value from 0 to 255 can be represented by 8 bits, which is why each group is also called an octet. Step 3: Multiply the number of octets by the bits per octet: 4 * 8 = 32 bits total. Step 4: Compare this with the options and see that 32 bits is one of the choices. Step 5: Confirm that no other option matches the standard definition of an IPv4 address length. Verification / Alternative check: Networking textbooks and certification study guides all mention that IPv4 uses 32 bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128 bit addresses. Subnetting examples also show that the address and prefix lengths add up within a 32 bit field. Whenever you see subnet masks such as 255.255.255.0 or prefix notations like /24 or /16, they are all defined inside a fixed 32 bit address. This repeated use of 32 confirms the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 8 bits: This is wrong because a single octet is 8 bits, but an entire IPv4 address contains four octets, not just one. 16 bits: This is wrong because 16 bits would allow only a very small address space and does not match any standard IP version address size. 64 bits: This is wrong because 64 bit lengths are not used for IPv4 addresses. IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, not 64 bits. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes mix up bits and bytes. A 32 bit address can also be described as 4 bytes, which appears in some exam questions. Another common confusion is between IPv4 and IPv6, with IPv6 using 128 bits. Remember that classic IPv4, with its familiar dotted decimal format, is always 32 bits long. Final Answer: An IPv4 IP address is a 32 bits long binary number.

Question 7

In storage technology, an HHDD is a type of drive where a conventional hard disk is combined with non volatile flash memory to cache data. What does HHDD stand for?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Modern storage devices often combine different technologies to improve performance and capacity. One such device is known by the abbreviation HHDD, which mixes traditional magnetic disk storage with flash memory used as a cache. This question checks whether you can correctly expand the abbreviation HHDD and understand its basic concept in computer hardware. Given Data / Assumptions: The device combines a conventional disk drive with non volatile flash memory. The flash memory is typically of size 128 MB or more and is used as a cache. The abbreviation given is HHDD, and we must choose the correct expansion. Concept / Approach: When a hard disk drive is combined with solid state flash memory, the resulting device is called a hybrid hard disk drive. The idea is to keep large, inexpensive magnetic storage for bulk data while using faster flash memory as a cache to speed up frequently accessed data. The term hybrid reflects the combination of two different underlying technologies in one unit, and hard disk drive identifies the traditional spinning part of the device. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that the device clearly contains both a hard disk and flash memory, which suggests a hybrid design. Step 2: Check option B, Hybrid Hard Disk Drive, and note that it includes both the idea of mixture and the phrase hard disk drive. Step 3: Evaluate options mentioning hyper, which usually means extremely fast or powerful, but does not by itself describe a combination of technologies. Step 4: Notice that references to helium in other options relate to a different technology where disks are filled with helium gas to reduce friction, not specifically to flash memory caching. Step 5: Therefore, the best match for an HHDD that combines a conventional disk with flash memory is Hybrid Hard Disk Drive. Verification / Alternative check: Vendor documentation and technical articles refer to such products as hybrid drives or hybrid hard disk drives. They often describe them as mixing solid state and mechanical storage in one device. The abbreviation HHDD is consistent with that naming. Helium filled drives or hyper branded drives are different marketing categories and do not require flash caching to satisfy their definitions, which further confirms that hybrid is the key word here. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Hyper Hard Disk Drive: This is wrong because hyper is a marketing adjective and does not explain the presence of both flash memory and mechanical disks in a single device. Hybrid Helium Disk Drive: This is wrong because helium filling is a separate technology that reduces air friction inside the drive, not specifically related to combining flash and magnetic storage as a cache system. Hyper Helium Disk Drive: This is wrong because it mixes hyper and helium, focusing on speed and reduced drag rather than the hybrid nature of the storage media. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to be distracted by impressive sounding words like hyper or helium, which may appear in advertisements. However, in exam questions you should focus on the technical description. The phrase combines a conventional disk drive with flash memory directly suggests a hybrid device. Remembering that hybrid means mixture or combination will help you choose the correct expansion of HHDD. Final Answer: HHDD stands for Hybrid Hard Disk Drive.

