Question 1

In desktop PC hardware, which motherboard form factor typically uses a single 20-pin ATX main power connector from the power supply?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Motherboards follow standard form factors that define their physical dimensions, mounting hole positions, and power connector types. When learning basic computer hardware, students are often asked to match well known form factors such as AT, Baby AT, and ATX with the style of power connectors they use. This question focuses on which form factor typically uses a single 20 pin ATX main power connector from the power supply unit, a very common arrangement in older and many classic desktop systems. Given Data / Assumptions: - The context is standard desktop PCs rather than servers or laptops. - We are comparing AT, Baby AT, and ATX motherboard form factors. - The connector mentioned is a single 20 pin ATX main power connector from the power supply unit. - We assume common industry practice for classic designs, not unusual custom hardware. Concept / Approach: Early PC motherboards such as full size AT and Baby AT used a pair of power connectors known as P8 and P9. These older supplies were not called ATX supplies and did not use a single keyed plastic connector with 20 lines. In contrast, the ATX standard introduced a new main power connector that combined all required power lines into one rectangular 20 pin plug, later extended to 24 pins in newer revisions. Therefore, when the question refers to a single 20 pin connector for the main motherboard power, it is effectively pointing at the ATX standard, not at the older AT or Baby AT boards. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that original AT motherboards used two inline connectors from the power supply, often labelled P8 and P9, rather than one combined plug. Step 2: Remember that Baby AT is a smaller variation of the AT style, and it still typically uses the same pair of connectors, not a single 20 pin block. Step 3: Note that the ATX specification introduced a new style of power supply and connector, where the main power feeds are provided through one keyed 20 pin connector that locks into the ATX motherboard. Step 4: Compare this with the options. The only form factor traditionally associated with a single 20 pin ATX power plug is the ATX motherboard. Step 5: Conclude that ATX form factor motherboard is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: A simple way to verify this is to look at pictures or diagrams of classic AT and ATX boards. AT boards clearly show two separate connectors placed side by side, while ATX boards show a single long connector often near the right edge of the board. Technical references that describe the transition from AT to ATX mention the new 20 pin connector as a characteristic feature of ATX power supplies. This visual and documentary evidence confirms that the 20 pin connector belongs to ATX, not to AT or Baby AT. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Baby AT form factor motherboard: Uses the older dual connector arrangement compatible with AT power supplies, not a single 20 pin ATX plug. Full size AT form factor motherboard: Also uses the P8 and P9 style connectors, so it does not match the 20 pin ATX connector description. All of these motherboard types: This would be correct only if all form factors shared the same connector style, which is not the case here, so this option is incorrect. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes assume that any desktop motherboard uses an ATX style connector because modern systems commonly do, and they forget the older AT era. Others may pick the all of these option because they have seen adapters that allow various supplies to be mixed with different boards. The key is to focus on the standard and typical design for each form factor, not unusual conversions. Keeping a simple history in mind, where AT and Baby AT came first and ATX later introduced the 20 pin plug, helps avoid this confusion. Final Answer: The motherboard form factor that typically uses a single 20 pin ATX main power connector is the ATX form factor motherboard.

Question 2

In Microsoft Word, the on screen ruler is mainly used for which of the following document formatting tasks?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Microsoft Word provides several visual tools to help users format documents quickly and precisely. One of the most useful tools is the horizontal ruler displayed at the top of the document window. The ruler is interactive and allows you to drag markers to control indents, tab stops, and margins. This question checks whether you understand the practical uses of the ruler in Word by asking which set of tasks it can perform. Given Data / Assumptions: - The application in question is Microsoft Word or a similar word processor. - The ruler referred to is the horizontal ruler shown near the top of the editing window. - The tasks considered include setting indents, altering margins, and placing tab stops. - We assume a default Word configuration where the ruler is visible and interactive. Concept / Approach: The horizontal ruler in Microsoft Word shows margin boundaries, indentation markers, and tab markers. Paragraph indents such as first line indent and hanging indent can be controlled using small triangle and rectangle markers. Tab stops can be inserted or moved by clicking on the ruler, which controls how text aligns when the Tab key is pressed. Margins can also be adjusted by dragging the boundary between the shaded and unshaded areas on the ruler. Because the ruler offers all three categories of control, any answer that lists only one subset of these actions is incomplete. The correct answer is the option that includes all of the tasks mentioned. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Consider paragraph indents. On the left side of the ruler, there are markers for first line indent and left indent. Dragging these markers changes how far the text starts from the left margin, so the ruler helps set indents. Step 2: Consider tab stops. Clicking on the ruler sets tab positions at specific measurements. Dragging these tab markers changes where text aligns when you press the Tab key, so the ruler helps set and adjust tabs. Step 3: Consider margins. The ruler shows the boundary between the white typing area and the gray margin area. You can drag this boundary to change the left or right margins of the document, so the ruler also helps adjust margins directly. Step 4: Observe that all three tasks are supported by the same on screen ruler, not by different tools. Step 5: Therefore, the option that states all of the above formatting tasks is the best and most complete description of what the ruler helps you do. Verification / Alternative check: If you open Word and make sure the ruler is visible through the View menu, you can verify these functions directly. Dragging the triangle markers changes indents and you can see the paragraph move. Clicking on the ruler sets a tab stop, visible as a small marker, and pressing Tab moves the insertion point to that location. Dragging the shaded margin boundary changes the white area where text can appear, confirming that margins are being altered. These simple experiments clearly demonstrate that the ruler is a multi purpose tool for all three tasks listed in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Setting paragraph indents: This is a true function of the ruler, but it is not the only one, so this option alone is incomplete. Changing page margins by dragging markers: Also correct but incomplete because the ruler has additional uses beyond margins. Setting and adjusting tab stops: Again correct, but the question asks what the ruler helps with overall, so a broader answer is needed. Common Pitfalls: Users who have only used the ruler for one purpose, such as setting tabs, may mistakenly think that is its sole function and choose an option that mentions only tabs. Others may confuse margin settings in the Page Layout dialog with dragging margin markers on the ruler and assume the ruler has nothing to do with margins. Remember that Word often provides multiple ways to perform the same action. The ruler is a visual shortcut for indents, tabs, and margins all together, so the most comprehensive option is the correct one. Final Answer: In Microsoft Word, the on screen ruler is used to control All of the above formatting tasks, including paragraph indents, tab stops, and margins.