Question 8

In Microsoft Word, which option on the toolbar allows a user to change the color of the selected text characters?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Word processors such as Microsoft Word provide many formatting features to improve the appearance of documents. Changing the color of selected text is a very common task when creating headings, highlights, or emphasised words. This question checks whether you know the exact name of the command on the toolbar that is used to change the color of the text characters themselves rather than the background behind them. Given Data / Assumptions: The application is Microsoft Word or a similar word processor. The user wishes to change the color of selected text characters. We assume default English labels for the ribbon commands. Concept / Approach: On the Home tab in Microsoft Word, there is a group of font commands including font name, size, bold, italic, underline, and a specific button with a letter and a colored bar underneath it. This button is labelled Font Color. It changes the color of the text characters. Background color for text, such as highlighting, is controlled by a different command, often called Text Highlight Color or Shading. The term Font Color is the standard label for the control that applies color to the font glyphs themselves. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Visualise the Word interface and locate the Home tab where text formatting tools are grouped together. Step 2: Recall that there is a small icon showing a letter A with a colored line beneath it, which is labelled Font Color. Step 3: Recognise that clicking Font Color opens a palette allowing you to choose the color applied to text characters. Step 4: Compare this with background or highlight options that color the area behind the text, not the characters themselves. Step 5: From the choices, identify Font Color as the correct and precise command name used by Microsoft Word. Verification / Alternative check: If you open Microsoft Word and select some text, then hover over the A icon with a colored underline, the tooltip displays Font Color. Clicking it changes the color of the selected characters. No standard button is labelled Text Color or Change Color on the default ribbon. Background Color is used in table shading or page design, not for the individual text glyphs in the content. This hands on verification supports the choice of Font Color. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Text Color: This is wrong because although it sounds reasonable, the actual label used on the Word ribbon is Font Color, not Text Color. Change Color: This is wrong because there is no standard button with this generic name. It does not reflect the real interface wording in Word. Background Color: This is wrong because background color refers to the color behind text, such as shading or page color, not the color of the text characters themselves. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes use informal language in class and say change text color and then assume that Text Color must be the button name. Exams, however, often expect the exact term used in the software. Another pitfall is confusing highlighting with font coloring. Highlighting changes the background behind text, while Font Color changes the drawing color of the letters. Paying attention to the actual labels on the toolbar helps avoid these mistakes. Final Answer: In Microsoft Word, the command used to change the color of selected text is Font Color.

Question 9

Among the following terms, which one is the odd one out in the context of global networking and web technologies?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question asks you to identify the odd one out among four terms commonly seen in discussions about the online world. Three of the terms describe large scale network or information spaces, while one describes a specific technology used to build content. Recognising how each term fits into the broader internet ecosystem is important for general computer literacy and web fundamentals. Given Data / Assumptions: The terms are Cyberspace, Internet, HTML, and WWW. Internet and WWW clearly refer to large networked environments. The task is to find the item that belongs to a different category. Concept / Approach: The Internet is the global network of interconnected computers and networks. The World Wide Web is a service running on top of the Internet that delivers linked documents and resources. Cyberspace is a broad, sometimes informal term describing the virtual space of computer networks and online activity. HTML, or HyperText Markup Language, is a specific markup language used to format and structure web pages. Three terms describe spaces or systems, but HTML describes a language used to create content within those systems, making it the odd one out. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Classify Internet as a global network that connects millions of computers and smaller networks. Step 2: Classify World Wide Web as a service on the Internet that uses web pages and hyperlinks to share information. Step 3: Recognise Cyberspace as a general term that refers to the entire virtual environment created by computers and networks. Step 4: Identify HTML as a markup language used to create and format documents that appear on the Web. Step 5: Observe that the first three terms describe spaces or infrastructures, while HTML is a specific technical tool, making it the odd one out. Verification / Alternative check: Another way to verify is to ask which of the items you could install or use directly as content code. You can write HTML in a text editor to build a web page. You cannot write cyberspace or Internet or WWW as a language; they are environments in which HTML pages are delivered and seen. This clear difference between a language and a space confirms that HTML is the term that does not belong to the same category as the others. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Cyberspace: This is wrong as the odd one because it is similar in meaning to Internet and WWW, describing the online world and networked digital space. Internet: This is wrong because it is a large global network, conceptually similar to cyberspace and the infrastructure that hosts the Web. World Wide Web WWW: This is wrong because it is a system of interlinked hypertext documents delivered over the Internet, again a large scale system rather than a specific language. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse the World Wide Web with HTML and believe they are the same thing. The Web is the platform or system, while HTML is one of the main languages used to create content for that platform. Others may see cyberspace as less technical and think it is odd, but it still refers to the same general environment as the Internet and WWW. Remember to group concepts by whether they describe infrastructure or a specific technology used within that infrastructure. Final Answer: The odd one out is HTML, because it is a markup language, whereas the other terms describe large scale networked environments.

Question 10

Which type of malicious code changes its internal form or code each time it is installed in order to avoid detection by antivirus software?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computer security involves understanding different kinds of malicious software and how they behave. Some malware authors try to bypass antivirus signatures by changing the visible form of their code while keeping its harmful behaviour the same. This question focuses on a specific type of virus that deliberately alters its appearance each time it infects or is installed, making it harder for signature based scanners to recognise it. Given Data / Assumptions: The code changes each time it is installed. The purpose of the change is to avoid detection by antivirus software. The options include several common categories of malware. Concept / Approach: A polymorphic virus is a virus that can change its code or encryption pattern every time it replicates or infects a new system. Although its core behaviour remains the same, the binary pattern looks different, defeating simple signature based detection. Worms are self replicating programs that spread through networks, logic bombs trigger on specific conditions, and Trojan horses disguise themselves as legitimate programs, but none of these terms by itself guarantees continuous code mutation in the way a polymorphic virus does. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the phrase changes each time it is installed to avoid detection, which hints at code mutation or encryption. Step 2: Recall that polymorphic viruses use mutation engines or encryption routines that vary their code structure while keeping the payload functional. Step 3: Consider worms, which primarily focus on self propagation across networks but may or may not be polymorphic. Step 4: Consider logic bombs, which are dormant code segments that activate when certain conditions are met, not primarily designed around code mutation. Step 5: Consider Trojan horses, which hide malicious code inside apparently useful software, again not defined by changing form on each installation. Step 6: Conclude that polymorphic virus is the only option whose defining characteristic matches the description in the question. Verification / Alternative check: Security literature explains that polymorphic viruses use techniques such as encryption with variable keys, instruction substitution, or code reordering so that no two copies of the virus look identical in memory or on disk. Antivirus engines respond by using heuristic analysis and behaviour based detection. By contrast, worms, logic bombs, and Trojans are defined by how they spread or execute, not by whether they change code form every time. This confirms that polymorphic virus fits the given description. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Worm: This is wrong because a worm is defined mainly by its ability to self replicate across networks. Although a worm could be polymorphic, the term worm does not specifically mean that it changes its code form for detection avoidance. Logic bomb: This is wrong because a logic bomb is code that activates when certain conditions are met, such as a specific date. Its behaviour is defined by the trigger, not by mutations in its code structure. Trojan horse: This is wrong because a Trojan pretends to be a legitimate program while hiding malicious functions. Its key property is deception in appearance, not code mutation on each installation. Common Pitfalls: Many students see the word virus and quickly choose any malware type they recognise without reading the detailed behaviour described. Another pitfall is thinking that any worm or Trojan is automatically polymorphic, which is not correct. Polymorphism describes how the code changes form, not how the malware spreads or hides. Always match the behaviour in the question to the technical definition of the malware type. Final Answer: The malicious code that changes its form each time it is installed to avoid detection is a Polymorphic virus.

Question 11

Among the following options, which device is not considered an external storage device for a computer system?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computer systems use many different types of storage devices. Some are external storage devices that can be removed and transported easily, while others are internal components that provide working memory for the system. This question asks you to identify which device among the options is not classified as an external storage device, which is important for understanding basic hardware categories. Given Data / Assumptions: The list includes CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, pen drive, and RAM. External storage typically refers to removable media or devices used for backup and data transfer. We assume a standard personal computer environment. Concept / Approach: CD-ROM and DVD-ROM are optical discs that can be inserted into and removed from drives, and pen drives are USB based flash storage devices. All three are commonly used for storing and transferring data between systems and are considered external storage media. Random Access Memory RAM, however, is an internal component mounted on the motherboard and is used as main memory for currently running programs. It is volatile and not used as external storage. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Classify CD-ROM as a removable optical disc used for storing software, music, and data. It is clearly an external medium. Step 2: Classify DVD-ROM similarly as a removable optical disc with higher capacity than a CD, again an external storage medium. Step 3: Identify a pen drive as a USB flash drive, which is a small, portable external storage device used to move files between computers. Step 4: Recognise that RAM modules are plugged into slots on the motherboard inside the system unit and function as primary memory, not as external or portable storage. Step 5: Conclude that RAM is the only option that does not belong to the category of external storage devices. Verification / Alternative check: Ask yourself which of these devices you could safely remove while the computer is turned off and carry to another computer to read data. You could remove a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, or pen drive and use them elsewhere. RAM, on the other hand, is internal and not designed for frequent removal for data transfer. It does not retain data when power is off and is not used as portable storage, which confirms that it is not an external storage device. Why Other Options Are Wrong: CD-ROM: This is wrong as the non external device because CD-ROM discs are removable optical media, a classic example of external storage. DVD-ROM: This is wrong because DVD-ROM discs, like CDs, are designed to be inserted and ejected and are used for external storage and distribution of data. Pen drive: This is wrong because pen drives are specifically designed as portable external storage devices that plug into USB ports. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse internal versus external with primary versus secondary storage. RAM is primary internal memory, while CD, DVD, and pen drive are secondary external storage media. Another pitfall is assuming that anything which stores data must be considered external, but the word external here refers to physically removable media rather than any memory device. Paying attention to context avoids this confusion. Final Answer: The device that is not an external storage device is Random Access Memory RAM.