Question 3

In a typical personal computer, where is the main system RAM (random access memory modules) physically installed?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Random access memory, commonly called RAM, is one of the most important components inside a personal computer. It provides fast, temporary storage that the processor uses to hold currently running programs and data. Understanding where RAM is located physically helps learners recognise the role of the motherboard and distinguish between internal memory and external storage devices such as hard drives and USB sticks. This question asks specifically where the main system RAM modules are installed. Given Data / Assumptions: - The context is a standard desktop or laptop personal computer. - The question refers to main system RAM, not cache memory on the processor or special memory on expansion cards. - The options mention the motherboard, expansion boards, and external drives. - We assume common modern designs using DIMM or SO DIMM modules for RAM. Concept / Approach: The motherboard is the main circuit board inside the system unit. It holds the processor, chipset, and connectors for RAM modules. System RAM is installed in long, narrow slots known as memory sockets or DIMM slots on the motherboard. The processor accesses system RAM directly through the memory controller, which is part of the chipset or integrated into the processor package. External drives and backup media such as hard disks, SSDs, and tapes are used for long term storage, not for volatile main memory. Expansion boards can have their own memory, such as video RAM on a graphics card, but this is different from the main system RAM that the operating system uses for general applications. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that RAM modules are removable sticks that plug into long slots with clips on the motherboard. Step 2: Understand that these slots are directly connected to the CPU through the memory controller, giving fast access for program execution. Step 3: Note that external storage devices such as USB drives, external hard disks, and backup tapes are used for persistent storage and are connected through ports, not placed on the motherboard as RAM. Step 4: Recognise that while some expansion cards, like graphics cards, include their own memory, this is specialised memory for that device, not the main system RAM used by the whole computer. Step 5: Compare the options and identify that the only accurate description of system RAM location is on the motherboard in dedicated memory slots. Verification / Alternative check: Opening a desktop computer case or viewing a labelled diagram of a motherboard confirms this arrangement. You will see the processor socket, chipset heat sinks, and a row of memory slots holding RAM modules. Technical manuals and hardware guides also describe RAM installation as adding modules to these motherboard slots. They do not describe RAM as being mounted inside external drives or on backup media. This visual and textual evidence confirms that the main RAM lives on the motherboard, not on separate external storage devices. Why Other Options Are Wrong: On standalone expansion boards only: Some devices have their own memory, but the main system RAM is not located solely on expansion boards. It resides on the motherboard. Inside external storage drives: Hard drives, SSDs, and USB drives provide persistent storage, not volatile RAM that the CPU uses directly for active processes. On removable backup tapes: Tape drives are used for archival backup and do not hold active working memory during normal computer operation. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes confuse memory and storage because both can be described in terms of gigabytes. This can lead to the incorrect idea that RAM might be inside a hard disk or external drive. Another pitfall is to focus on specialised cards such as graphics adapters and assume that any memory present on a card is the main RAM, which it is not. To avoid these misunderstandings, remember the rule that system RAM is always on the main board in dedicated slots, while storage devices and special purpose memories are attached through separate interfaces. Final Answer: In a typical personal computer, the main system RAM modules are installed On the motherboard in dedicated memory slots.

Question 4

The original ASCII character encoding standard used how many bits of each 8 bit byte for the character code, leaving the remaining bit available for parity or error checking?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: ASCII, which stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is one of the earliest widely adopted character encoding standards in computing. It specifies numeric codes for letters, digits, punctuation, and control characters. When ASCII was first designed, hardware designers frequently used 8 bit bytes, but not all 8 bits were used for the actual character code. This question asks how many bits in each byte were dedicated to the ASCII character itself, with the remaining bit left for parity or error checking. Given Data / Assumptions: - We are dealing with the original ASCII standard, not extended or Unicode encodings. - Bytes in many systems are 8 bits long. - The question states that one bit was reserved for parity or error checking. - The remaining bits in the byte are used to store the ASCII character value. Concept / Approach: ASCII was originally defined as a 7 bit code, allowing for 128 distinct characters, from code 0 to code 127. These include control characters such as line feed and carriage return, as well as printable characters like letters and digits. On systems where a byte consists of 8 bits, it was common to use 7 bits for the ASCII code and retain the eighth bit as a parity bit. Parity bits support simple error detection methods in data transmission and storage. Therefore, the correct count of bits used for the ASCII character is 7, not 5, 6, or all 8 bits. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Remember that ASCII originally defined 128 characters, which requires 7 bits because 2^7 equals 128. Step 2: Recognise that an 8 bit byte can represent 256 different combinations, but ASCII did not need all of these, so designers chose to use only 7 bits for the character code. Step 3: Understand that the extra bit could be used for parity, a simple error checking technique that counts bits set to one. Step 4: Evaluate each option. Five bits allow only 32 combinations, and six bits allow 64, both too few to cover all ASCII characters. Step 5: Observe that using all 8 bits would allow 256 characters and would not leave a separate parity bit, which contradicts the information in the question. Step 6: Conclude that the character code uses 7 bits of each byte, which matches the standard size of the ASCII code space. Verification / Alternative check: Textbooks on computer architecture and data communication describe ASCII as a 7 bit character set. They often show tables with codes from 0 to 127 and explain that extended ASCII versions use the eighth bit to support additional characters. They also discuss parity bits as a common error detection feature in early serial communication protocols. These sources confirm that in classic implementations, ASCII characters occupied 7 bits, with the remaining bit of the 8 bit byte often assigned to parity, exactly as the question describes. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 5 bits for each character: Five bits can encode only 32 unique values, not enough for the full ASCII set of 128 characters. 6 bits for each character: Six bits permit 64 combinations, still insufficient for ASCII, which needs 128 character codes. All 8 bits for each character: This contradicts the question statement that one bit is reserved for error checking, and also does not reflect the original 7 bit ASCII design. Common Pitfalls: A common error is to assume that because modern computers use 8 bit bytes, all character encodings must also be 8 bit by default. Learners may overlook the historical fact that ASCII was defined as a 7 bit code and that extended ASCII and Unicode came later. Another pitfall is to confuse the capacity of a byte with the actual number of bits used for data in specific protocols. To avoid this confusion, always distinguish between the size of the storage unit and the number of bits that a particular standard chooses to use within that unit. Final Answer: The original ASCII standard used 7 bits for each character, leaving the eighth bit of an 8 bit byte available for parity or error checking.

Question 5

A digital computer internally represents and processes all data using which fundamental number system?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Digital computers are built from electronic circuits that have two stable states, typically represented by low and high voltage levels. Because of this physical reality, computers naturally work with a number system that has two symbols rather than ten. Although humans usually think in decimal numbers, the machine itself uses a different representation. This question asks which fundamental number system a digital computer uses internally for all data processing. Given Data / Assumptions: - The topic is a general digital computer, such as a PC, laptop, or server. - We are concerned with internal representation of data, not with how numbers may be displayed to users. - The options mention binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal systems. - We assume standard electronic digital circuitry based on two stable states. Concept / Approach: Digital circuits use transistors and logic gates that operate in two states, often described as off and on. These states map directly to a number system with two digits, 0 and 1. This system is the binary number system, also called base 2. All types of data, including numbers, characters, images, and sound, are encoded as sequences of binary digits. Octal and hexadecimal systems are sometimes used as shorthand representations for groups of binary digits, because they are more compact and easier for humans to read. However, these are just convenient notations. Inside the hardware, operations are performed on binary values, not octal or hexadecimal directly, and certainly not pure decimal representations. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that a bit is the smallest unit of information in a computer, and it can take the value 0 or 1. Step 2: Recognise that sequences of bits form binary numbers, which are base 2 representations of values. Step 3: Understand that all higher level data structures and formats are ultimately built from these binary sequences. Step 4: Consider octal and hexadecimal. Both of these systems group binary digits into sets of three or four, providing shorter human readable forms without changing the underlying base 2 nature of the data. Step 5: Note that decimal numbers are commonly used in user interfaces, calculators, and printed outputs, but they are converted to binary for actual processing inside the machine. Step 6: Therefore conclude that the correct answer is the binary (base 2) number system. Verification / Alternative check: Computer architecture textbooks and digital logic courses start by introducing binary numbers and logic gates. They show how addition, subtraction, and other operations can be performed directly on binary values using circuits such as adders and multiplexers. They also demonstrate how binary codes represent characters and other data types. In contrast, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal numbers are explained as alternate notations built on top of binary. This consistent teaching across many sources confirms that the fundamental system for internal computation is the binary number system. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Octal (base 8) number system: Used occasionally as a shorthand for binary but not as the internal working base of digital circuits. Decimal (base 10) number system only: Used in user interfaces and printed output, but inside the machine all data is converted to binary before processing. Hexadecimal (base 16) number system only: Similar to octal, hexadecimal is a convenient way for programmers to write large binary values, but the hardware still operates on binary digits. Common Pitfalls: Some students confuse the notation they see in programming or assembly language with the actual internal representation. For example, they may see addresses written in hexadecimal and assume the system works directly in base 16. Others may think that because humans enter decimal numbers from the keyboard, the computer must also store them this way. To avoid this confusion, remember that binary is the universal foundation, and all other bases are interpreted or converted to binary before use by the processor. Final Answer: A digital computer internally represents and processes data using the Binary (base 2) number system.