Question 12

In computer networking, the commonly used abbreviation ISP stands for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When users connect their computers or mobile devices to the internet, they normally purchase access from a company known by the abbreviation ISP. This term appears on bills, router manuals, and support guides. The question tests whether you know the full form of ISP in the context of computer networking and everyday internet access. Given Data / Assumptions: The abbreviation ISP appears in a computer science and networking context. The role involves providing connectivity to the wider internet. The options mix Internet and Intranet with Service and Systems. Concept / Approach: An Internet Service Provider is a company or organisation that supplies access to the internet for homes, businesses, and institutions. They may provide services such as broadband, fibre, mobile data, and domain hosting. The key words are Internet and Service Provider, because the company provides a service, not just systems, and it is specifically related to the public internet, not a local intranet within a single organisation. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the question refers to access to the internet, so the expansion must include the word Internet rather than Intranet. Step 2: Recognise that the company is providing a service to customers, which fits the phrase Service Provider more than Systems Provider. Step 3: Combine these observations to see that Internet Service Provider perfectly describes the role. Step 4: Compare with Intranet based options, which refer to private internal networks and are not the standard use of ISP. Step 5: Conclude that Internet Service Provider is the correct full form of ISP in common networking terminology. Verification / Alternative check: Look at any broadband or mobile data bill or advertisement, which will refer to companies as internet service providers. They are responsible for assigning IP addresses, routing traffic, and maintaining connectivity to the global internet. The term intranet is usually reserved for private internal networks inside organisations, and there is no widely used abbreviation such as Intranet Service Provider in standard practice. This confirms the choice of Internet Service Provider. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Intranet Service Provider: This is wrong because intranets are internal to organisations and are not normally described using the ISP abbreviation. The common public term refers to internet access, not intranet access. Internet Systems Provider: This is wrong because systems provider would emphasise supplying hardware or software systems rather than providing a connectivity service. It is not the standard expansion of ISP. Intranet Systems Provider: This is wrong because it combines intranet and systems, neither of which matches the usual meaning of ISP in networking exams or everyday use. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse Internet and Intranet because the words sound similar. Remember that Internet is the global public network, while an intranet is private and internal. Another pitfall is to overthink the words and choose Systems because it sounds more technical, but the industry always refers to these companies as service providers, since they sell internet connectivity and related services. Final Answer: In computer networking, ISP stands for Internet Service Provider.

Question 13

Cache memory in computer architecture is designed based on which fundamental principle of program behaviour?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Cache memory is a small, fast memory located close to the CPU that significantly speeds up program execution. It works well because most programs repeatedly use a relatively small set of instructions and data at any given time. This question asks you to recall the formal name of the principle that describes this behaviour and underpins the design of caches in modern computer systems. Given Data / Assumptions: The topic is cache memory design and operation. The question refers to a principle, not to a specific hardware component. The options use similar phrases involving locality. Concept / Approach: The key idea behind caches is the principle of locality of reference. This principle states that during execution, programs tend to access a relatively small set of instructions and data repeatedly, and that references clustered in time often involve addresses that are close to each other. Locality of reference is usually divided into temporal locality, which concerns reuse of the same items in time, and spatial locality, which concerns use of items that are near each other in memory space. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that locality of reference is the textbook name for the behaviour describing repeated nearby accesses to memory during program execution. Step 2: Recognise that locality of data and locality of memory are less precise phrases not typically used as the formal name in computer architecture literature. Step 3: Observe that locality of memory and reference together appears redundant and is not a standard expression. Step 4: Match the known term locality of reference to cache design, where caches exploit both temporal and spatial locality. Step 5: Conclude that locality of reference is the correct principle mentioned in most exam oriented textbooks. Verification / Alternative check: If you look at diagrams and explanations of cache memory in computer architecture books, you will find headings such as Principle of Locality and Locality of Reference. These sections explain that instructions and data accessed recently are likely to be accessed again soon, and that addresses near recently used ones are also likely to be used. Designers place frequently accessed blocks in cache exactly because of this. You will rarely see phrases like locality of data used as the formal name of the principle, which confirms that locality of reference is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Locality of data: This is wrong because although data can exhibit locality, the recognised principle is called locality of reference, which covers both instruction and data references. Locality of memory locations: This is wrong because it focuses on addresses themselves rather than the pattern of references made by running programs and is not the standard term. Locality of memory and reference together: This is wrong because it appears to combine words from the real phrase but is not the commonly accepted formal name used in computer architecture theory. Common Pitfalls: A common pitfall is to choose an option that sounds intuitive without remembering the exact name used in textbooks. Since all options mention locality, exam setters expect you to know the precise term locality of reference. Another mistake is to assume the principle only applies to data, forgetting that instructions also exhibit locality. Remembering the broad term reference avoids this narrow view. Final Answer: Cache memory works mainly on the principle of Locality of reference.

Question 14

A huge global network made up of millions of interconnected computer networks collectively forms which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When people talk about going online, browsing websites, or sending data across the world, they are relying on a massive network that interconnects countless smaller networks. This question checks whether you can correctly name the global network of networks that underlies most modern digital communication and services such as the World Wide Web and email. Given Data / Assumptions: The description references a huge network of millions of computer networks. The options include Internet, satellites, electronic device, and e-mail. We assume standard everyday computer literacy definitions. Concept / Approach: The Internet is the worldwide system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet Protocol suite to link devices across the globe. It is often described as a network of networks. Satellites are communication devices in space that can carry signals, but they are not themselves the entire global network. Electronic device refers to individual hardware items. Email is a service that runs on top of the Internet. Therefore, the only option that matches the description of a huge network of networks is the Internet. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the phrase a huge network of millions of computer networks, which suggests a global infrastructure rather than a single service or device. Step 2: Recognise that the Internet is specifically defined as a global network of interconnected networks. Step 3: Compare satellites, which are only one of many technologies used to carry signals in the Internet but are not equivalent to the whole network. Step 4: Compare electronic device, which refers to individual hardware components and clearly does not match the description of a global network of networks. Step 5: Compare e-mail, which is an application level service that uses the underlying Internet infrastructure rather than forming the infrastructure itself. Verification / Alternative check: Common introductory books on the Internet explain that it is made up of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, all linked together using standard protocols. Services such as the World Wide Web, email, and file transfer are built on top of this global network. Satellites, cables, and wireless links are simply different physical media used to connect parts of the Internet. This clearly supports the identification of the Internet as the global network of networks. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Satellites: This is wrong because satellites are communication devices and part of the infrastructure, but they are not themselves the entire interconnected network of millions of computers and networks. Electronic device: This is wrong because it refers to single hardware units such as smartphones or routers, not to the global system that connects them all. E-mail: This is wrong because email is an application protocol and service that runs on top of the Internet. It uses the network but is not the network itself. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse popular services like email or the Web with the Internet as a whole. Others think of the physical technology, such as satellites, instead of the abstract network formed by many interconnected systems. To avoid this confusion, remember that the Internet is the name of the global network of networks, while services like email and the Web are applications that run on top of it. Final Answer: The huge global network of millions of computer networks is called the Internet.

Question 15

In operating systems, the CPU scheduler that selects processes from the ready queue for execution on the processor is also known as which type of scheduler?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Operating systems use different kinds of schedulers to manage processes at various stages of their life cycle. The CPU scheduler is responsible for deciding which process in the ready queue should be given the CPU next. Understanding the relationship between the terms CPU scheduler, job scheduler, and short term scheduler is a key part of operating systems theory that often appears in exam questions. Given Data / Assumptions: The specific scheduler mentioned is the CPU scheduler. It selects processes from the ready queue for execution. The options list several types of schedulers used in operating systems. Concept / Approach: In classical operating systems terminology, the short term scheduler, also called the CPU scheduler, decides which of the processes in the ready state should be moved to the running state. A job scheduler or long term scheduler controls admission of new jobs into the system, and a medium term scheduler may swap processes in and out of memory. The key phrase ready queue and direct control of the CPU indicate that the question refers to the short term scheduler, which operates very frequently. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the short term scheduler is responsible for selecting processes from the ready queue and allocating the CPU. Step 2: Recognise that job scheduler usually refers to the long term scheduler, which decides which jobs are admitted to the system for processing. Step 3: Note that resource scheduler is a more general phrase and is not the standard formal name for the CPU scheduler in most textbooks. Step 4: Understand that the CPU scheduler is often described explicitly as the short term scheduler that runs very frequently. Step 5: Therefore, identify short-term scheduler as the correct synonym for CPU scheduler in this context. Verification / Alternative check: Operating systems references often present a hierarchy of schedulers: long term for job admission, medium term for swapping, and short term for CPU dispatch. In diagrams, the short term scheduler sits directly between the ready queue and the running state, controlling which process gets the CPU. When authors refer to the CPU scheduler, they are referring to this short term scheduler. This confirms the equivalence and validates short-term scheduler as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Job scheduler: This is wrong because job scheduler usually means the long term scheduler that decides which jobs are brought into memory from secondary storage, not which ready process gets immediate CPU time. Resource scheduler: This is wrong because it is a vague term and not the precise textbook name for the scheduler that selects ready processes for the CPU. Process scheduler: This is wrong as the best answer because while some may informally say process scheduler, the formal term used to describe the CPU scheduler that operates frequently is short term scheduler. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse long term and short term schedulers because both relate to processes. Another pitfall is thinking that job scheduler and CPU scheduler are the same because they both involve scheduling. The key is to remember where in the life cycle the scheduler operates. If the scheduler is choosing among ready processes for immediate CPU usage, it is the short term scheduler, also known as the CPU scheduler. Final Answer: The CPU scheduler that selects processes from the ready queue is also known as the Short-term scheduler.