Question 6

In computer networking, which type of specialized server allows multiple client computers to share files and data across the network?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In a networked environment, different servers provide different services to client computers. Some servers handle web pages, some manage email, and others share files and applications. Understanding these roles is important for basic computer networking knowledge. This question focuses on the type of server that is specifically designed to store and share files and data, allowing many users on the network to access common resources from their own workstations. Given Data / Assumptions: - The setting is a local area network or similar client server network. - Clients are normal user machines that access services over the network. - A specialized server stores applications and data for shared use. - The options include several descriptive names, only one of which matches standard terminology. Concept / Approach: A file server is a dedicated computer that provides file storage and management services to clients on a network. It runs a network operating system or server software that handles file sharing protocols, permissions, and access control. Users connect to shared folders and files on the file server instead of storing everything locally, which simplifies backup and collaboration. Other terms such as mass server or data only backup server are not standard names in basic networking terminology. A standalone host workstation is just a single computer used by a person, not a dedicated resource for others. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that in a typical office network, one central machine stores shared documents, databases, and application installers. Step 2: Recognise that this central machine is called a file server because its main job is to serve files to clients over the network. Step 3: Consider the term mass server. This is not a widely used standard term in textbooks and does not clearly describe file sharing functionality. Step 4: Consider a data only backup server. Such a server might hold backups, but the question is about sharing applications and data actively, not just storing backup copies. Step 5: Consider a standalone host workstation. This refers to a personal computer used by one person and is not a specialized server role. Step 6: Conclude that file server is the correct standard term for a server that enables clients to share applications and data. Verification / Alternative check: Networking study materials and certification guides describe file servers as one of the basic server types in a client server network. They present examples where employees map network drives to shared folders on file servers to access documents and run applications. These references often classify servers into roles such as file server, print server, web server, and database server. Among these, the file server role most directly matches the description of sharing applications and data across the network. No reference materials use mass server as a standard role name, which further confirms the correct choice. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Mass server: Not a standard networking term and does not clearly describe file sharing services. Data only backup server: May exist as a backup device, but its main focus is backup, not everyday sharing of applications and live data. Standalone host workstation: A personal computer for individual use, not a dedicated server for clients on the network. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may be tempted by options that mention data or backup because they associate these words with storage. However, the key part of the question is that the server enables clients to share applications and data across the network in daily use, not just store backup copies. Another pitfall is assuming that any machine on the network can be called a server. In strict terminology, a server is a machine that provides services to others, and a file server is specifically focused on hosting shared files and directories. Final Answer: The specialized server that allows client computers to share applications and data across a network is called a File server.

Question 7

For many years in the personal computer market, which company has been widely regarded as the dominant player in the microprocessor industry?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Microprocessors are the central processing units that power personal computers, laptops, and many other digital devices. Over time, several companies have designed and manufactured PC processors, but one company has consistently held the largest market share and been viewed as the dominant player in the mainstream personal computer sector. This question asks you to identify that company from a list of well known chip makers and technology firms. Given Data / Assumptions: - The focus is on the personal computer microprocessor market, not every type of embedded or mobile processor. - Several major technology companies are listed as options, including AMD, Intel, IBM, and Motorola. - The term dominant refers to long term influence and market share over many years. Concept / Approach: Since the era of the early IBM compatible PCs, Intel has supplied the x86 processor line, starting with the 8088 and continuing through the 80286, 80386, Pentium series, Core series, and later generations. This architecture became the de facto standard for personal computers. While AMD has been an important competitor and has gained market share in certain periods, Intel has generally maintained the largest global share of PC processors for a long time. IBM and Motorola have produced important chips for other markets, such as PowerPC, but they have not dominated commodity PC processor sales in the same way. Thus, Intel is the best answer to represent the biggest player in the PC microprocessor industry across many years. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that most desktop and laptop computers use processors based on the x86 architecture. Step 2: Recognise that Intel introduced and popularised this architecture and has produced a continuous line of compatible processors for the PC market. Step 3: Note that AMD also manufactures x86 compatible processors and is an important competitor, but historically Intel has had the larger market share overall. Step 4: Consider IBM, which designed early PCs and some processors, but later exited the mainstream PC manufacturing business and no longer leads in consumer CPU sales. Step 5: Consider Motorola, which produced processors for older Apple systems and embedded devices, but not as the primary supplier to the global PC market. Step 6: Conclude that Intel Corporation is the company most widely regarded as the dominant player in the personal computer microprocessor space. Verification / Alternative check: Market share reports from industry analysts over many years consistently show Intel holding a majority share of the x86 desktop and laptop processor market, with AMD as the second largest supplier. Technical histories of personal computing also highlight Intel processors as the standard reference platform, with new software and operating systems often optimised first for Intel chips. Although AMD has had notable successes and periods of strong competition, Intel is still typically named as the leading player in the industry. This converging evidence from history and market data supports Intel as the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: AMD (Advanced Micro Devices): A major competitor in the x86 market, but historically the second largest rather than the dominant player in total PC processor shipments. IBM Corporation: Important in early PC development and in other computing segments, but not the long term leader in consumer microprocessor sales. Motorola Semiconductor: Known for processors in embedded systems and earlier Apple machines, but not the primary supplier for the modern PC market. Common Pitfalls: Learners who follow recent technology news may be aware of AMD gaining ground with certain high performance processors and may think that this makes AMD the dominant player. It is important to distinguish between strong competition in specific segments and long term overall leadership in volume and market share. Another pitfall is to focus on historical prestige of companies like IBM without considering actual processor sales over time. When in doubt, it helps to remember which brand name appears on most mainstream PC processor labels and in introductory hardware guides, which is Intel. Final Answer: In the personal computer microprocessor market, the company most widely regarded as the dominant player over many years is Intel Corporation.

Question 8

In operating systems, which technique is widely used to implement virtual memory by dividing processes and physical memory into fixed size blocks?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Modern operating systems allow programs to use more memory than is physically available in main RAM by implementing virtual memory. This concept gives each process its own logical address space, while the operating system maps parts of that space into physical memory as needed. There are different ways to organise this mapping, but one method based on fixed size blocks has become standard in many systems. This question asks for the name of that technique. Given Data / Assumptions: - The topic is virtual memory in operating systems. - Processes and physical memory can be divided into fixed size blocks. - Several related terms are offered as options, including fragmentation, segmentation, paging, and defragmentation utility. - We assume a general purpose operating system that uses widely taught textbook methods. Concept / Approach: Paging is a memory management scheme that eliminates the need for contiguous allocation of physical memory. In paging, the virtual address space of a process is divided into fixed size units called pages, and physical memory is divided into frames of the same size. The operating system maintains page tables that map each page to a frame or mark it as stored on disk. When a process accesses a page that is not in RAM, a page fault occurs, and the operating system loads that page from secondary storage. Fragmentation and defragmentation are side effects and maintenance operations, not the primary technique for implementing virtual memory. Segmentation uses variable sized segments, which is conceptually different from fixed size paging. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that paging uses fixed size pages in virtual memory and matching frames in physical memory. Step 2: Recognise that the question explicitly mentions fixed size blocks, which matches the definition of pages and frames. Step 3: Consider segmentation, where segments have variable lengths based on the logical structure of programs, such as code, data, and stack segments. Step 4: Understand that fragmentation is a problem that can arise when using variable sized allocations, not a method for implementing virtual memory itself. Step 5: Note that a defragmentation utility is a tool used to reorganise data on disk, not a memory management technique. Step 6: Conclude that the correct technique described in the question is paging. Verification / Alternative check: Operating systems textbooks describe virtual memory systems in detail. They almost always present paging as the primary mechanism for mapping virtual address spaces to physical memory, especially in mainstream desktop and server systems. They show diagrams of page tables and explain how fixed size pages simplify allocation and reduce external fragmentation. Segmentation is discussed as an alternative or an additional layer, but it relies on variable sized segments. Fragmentation and defragmentation are discussed in separate sections dealing with performance and storage layout. This consistent organisation of topics confirms that paging is the technique referred to by the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Fragmentation: A condition where free memory is broken into small pieces, not a method for implementing virtual memory. Segmentation: A memory management approach with variable sized segments, not fixed size blocks as described in the question. Defragmentation utility: A maintenance tool for rearranging disk data, not a virtual memory technique used by the operating system to manage pages and frames. Common Pitfalls: Students may confuse fragmentation, which is an issue that can occur in memory allocation, with paging, which is a solution. Others might mix up segmentation and paging because both involve dividing memory, but they differ in whether block sizes are fixed or variable. The key to avoiding this confusion is to remember that paging uses equal sized units called pages and frames, whereas segmentation follows program structure and uses variable sizes. The reference to fixed size blocks in the question is a clear signal that paging is intended. Final Answer: The virtual memory technique that uses fixed size blocks of virtual and physical memory is Paging.