Question 16

In basic computer organisation, the Central Processing Unit CPU consists of which combination of major components?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Central Processing Unit, or CPU, is often called the brain of the computer. It is responsible for performing arithmetic operations, logical decisions, and controlling the overall execution of instructions. Understanding what components make up the CPU is fundamental to computer organisation and architecture and is frequently tested in general knowledge questions about computers. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is specifically on the internal components of the CPU. The options mention combinations of arithmetic and logical unit, registers, control unit, system unit, memory, and hard disk. We assume a classic textbook description of CPU structure. Concept / Approach: In basic computer organisation, the CPU is composed of the Arithmetic and Logical Unit ALU, the Control Unit CU, and a set of high speed storage locations called registers. The ALU performs arithmetic and logical operations, the Control Unit directs the operation of the processor by interpreting instructions, and registers hold data and addresses temporarily during processing. Components like system unit, memory, and hard disk belong to the wider computer system, not strictly the CPU itself. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the ALU is definitely a component of the CPU, responsible for arithmetic and logical operations. Step 2: Recognise that registers are small, fast storage locations inside the CPU that hold intermediate results and instruction information. Step 3: Recall that the control unit coordinates all activities in the CPU by fetching, decoding, and directing the execution of instructions. Step 4: Compare the options and find that option B includes all three of these components together, matching the classical description. Step 5: Confirm that system unit, memory, and hard disk are not strictly parts of the CPU but of the broader computer system. Verification / Alternative check: Most computer fundamentals textbooks include a block diagram of the CPU that labels the ALU, CU, and registers as its main internal parts. The system unit is a physical box that houses many components, including the CPU and memory, while the hard disk is a secondary storage device. These diagrams consistently show that the CPU is formed by ALU, control unit, and registers, confirming option B as correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Arithmetic and logical unit and register: This is wrong because it omits the control unit, which is essential for managing instruction execution and overall CPU operation. System unit and memory: This is wrong because the system unit is a chassis containing many components and memory is a separate primary storage unit, not the internal structure of the CPU. Hard disk and control unit: This is wrong because the hard disk is a secondary storage device external to the CPU, and pairing it with the control unit does not describe the CPU composition accurately. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes confuse the system unit with the CPU and assume that everything inside the box is the CPU. Another pitfall is mixing up main memory and registers, though both store data. Registers are inside the CPU and are part of its structure, while main memory is outside the CPU and connected through the system bus. Remembering the block diagram with ALU, control unit, and registers helps avoid these mistakes. Final Answer: The CPU consists of the Arithmetic and logical unit, register, and control unit.