Question 9

Which of the following supercomputers, belonging to China, has been ranked among the fastest machines in the world in international TOP500 lists?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Supercomputers are extremely powerful machines used for tasks such as climate modeling, scientific simulations, cryptography, and complex engineering problems. The performance of these systems is tracked by the TOP500 list, which ranks the fastest supercomputers in the world. Different countries build supercomputers as part of their national research infrastructure. This question asks you to identify which of the listed supercomputers belongs to China and has been ranked among the fastest in the world. Given Data / Assumptions: - Four named supercomputers are listed as options: JAGUAR, PARAM YUVA II, CRAY 1, and TIANHE 2. - Only one of these is a Chinese system frequently mentioned in TOP500 rankings as one of the leading machines. - The others are associated with different countries or historical eras. - We assume general awareness of major supercomputer projects and their national origins. Concept / Approach: TIANHE 2, also spelled Tianhe 2, is a Chinese supercomputer developed by the National University of Defense Technology in China. It has appeared near the top of the TOP500 list, reflecting its extremely high performance. JAGUAR is a supercomputer that was built in the United States and deployed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. PARAM YUVA II is an Indian supercomputer developed by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing. CRAY 1 is a historic machine from the United States that was one of the earliest commercially successful vector supercomputers. Therefore, TIANHE 2 is the only option that is both Chinese and recognised as one of the fastest systems in global rankings. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Associate each name with its country of origin. JAGUAR is American, PARAM YUVA II is Indian, CRAY 1 is American, and TIANHE 2 is Chinese. Step 2: Recall that TIANHE 2 has been highlighted in news reports and technical articles as a leading Chinese supercomputer with very high performance. Step 3: Understand that the question focuses on a Chinese machine that has been ranked among the fastest in the world by the TOP500 project. Step 4: Eliminate options that are clearly not Chinese. JAGUAR and CRAY 1 are associated with United States facilities, while PARAM YUVA II is an Indian system. Step 5: Recognise that TIANHE 2 is the only Chinese supercomputer listed and thus fits the description exactly. Verification / Alternative check: Articles and official descriptions of TOP500 lists clearly show TIANHE 2 as a Chinese system. These sources usually give details about its peak performance, number of processing cores, and its installation site in China. They also mention other Chinese supercomputers such as Tianhe 1 and later systems, but among the names in this question, only TIANHE 2 corresponds to a Chinese machine that has reached the top positions. References describing PARAM YUVA II and JAGUAR place them in India and the United States respectively, confirming that they are not Chinese supercomputers. Why Other Options Are Wrong: JAGUAR – a supercomputer built in the United States: This system is American and has been installed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, not in China. PARAM YUVA II – an Indian supercomputer: This machine belongs to India and is part of the PARAM family of Indian supercomputers. CRAY 1 – an early supercomputer from the United States: A historic American system that helped define commercial supercomputing, not a modern Chinese machine. Common Pitfalls: Learners may recognise several of the names as famous supercomputers but not recall which country they belong to. The presence of multiple well known systems can cause confusion, especially between JAGUAR and TIANHE 2 because both have appeared in performance rankings. To avoid this, it is helpful to memorise a few examples where the country is clearly linked to the machine name, such as TIANHE with China and PARAM with India. This association makes it easier to match supercomputers with their national origins in multiple choice questions. Final Answer: The supercomputer that belongs to China and has been ranked among the fastest in the world is TIANHE 2 – a Chinese supercomputer.

Question 10

In software engineering, which term specifically describes the process of locating and fixing bugs or errors in a program?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When developers write software, they rarely get everything correct on the first attempt. Programs often contain bugs, which are errors, logic mistakes, or unexpected behaviours. Finding and correcting these problems is a core part of the development cycle. Different terms describe different activities such as compiling, testing, and execution. This question asks for the specific term used for the process whose main goal is to find and fix bugs inside the code. Given Data / Assumptions: - The topic is software engineering and program development. - Bugs refer to defects, errors, or faulty behaviour in software. - The options include compiling, testing, running, and debugging. - We assume standard definitions as used in programming textbooks. Concept / Approach: Debugging is the process of examining a program to identify the source of incorrect behaviour and then correcting it. This may involve using debugging tools, stepping through code line by line, inspecting variables, inserting log statements, and reasoning about program logic. Compiling is the transformation of source code into machine code or bytecode, testing is the systematic execution of a program with chosen inputs to check its behaviour, and running simply means executing the program. While testing and running can reveal that bugs exist, debugging is the activity that focuses on finding and removing those bugs. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the goal described in the question as locating and fixing bugs or errors in a program. Step 2: Consider compiling. This step translates human readable source code into a lower level form but does not by itself include logic for actively searching out bugs. Step 3: Consider testing. Testing designs and runs test cases to observe program behaviour and see whether it matches expectations, but testing alone does not specify how the programmer investigates and fixes a failing test. Step 4: Consider running. This means simply executing the program, which may expose bugs but does not describe the process of diagnosing and correcting them. Step 5: Recognise that debugging refers directly to the activity of tracking down and correcting errors through analysis and code changes. Step 6: Conclude that debugging is the correct term for the process described. Verification / Alternative check: Software engineering references describe the development life cycle as including design, coding, compilation, testing, debugging, and deployment. They define debugging as the process developers use after a failing test or a crash to locate and correct the underlying defect. Debuggers are specialised tools in integrated development environments that allow breakpoints, single stepping, and variable inspection. These tools are called debuggers because they directly support debugging activities, not compiling or testing. This consistent naming in tools and textbooks confirms that debugging is the term sought in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Compiling the source code: Converts source code into an executable format, but does not inherently find or fix logic errors in the code. Testing with sample inputs: Helps reveal the presence of bugs, but the act of testing is not the same as the activity focused on finding the exact cause and correcting it. Running the program: Simply executes the program. Bugs may appear during execution, but running does not describe the systematic process of diagnosing and repairing defects. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes confuse testing and debugging because they often occur together. A failed test indicates that a bug is present, and then debugging begins to find the cause. Another pitfall is thinking that modern compilers automatically fix logic errors, when in reality they mostly check syntax and some static properties. Logic defects still require debugging. To avoid these misunderstandings, remember that testing answers the question "Is there a bug here" while debugging answers the question "Where is the bug and how do we fix it". Final Answer: The specific process of locating and fixing bugs or errors in a program is called Debugging the program.

Question 11

The combination of a computer operating system and its processor architecture together is commonly referred to as the computer what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Software is often written to run on a particular environment defined by both the processor type and the operating system. For example, one program may be compiled for Windows on x86 processors, while another is built for Linux on ARM processors. When developers talk about this combined hardware and operating system environment, they use a specific term. This question asks for that term, which is central to understanding compatibility and deployment in computing. Given Data / Assumptions: - The components under discussion are the operating system and the processor architecture of a computer. - We want the term that refers to this combination as a target environment for software. - The options include firmware, specifications, minimum requirements, and platform. - We assume standard terminology used in software development and system documentation. Concept / Approach: The word platform is widely used to describe the combination of hardware architecture and operating system on which applications run. When people refer to the Windows platform, Linux platform, Android platform, or iOS platform, they imply both the operating system and the underlying processor family. Firmware refers to low level software stored in non volatile memory, specifications describe system details such as speed and memory capacity, and minimum requirements list the least powerful configuration needed to run a piece of software. None of these terms specifically denote the combined environment in the way platform does. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Understand that the question is about a concept that defines where software is expected to run, based on both OS and CPU type. Step 2: Consider firmware, which is software permanently programmed into hardware devices, such as BIOS or embedded controller code. It does not refer directly to the entire software and processor environment. Step 3: Consider specifications, which are detailed descriptions of hardware capabilities such as clock speed, memory size, and storage capacity. They describe components, not the combined software and hardware environment. Step 4: Consider minimum requirements, which list the lowest acceptable hardware and software configurations for a program to run, but are not themselves the name of the environment. Step 5: Recognise that platform is the standard term for the combination of operating system and processor architecture that defines where an application is intended to execute. Step 6: Conclude that the correct answer is platform. Verification / Alternative check: Software vendor documentation often specifies that a product supports certain platforms, such as Windows x64, macOS on Apple Silicon, or Linux on x86. Development tools frequently ask developers to choose a target platform when compiling applications. Articles on cross platform development discuss how to support multiple platforms with a single code base. In all these contexts, platform clearly denotes the combination of OS and CPU architecture. This consistent usage across technical documentation confirms that platform is the term described in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Firmware: Refers to low level software stored in read only or flash memory, not the general application environment. Specifications: Describe hardware details and capabilities, but do not by themselves denote an application execution environment tied to an operating system. Minimum requirements: List necessary hardware and software to run a program, but they are not the name of the combined environment itself. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes confuse platform with operating system alone and may not realise that architecture also matters. For example, Windows on ARM and Windows on x86 are considered different platforms from a compilation standpoint. Another pitfall is to mix up platform with hardware specifications such as memory size or graphics card performance. To avoid this, remember that platform answers the question on what environment does this software run, while specifications answer what components does this machine contain. Final Answer: The combination of a computer operating system and processor architecture together is commonly referred to as the computer Platform.

Question 12

On a desktop computer case, leaving expansion card slot covers missing can primarily lead to which type of problem?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Desktop computer cases are designed with metal covers for unused expansion slots at the back of the case. These slot covers may seem unimportant, but they play a role in both safety and signal integrity. When covers are missing, the case is no longer fully enclosed. This question asks what type of problem is most directly associated with missing slot covers on a computer case, focusing on the effect on electromagnetic behaviour and system protection. Given Data / Assumptions: - We are discussing the rear panel of a desktop computer case where expansion cards are mounted. - Some slots are unused and normally have metal covers installed. - Those covers have been left off or removed, leaving openings in the metal enclosure. - We want the primary technical problem that this situation can cause. Concept / Approach: A metallic computer case acts as a partial shield against electromagnetic interference, both preventing internal signals from radiating outward and reducing the influence of external electromagnetic fields on internal components. This is often called a Faraday cage effect. When slot covers are missing, the case has larger openings through which electromagnetic radiation can escape or enter. This can increase electromagnetic interference (EMI), which may affect sensitive components or cause problems with nearby equipment. While missing slot covers can also allow dust and warm air to move differently, the specific technical risk most often mentioned in certification exams is increased EMI. Power surges on the mains supply and incomplete electrostatic discharge paths are not primarily caused by missing slot covers, and monitor overheating is unrelated. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that a metal system unit case functions as an electromagnetic shield, helping to contain internal signals and block external interference. Step 2: Understand that expansion slot covers are part of this shielding structure. When they are installed, the back panel is mostly continuous metal. Step 3: If covers are missing, large gaps open in the rear of the case, reducing the effectiveness of the shielding. Step 4: Reduced shielding allows more electromagnetic radiation to leak out and more external interference to enter, which increases the risk of EMI affecting the system or nearby devices. Step 5: Consider the other options. Power surges are related to voltage spikes in the mains supply, not to holes in the computer case. ESD paths depend on grounding and handling procedures, not slot covers. Monitor temperature is unrelated to openings in the system unit. Step 6: Conclude that the primary problem associated with missing slot covers is increased electromagnetic interference. Verification / Alternative check: Hardware maintenance training materials often mention that technicians should replace slot covers after removing expansion cards. They note that missing covers can compromise electromagnetic compatibility by allowing signals to escape the enclosure and possibly interfere with nearby equipment. Regulatory standards on electromagnetic emissions assume that equipment is operated with all covers in place. These references make much less mention of power surges or monitor overheating related to missing covers, which supports EMI as the main concern highlighted by the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Power surges on the mains electrical supply: These originate from the power grid or power supply faults and are not caused by mechanical openings in the case. An incomplete path for electrostatic discharge (ESD): ESD protection depends on grounding, handling procedures, and circuit design, not on whether slot covers are installed. Overheating of the monitor only: The monitor is a separate device and its temperature is not meaningfully affected by missing slot covers on the system unit. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may associate any opening in the case with overheating because openings can affect airflow. While airflow can change, modern cases typically have ventilation paths and fans designed for cooling, and missing a few slot covers does not always cause significant thermal issues. The exams that ask this question focus instead on electromagnetic compliance and shielding. To avoid confusion, remember that the metal enclosure is primarily an EMI shield, and missing pieces reduce its ability to block radiation, making EMI the key issue. Final Answer: Missing slot covers can primarily cause Increased electromagnetic interference (EMI) inside and outside the case.