Question 17

In computer security, which of the following is commonly used to protect objects and restrict access in the absence of more complete protection schemes?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computer systems often need to protect files, accounts, and other objects from unauthorised access. While there are sophisticated protection schemes involving encryption, access control lists, and certificates, many systems still rely on simpler mechanisms when full security frameworks are not implemented. This question asks you to identify the most common basic method used to control access in such situations. Given Data / Assumptions: The system lacks more complete or advanced protection schemes. The goal is to protect objects and restrict access. The options include various security mechanisms used in computing. Concept / Approach: Passwords are simple secrets known to authorised users and checked by the system before granting access to accounts or resources. They are widely used because they are easy to implement and do not require complex infrastructure. Digital certificates and digital signatures provide stronger cryptographic assurances but require a public key infrastructure. Security tokens are physical or electronic devices that generate codes, but they are not as universally available as basic passwords. Therefore, in the absence of more complete schemes, passwords are the default method used for basic protection. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the phrase in the absence of more complete protection schemes, which suggests a simple default method. Step 2: Recognise that passwords are the most common simple method for controlling access to user accounts, files, and systems. Step 3: Consider that digital certificates require a certificate authority and key management infrastructure, which is not present in minimal setups. Step 4: Note that digital signatures are used to verify integrity and authenticity of data, not primarily to protect access to local objects in a minimal protection environment. Step 5: Understand that security tokens are additional hardware or software devices, again requiring more infrastructure than a basic password field. Verification / Alternative check: Look at typical small systems or stand alone applications that need some level of protection without complex security frameworks. The most common method is to prompt the user for a username and password. Most operating systems and websites still rely on password based login as a baseline security measure, even when more advanced options like multi factor authentication exist. This ubiquity supports the conclusion that passwords are the simple default protection mechanism in many systems. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Digital certificate: This is wrong because certificates are part of an advanced public key infrastructure used in secure web browsing and code signing, not the simplest fallback protection method. Digital signature: This is wrong because digital signatures are primarily used for verifying integrity and authenticity of messages or documents, not for simply protecting access to local system objects in minimal setups. Security tokens: This is wrong because tokens are usually used in stronger multi factor authentication schemes and require more infrastructure than a basic password prompt. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes choose more advanced sounding options such as certificates or signatures because they associate them with strong security. However, the question focuses on systems that do not have more complete schemes and must fall back to something simple. Passwords fit this description best. Another pitfall is overlooking the everyday experience of logging into computers and websites with passwords and not connecting that to the exam question. Final Answer: In the absence of more complete protection schemes, objects in computer systems are commonly protected using Passwords.

Question 18

In data communication protocols, the technique of temporarily delaying outgoing acknowledgements so that they can be sent together with data frames is known as what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In reliable data communication protocols, acknowledgements are used to confirm the receipt of frames or packets. Sending separate acknowledgement frames for every packet can increase overhead. To reduce this overhead, some protocols use a technique that delays acknowledgements briefly and attaches them to outgoing data frames. This question asks you to identify the name of this efficiency technique in networking. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is data communication and acknowledgements in protocols. The technique delays outgoing acknowledgements temporarily. The ack information is combined with data frames to reduce overhead. Concept / Approach: The technique described is known as piggybacking. In piggybacking, the receiver of data does not immediately send a separate acknowledgement frame. Instead, it waits for a short time until it has its own data to send in the opposite direction. It then combines the acknowledgement information with that data in a single frame. This reduces the number of frames on the network and improves efficiency, while still ensuring reliable communication. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that acknowledgements are being temporarily delayed, not lost or omitted. Step 2: Recall that piggybacking is defined as sending acknowledgement information along with data frames to save bandwidth. Step 3: Compare this with AR acknowledgement and AR request, which do not represent standard terms in basic data communication theory. Step 4: Note that piggyframing is not a widely used textbook term and appears to be a distractor. Step 5: Conclude that piggybacking is the correct technical term that matches the described behaviour. Verification / Alternative check: In standard discussions of sliding window protocols and reliable data transfer, piggybacking is explained as a way to combine data and acknowledgements in duplex communication. Textbook diagrams often show acknowledgements being held briefly and then included as control bits in the header of outgoing data frames. This reduces overhead compared to sending separate acknowledgement frames. The name piggybacking reflects the idea that the acknowledgement rides on or piggybacks on another frame, confirming that this is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: AR acknowledgement: This is wrong because it is not a recognised standard term in data communication. It seems to be a distractor using similar initials. AR request: This is wrong for the same reason; it does not describe a known protocol mechanism and does not indicate delaying acknowledgements. Piggyframing: This is wrong because the standard term used in textbooks is piggybacking, not piggyframing. The latter is not widely used in formal descriptions. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may be tempted by options that contain technical looking initials such as AR, but in exam questions you should rely on well known textbook terminology. Another pitfall is confusing piggybacking with simple buffering. Piggybacking specifically refers to combining acknowledgement information with outgoing data frames, not merely storing frames for later transmission. Understanding the context of duplex communication helps avoid these errors. Final Answer: The technique of delaying outgoing acknowledgements so they can be sent with data frames is called Piggybacking.