Question 13

During system start up, a BIOS message reporting a Fixed Disk Error is most commonly caused by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When a computer powers on, the BIOS or firmware performs a series of checks on hardware components before handing control to the operating system. If the BIOS encounters a problem accessing the hard drive, it may display an error message such as Fixed Disk Error. Understanding likely causes of this message is important for troubleshooting boot problems. This question asks which of several factors is most commonly responsible for such an error. Given Data / Assumptions: - The error appears during the early start up phase, before the operating system loads. - The message specifically mentions a fixed disk, meaning a hard drive or similar storage device inside the system. - Options include processor speed, RAM size, incorrect CMOS settings, and use of a USB keyboard. - We assume a traditional BIOS based system where drive parameters are stored in CMOS setup. Concept / Approach: The BIOS stores configuration information such as hard disk parameters in a small memory area maintained by a CMOS battery. If these settings do not match the actual drive installed, the BIOS may not be able to identify or access the disk correctly, leading to a fixed disk error. For example, incorrect drive type, mode, or capacity settings can cause the BIOS to fail a disk check. Processor speed and RAM size are important for performance but do not normally trigger this specific error message. Using a USB keyboard is also unrelated to disk access during initial boot. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Interpret fixed disk as referring to the internal hard drive or similar non removable storage. Step 2: Recognise that during start up, the BIOS reads configuration information from CMOS memory to know how to communicate with the hard drive. Step 3: Understand that if the drive parameters stored in CMOS are incorrect, the BIOS may fail to detect the drive or correctly access it, resulting in an error message about the fixed disk. Step 4: Evaluate the effect of a very slow processor. While it may make the system run slowly, it does not typically cause the BIOS to fail a basic disk detection test. Step 5: Evaluate insufficient RAM. Low RAM can affect loading the operating system or applications, but BIOS fixed disk errors are about storage, not memory capacity. Step 6: Note that using a USB keyboard is unrelated to disk access and would not normally trigger a fixed disk error. Step 7: Conclude that incorrect hard disk settings stored in CMOS setup are the most likely cause of the fixed disk error message. Verification / Alternative check: Technical support guides and certification study materials often recommend checking BIOS or CMOS disk settings when a system shows a fixed disk error. Common advice includes entering the setup program, verifying that the correct drive type is selected, ensuring that auto detection has run properly, and checking that cables and power are connected. While hardware faults can also cause disk errors, the exam style version of this question focuses on configuration issues. Among the provided options, only incorrect CMOS settings directly relate to this commonly described troubleshooting step. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A very slow processor speed: Affects performance but does not usually prevent basic disk detection during BIOS checks. Insufficient installed RAM: Can cause operating system or application problems, but BIOS fixed disk errors are specifically related to storage, not memory capacity. Using a USB keyboard: Involves input devices and may affect BIOS keyboard recognition, but does not cause hard disk identification errors. Common Pitfalls: Learners may assume that any general performance issue, such as slow processors or low memory, could be responsible for all types of errors, including disk errors. Others might suspect obscure causes such as USB device conflicts. To avoid these mistakes, focus on the wording of the error message. A fixed disk error points directly to the hard drive subsystem, including its configuration and physical connections. When a multiple choice question includes an option about CMOS settings alongside unrelated hardware characteristics, the configuration option is usually the intended correct answer. Final Answer: A BIOS message reporting a Fixed Disk Error is most commonly caused by Incorrect hard disk settings stored in CMOS setup.

Question 14

Which of the following is generally NOT considered a good Web server security strategy?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Securing a Web server requires careful configuration so that only necessary services are exposed and potential attack surfaces are minimised. Good security practices focus on limiting access, removing unnecessary software, and tightly controlling who can change system files. Some actions, however, increase risk and are therefore not recommended. This question asks which practice is generally not a good idea for Web server security, even though it might seem helpful for users at first glance. Given Data / Assumptions: - The context is a production Web server that hosts real applications and data. - Several possible practices are listed, including removing tools, adding demo programs, restricting users, and limiting open ports. - We assume the goal is to reduce vulnerabilities and protect sensitive information. Concept / Approach: A secure Web server should run only the necessary services and keep all other software to a minimum. Unused compilers, interpreters, and sample programs can provide attackers with tools or code that may contain vulnerabilities. Restricting who can install software or modify files helps prevent accidental or malicious changes. Limiting open ports to only those that are required reduces the number of entry points an attacker could try. In contrast, installing demo programs and leaving them accessible on a live server increases the attack surface, because demo code is often less thoroughly tested and may expose configuration details, test accounts, or exploitable bugs. Therefore, adding sample and demo programs on a production server is not a good security strategy. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Evaluate the idea of removing unnecessary compilers and interpreters. This is recommended, because it ensures that attackers cannot easily compile or run arbitrary code on the server. Step 2: Evaluate limiting which users can install software or edit files. This is also recommended, as it enforces the principle of least privilege and reduces the chance of unapproved changes. Step 3: Evaluate restricting access to the Web server and keeping only required ports open. This aligns with firewall best practices and reduces exposure to network based attacks. Step 4: Evaluate installing sample and demo programs on the live server. These programs may be old, poorly maintained, or designed only for demonstration and testing, and they can open security holes if left accessible to the internet. Step 5: Conclude that installing sample and demo programs on the production server is not a good security strategy, while the other actions are positive measures. Verification / Alternative check: Security guidelines from major software vendors and security organisations often advise administrators to remove default sample applications, demo scripts, and unnecessary tools from production Web servers. Vulnerability reports have historically shown that attackers frequently exploit flaws in sample programs that ship with Web server software. In contrast, security checklists emphasise principles such as reducing installed software, restricting accounts, and limiting network exposure. This pattern of advice clearly supports the conclusion that leaving demo programs available on a live server is insecure. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Remove unnecessary compilers and interpreters from the production server: This is a correct and helpful security practice that reduces available tools for attackers. Limit which users can load software or edit files on the server: This is also a good practice that enforces security by controlling administrative privileges. Restrict access to the Web server and keep only a minimum number of ports open: This is a recommended network security strategy that reduces the potential attack surface. Common Pitfalls: Some administrators may think that providing demo applications on a live server is user friendly and harmless, especially if the demos do not access production data. However, these applications can reveal configuration details, contain coding errors, or be forgotten during security updates, making them attractive targets. Another pitfall is assuming that security is achieved mainly by firewalls and that software on the server does not matter. In reality, every piece of code exposed to users should be considered part of the attack surface. To avoid these mistakes, follow the rule that production servers should contain only necessary, well maintained applications. Final Answer: The practice that is generally not a good Web server security strategy is Install sample and demo programs so that users can try features on the live server.

Question 15

A CD ROM used in computers is best described as which type of storage medium?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Different types of computer storage devices use different technologies. Understanding these differences is important both for practical use and for exam questions that test basic hardware knowledge. CD ROMs were widely used to distribute software, music, and data before large downloads became common. This question asks you to identify what type of storage technology a CD ROM represents, contrasting it with semiconductor memory, magnetic tapes, and volatile primary memory. Given Data / Assumptions: - The device in question is a CD ROM used in personal computers. - The options mention optical storage, semiconductor flash, magnetic tape, and volatile primary memory. - We assume the standard design of CD ROMs that are read by a laser in an optical drive. Concept / Approach: CD ROM stands for Compact Disc Read Only Memory. Data is stored on the disc as a series of pits and lands in a reflective layer. A laser beam in the drive reads these patterns as the disc spins, translating them into digital bits. Because a laser is used and the data is recorded optically, CD ROMs are classified as optical storage media. They are read only, meaning that once manufactured or written, their contents cannot be changed under normal usage conditions. In contrast, semiconductor flash memory uses integrated circuits without moving parts, magnetic tape uses magnetically coated plastic tape, and volatile primary memory refers to RAM that loses its contents when power is removed. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that CD ROMs are circular discs similar to audio CDs, and that they are placed in an optical drive that uses a laser to read data. Step 2: Associate the use of a laser and reflective surface with optical storage technology. Step 3: Remember that CD ROMs are generally read only. Users cannot normally modify or erase the data stored on a pressed CD ROM disc. Step 4: Consider semiconductor flash memory. This is used in USB flash drives and solid state drives, where data is stored in memory cells on integrated circuits, not on a spinning disc. Step 5: Consider magnetic tape backup cartridges, which are long strips of plastic film coated with magnetic material, read by tape drives, and used mainly for archival storage. Step 6: Consider volatile primary memory modules. These are RAM modules installed on the motherboard that require power to maintain their contents, unlike CD ROMs which hold data without power. Step 7: Conclude that the correct classification for a CD ROM is an optical, read only disk storage medium. Verification / Alternative check: Hardware manuals and basic IT textbooks clearly categorise CDs, DVDs, and Blu ray discs as optical storage media. They explain that these discs rely on pits and lands read by a laser, and that standard CD ROMs are read only. Semiconductor memory and magnetic tape are treated as separate classes of storage. Furthermore, when describing the hierarchy of storage, CD ROMs are listed as secondary storage, not as primary volatile memory. These consistent explanations in educational materials confirm that optical, read only disk storage medium is the correct description. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A semiconductor flash memory chip: This refers to integrated circuit based flash drives and SSDs, not optical discs read by lasers. A magnetic tape backup cartridge: Uses magnetic recording on tape, which is physically and technologically different from the optical disc format of CD ROMs. A volatile primary memory module: Describes RAM, which loses data when power is off, unlike CD ROMs that hold data permanently until damaged. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may interpret the term read only memory as indicating semiconductor ROM chips and therefore incorrectly associate CD ROMs with semiconductor technology. The key is to focus on the physical medium, which is a plastic disc read optically, and not on the idea of permanent storage alone. Another pitfall is to lump all storage devices together without distinguishing primary and secondary storage. Remember that CD ROM drives connect via interfaces like SATA or USB and act as secondary storage, whereas primary memory is the RAM that the CPU uses directly during program execution. Final Answer: A CD ROM used in computers is best described as An optical, read only disk storage medium.

Question 16

Inside a typical personal computer, the two major types of integrated circuit chips are which of the following pairs?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: A modern computer contains many electronic components, but some are more central to its function than others. At the heart of the system are integrated circuit chips that perform processing and store data for active tasks. Understanding these main chip types helps learners distinguish core components from peripheral devices. This question asks you to identify the pair of chip types that are considered the two major categories inside a typical personal computer. Given Data / Assumptions: - The context is the internal components of a standard personal computer. - We are asked about major types of integrated circuit chips, not entire devices like hard drives or power supplies. - Options include combinations involving microprocessors, primary memory, and various peripheral related components. - We assume basic knowledge of what a microprocessor and main memory do in a computer. Concept / Approach: The microprocessor, also known as the central processing unit, performs calculations and executes program instructions. Primary memory chips, typically RAM, hold the data and instructions that the processor is currently working with. These two together form the core of the computing process. While many other chips exist in a computer, such as those on hard drives, DVD drives, keyboards, and mice, they are peripheral or specialised controllers rather than the main processing and primary storage elements. Therefore, when textbooks refer to two major types of chips, they usually mean the microprocessor and the primary memory chips. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify microprocessor chips as the components that carry out the main logic and arithmetic operations of the computer. Step 2: Identify primary memory chips as the integrated circuits that store data and programs currently in use, usually implemented as RAM modules. Step 3: Recognise that these two types of chips work closely together, with the processor fetching instructions and data from primary memory constantly during normal operation. Step 4: Evaluate external hard disk and DVD drive chips. Although these devices use electronics, they are primarily storage peripherals and not the main integrated circuit categories referred to in introductory descriptions. Step 5: Evaluate power supply units and cooling fan controllers. These are important for power regulation and temperature control but are not the central processing and primary memory chips. Step 6: Evaluate keyboard controller chips and mouse sensor chips, which are specialised for input devices and not considered core system chips. Step 7: Conclude that the correct pair is microprocessor chips and primary memory chips. Verification / Alternative check: Basic computer fundamentals books frequently introduce computer hardware by emphasising the processor and memory subsystem. They describe the microprocessor as the brain of the computer and RAM as its working memory. Subsequent chapters cover secondary storage, input and output devices, and power systems, but they return repeatedly to the interaction between processor and primary memory as the core of computation. Exam questions that mention two main types of chips in a computer almost always refer to these two central components, reinforcing the correctness of this answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: External hard disk and DVD drive chips: These belong to storage and optical drive units, which are secondary storage devices, not the main processing and primary memory chips. Power supply units and cooling fan controllers: These are part of supporting subsystems that ensure stable power and proper cooling, not core logic or memory components. Keyboard controller chips and mouse sensor chips: These chips are important for handling input, but they are specialised peripherals, not the major categories of chips that perform general processing and primary data storage. Common Pitfalls: Learners may see that many devices contain chips and confuse the presence of any integrated circuit with being a core component. They might pick options mentioning familiar peripherals like hard disks or keyboards without considering the hierarchy of importance. To avoid this, it is useful to think in terms of what makes a computer a computer, which is the processor that executes instructions and the memory that holds those instructions and data. Other chips support these core functions but do not replace them. Final Answer: The two major types of integrated circuit chips inside a typical personal computer are Microprocessor chips and primary memory chips.

Question 17

In spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Excel, which leading symbol is used before a number to force it to be stored and treated as text rather than as a numeric value?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Spreadsheet programs like Microsoft Excel automatically interpret typed values. If you type digits, the program usually treats them as numbers that can be used in calculations. Sometimes, however, you want a value that looks like a number to be stored as text, for example when entering product codes, phone numbers, or identifiers with leading zeros. Spreadsheets provide a shortcut by allowing you to start the entry with a special symbol. This question asks which leading symbol is used for that purpose. Given Data / Assumptions: - The context is entering data in spreadsheet cells in programs such as Excel. - We are dealing with values that look numeric but should be stored as text strings. - The options include equal sign, double quotation marks, apostrophe, and underscore. - We assume default spreadsheet behaviour where formulas start with an equal sign. Concept / Approach: In Excel and many similar spreadsheets, formulas begin with an equal sign, while normal numeric and text entries are typed without special markers. If you want to force a numeric looking value to be treated as text, you can begin the cell entry with an apostrophe. The apostrophe itself is not displayed in the cell once you press Enter, but it instructs the program to interpret the rest of the characters as text, not as a number or formula. Double quotes are used inside formulas to represent text strings, not as a leading symbol for raw data entry, and underscore has no special meaning in this context. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that in Excel, typing an equal sign at the beginning of a cell tells the program that you are entering a formula, not raw text. Step 2: Recall that entering numbers directly without special symbols causes Excel to store them as numeric values suitable for arithmetic operations. Step 3: Recognise that when you precede a number with an apostrophe in a cell, Excel stores the number as text, which is useful for items like phone numbers or IDs. Step 4: Understand that double quotation marks are used within formulas to define string constants but are not typically typed at the very beginning of a value when you just want to store plain text. Step 5: Note that underscore is treated as a normal character with no special meaning for forcing text entry. Step 6: Therefore conclude that the correct symbol is the leading apostrophe character. Verification / Alternative check: If you open a spreadsheet and type an apostrophe followed by numbers, then press Enter, you will see that the cell displays only the number, but alignment and formatting indicate text. Until you change it, the program will not use that value in numeric calculations, and sorting may treat it as text. Help documentation for Excel explicitly describes this behaviour and suggests the apostrophe technique for data such as postal codes. This clearly confirms that the leading apostrophe is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Equal sign character: Starts a formula rather than forcing a value to be stored as text. Double quotation marks: Used inside formulas to delimit strings, but not as a simple leading symbol in ordinary cell entry for this purpose. Underscore character: Has no special meaning in spreadsheet cell entry and does not change how the program interprets a numeric string. Common Pitfalls: Some users may think that enclosing a value in double quotes when typing directly in a cell will force it to be text, copying the syntax used inside formulas. In practice, this often results in unexpected behaviour or syntax errors if entered as a formula. Others may forget about the apostrophe technique and instead change cell format to text, which is slower for a small number of entries. Remember that the easiest way to treat a single numeric looking value as text is to begin the entry with a leading apostrophe character. Final Answer: In spreadsheet programs such as Microsoft Excel, you force a number to be stored as text by using A leading apostrophe character before the value.