Question 19

In relational database theory, which of the following statements about keys is true?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Relational databases use different types of keys to uniquely identify rows and to establish relationships between tables. Understanding the definitions of candidate keys, primary keys, alternate keys, and foreign keys is essential for designing correct schemas and for answering conceptual questions in database examinations. This question presents several statements about keys and asks you to identify the one that is true according to standard relational theory. Given Data / Assumptions: We are working within the relational model, where tables are called relations. The statements reference primary keys, candidate keys, foreign keys, and alternate keys. We assume standard SQL and relational database theory definitions. Concept / Approach: A candidate key is any minimal set of attributes that can uniquely identify a tuple in a relation. There may be several candidate keys in a table. One of these candidate keys is selected as the primary key. The remaining candidate keys that are not chosen as primary keys are called alternate keys. A foreign key is an attribute in one relation that refers to the primary key of another relation; it may or may not allow nulls depending on the design. Therefore, the definition that states a primary key is also a candidate key is correct, because the primary key is chosen from the set of candidate keys. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Examine statement A: A primary key is also a candidate key. Since a primary key is selected from candidate keys, it remains a candidate key by definition, so this statement is true. Step 2: Examine statement B: Each relation must have at least one foreign key. This is false, because many tables do not reference any other table and therefore have no foreign key. Step 3: Examine statement C: Foreign keys can never contain null values. This is false in standard SQL, where foreign key columns may be nullable unless explicitly defined as NOT NULL. Step 4: Examine statement D: A primary key is also an alternate key. This is false, because alternate keys are candidate keys that were not chosen as the primary key. Step 5: Conclude that statement A is the only correct statement among the options. Verification / Alternative check: Database design textbooks typically introduce the concepts in a clear order: first candidate keys as all minimal unique identifiers, then primary key as one selected candidate key, and alternate keys as the remaining candidate keys. They explicitly state that primary keys and alternate keys are both candidate keys, differing only by whether they have been chosen to serve as the main identifier. Additionally, they explain that foreign keys may allow nulls to represent optional relationships. This confirms that statement A is true and that B, C, and D are false. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Each relation must have at least one foreign key: This is wrong because some tables are root tables that do not reference any other table and therefore have no foreign keys at all. Foreign keys can never contain null values: This is wrong because many database systems permit foreign key columns to be nullable, allowing for optional relationships between rows. A primary key is also an alternate key: This is wrong because alternate keys are candidate keys that are not selected as the primary key. The primary key and alternate keys are disjoint subsets of the candidate keys. Common Pitfalls: Learners often mix up the terminology candidate key, primary key, and alternate key because they all relate to uniqueness. Another frequent mistake is to assume that foreign keys must always be non-null, when in fact optional relationships are commonly modelled with nullable foreign keys. To avoid confusion, remember that candidate keys are the pool of possible unique identifiers, the primary key is the chosen one from that pool, and alternate keys are the remaining candidates. Final Answer: The true statement is that A primary key is also a candidate key.

Question 20

In operating systems, constantly running system program processes that provide background services are commonly known as what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Modern operating systems run many background programs that provide services such as printing, logging, scheduling, and network communication. These programs are not directly started by users each time; instead, they run continuously or are activated automatically as needed. This question asks you to recall the special term used, especially in Unix and Unix like systems, for such long running background system processes. Given Data / Assumptions: The processes in question are system program processes, not ordinary user applications. They run constantly in the background, providing services. The options include general and specific operating system terms. Concept / Approach: In many operating systems, particularly Unix and Linux, background service processes are called daemons. Examples include system log daemons, web server daemons, and printing daemons. A process is a general term for any running program, not specifically a system service. Process block and process control block are data structures in the operating system kernel that store information about processes, not the processes themselves. Therefore, the correct term for these constantly running background service processes is daemons. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the phrase constantly running system program processes, which indicates background services rather than ordinary interactive tasks. Step 2: Recall that Unix like systems label such background services as daemons, often with names ending in d, such as inetd or httpd. Step 3: Consider the option processes, which is too general because every running program is a process, not only system background services. Step 4: Consider process block and process control block, which are kernel data structures used to represent process state, rather than labels for the processes themselves. Step 5: Match the description with the term daemons, which uniquely identifies background system service processes. Verification / Alternative check: If you explore a Unix or Linux system using commands like ps or top, you will see many background services with names that include d at the end, indicating daemon processes. Documentation frequently refers to starting or stopping daemons to control services like web servers or schedulers. In Windows, similar concepts are often called services, but the term daemon is strongly associated with constantly running system background processes, confirming that it fits the question best. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Processes: This is wrong because it is a generic term meaning any executing instance of a program, not specifically long running background system services. Process block: This is wrong because it is not a standard name in operating system theory; it likely refers informally to data structures representing processes. Process control block: This is wrong because it is a kernel data structure that stores information about a process, such as registers and state, but is not the name for the running background service itself. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may select processes because they know that daemons are processes, but the question is asking for the specific name of these constantly running system program processes. Others may confuse process control block with the process itself, because both terms appear together in operating systems chapters. Remember that the process control block is metadata, while the daemon is the running background program providing services. Final Answer: Constantly running system program processes that provide background services are known as Daemons.

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