Question 18

Which type of computer memory holds only the program and data that the CPU is currently processing?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computer systems use several different types of memory, each with its own purpose. Some memory stores configuration data, some stores firmware, and some holds active programs and data that the processor works on during execution. Understanding which memory type plays which role is basic computer knowledge. This question asks you to identify the memory that temporarily holds the program and data that the CPU is currently processing. Given Data / Assumptions: - The question focuses on the program and data that are actively being processed by the CPU at a given moment. - Options include CMOS memory, ROM, RAM, and ASCII storage. - We assume a standard Von Neumann architecture where instructions and data share the same memory space in main memory. Concept / Approach: RAM, or Random Access Memory, is the main working memory of a computer. It stores the instructions of running programs and the data they are using so that the CPU can fetch and execute instructions rapidly. RAM is volatile, meaning that its contents are lost when power is turned off. ROM, or Read Only Memory, stores firmware such as the system BIOS and does not normally change during regular operation. CMOS memory is used to store configuration settings like date, time, and hardware options. ASCII refers to a character encoding scheme, not a physical memory type. Therefore, the memory that holds the currently processed program and data is RAM. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that RAM is described as main memory or primary memory and is directly accessible by the CPU for reading and writing. Step 2: Recognise that running applications are loaded from secondary storage, such as hard drives, into RAM before the CPU can execute their instructions. Step 3: Understand that ROM stores fixed instructions used for bootstrapping and firmware, not the changing programs and data of everyday tasks. Step 4: Note that CMOS memory is a small non volatile area for system configuration, not for large program and data storage. Step 5: Recognise that ASCII is an encoding for characters and not a type of memory hardware at all. Step 6: Conclude that the correct answer is RAM, which is the memory that holds only the program and data that the CPU is currently processing. Verification / Alternative check: Computer architecture texts explain that the CPU fetches instructions from main memory, which is implemented as RAM chips. They describe the process of loading a program from disk into RAM and then running it. ROM is described separately as firmware storage, often with examples like BIOS code. CMOS memory is discussed only in the context of small configuration information. ASCII appears in chapters on data representation rather than hardware. This clear separation of roles confirms that RAM is the memory type that matches the description in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: CMOS configuration memory: Stores system setup parameters and clock information, not the active program code and data used during normal computation. ROM (Read Only Memory): Contains firmware and bootstrap code that rarely changes, rather than the constantly changing content of running programs. ASCII character storage: ASCII is a code for characters; it is not a type of physical memory device and cannot by itself hold running programs. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse memory and storage or believe that ROM stores currently running programs because it contains critical system code. Another pitfall is to associate CMOS memory with general system memory because both terms appear in BIOS discussions. To avoid these errors, focus on the dynamic nature of the data described. The question mentions the program and data that the CPU is currently processing, which by definition must be in read write memory, and that is precisely what RAM provides. Final Answer: The type of computer memory that holds only the program and data that the CPU is currently processing is RAM (Random Access Memory).

Question 19

In a personal computer, the main box that houses the motherboard, processor, memory, and internal storage devices is called the what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When describing a desktop computer, people often point to the main box and casually call it the CPU or the computer. In technical terms, however, that box has a specific name. It contains the motherboard, processor, main memory, power supply, and internal drives. Distinguishing this box from peripherals such as monitor, keyboard, and mouse helps clarify hardware terminology. This question asks for the correct term for that main enclosure. Given Data / Assumptions: - We are dealing with a typical desktop PC that has a separate monitor and a main box. - The box houses core components like motherboard, CPU, RAM, and storage devices. - The options include software package, hardware, input drive, and system unit. - We assume standard textbook definitions used in computer fundamentals courses. Concept / Approach: The correct term for the main computer case that contains the essential electronic components is system unit. Hardware is a broad term that includes all physical parts of the computer, such as monitor, keyboard, and printer. Software refers to programs and cannot be used to name a physical box. Input drive is not a standard term and would refer only to a specific drive device, not the entire enclosure. Therefore, among the given options, system unit is the precise term that matches the description in the question. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify what is inside the main box. It holds the motherboard, processor, RAM, power supply, and usually hard drives and optical drives. Step 2: Recall that textbooks define the system unit as the main case containing these internal components. Step 3: Consider the term hardware. Although these parts are hardware, the term hardware by itself refers to all physical devices, not just the main box. Step 4: Note that a software package refers to programs and data, not a physical enclosure. Step 5: Recognise that input drive is not a standard term for the entire case and would at best refer to a single drive. Step 6: Conclude that system unit is the correct specific term for the box described. Verification / Alternative check: Introductions to computer fundamentals often contain labelled diagrams of a desktop system. These diagrams show the monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, and a box labelled system unit. Explanatory text describes the system unit as housing the motherboard, CPU, memory, and internal storage. The same textbooks make clear that software refers to programs and that hardware includes all physical parts, not just the system unit. This consistent usage across educational resources confirms that system unit is the intended answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Software package: Refers to programs and related documentation, not to any physical part of the computer. Hardware: A general term for all physical components, including peripherals, not the specific name for the main case. Input drive: Not a standard term; a drive is only one component among many inside the case and does not name the whole enclosure. Common Pitfalls: One common mistake is to call the system unit the CPU. While the CPU chip is inside the system unit, the case also contains many other components. Another pitfall is to use hardware and system unit as if they were interchangeable. To avoid these errors, remember that system unit names the main box, CPU names the central processor chip, and hardware names all physical devices including the system unit and peripherals. Final Answer: The main box that houses the motherboard, processor, memory, and internal storage devices is called the System unit.

Question 20

Which of the following is the odd one out, because it is a global network service rather than an operating system?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: General knowledge questions often require you to classify items correctly and pick the one that does not belong in a group. Here, three of the listed items are operating systems that run on personal computers, while one is something completely different. Recognising this difference tests your understanding of what an operating system is compared to what the Internet is. This question asks you to identify the odd term out for that reason. Given Data / Assumptions: - The list includes Internet, Macintosh OSX, Linux Mint, and Windows 8.1. - Macintosh OSX, Linux Mint, and Windows 8.1 are known as desktop or laptop operating systems. - Internet is a global network that connects computers worldwide. - We assume standard definitions of operating systems and network services. Concept / Approach: An operating system is system software that manages hardware resources and provides services for applications on a computer. Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux distributions. The Internet, by contrast, is a worldwide system of interconnected networks using standard communication protocols. It is not software that you install to control your computer hardware, but a network infrastructure that operating systems use to send and receive data. In a classification exercise, the Internet is therefore different in kind from the listed operating systems. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify Macintosh OSX as a version of the macOS operating system used on Apple computers. Step 2: Identify Linux Mint as a popular Linux distribution that acts as an operating system for desktop and laptop computers. Step 3: Identify Windows 8.1 as a release of the Microsoft Windows operating system for PCs and tablets. Step 4: Recognise that all three of these items are operating systems that provide user interfaces, manage hardware, and run applications. Step 5: Consider the Internet, which is not a program installed on a computer but a global system of interconnected networks accessed using browsers and network applications. Step 6: Conclude that Internet is the odd one out, because it is a network service, while the others are operating systems. Verification / Alternative check: If you look up each term individually, you will find that Linux Mint, Windows 8.1, and Macintosh OSX are all described as operating systems. They provide features such as file management, process scheduling, and memory management. The Internet, on the other hand, is defined as a worldwide network that connects millions of computers. Operating systems include network stacks that allow users to access the Internet, but the Internet itself is independent of any single operating system. This difference in definition and role confirms that Internet is the item that does not belong to the same category. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Macintosh OSX: An operating system developed by Apple, clearly belonging in the group of operating systems. Linux Mint: A distribution of the Linux operating system, again fitting the operating system category. Windows 8.1: A version of the Microsoft Windows operating system used on PCs and tablets, not an outlier in this list. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may associate the Internet so closely with the experience of using a computer that they mistakenly think of it as a software product like an operating system. Others may confuse a web browser or networking software with the Internet itself. To avoid this confusion, remember that the Internet is the underlying network, while operating systems and applications are the tools you use to access it. In classification questions, always check whether each item is software, hardware, or a network concept before deciding which one is different. Final Answer: The odd one out is Internet, because it is a global network service, whereas Macintosh OSX, Linux Mint, and Windows 8.1 are operating systems.

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