Question 1

In computer architecture, which term describes the elementary operation that is executed directly on data stored in CPU registers?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In computer architecture and organization, registers are the fastest storage locations inside the central processing unit CPU. Operations that act directly on the contents of these registers are given a special name. Understanding this term is important because textbooks often describe how complex instructions are internally broken down into smaller, primitive actions performed on registers. Given Data / Assumptions: We are working in the context of CPU architecture and register operations. The question asks for the name of the operation that is executed on data stored in registers. Options include bit-operation, macro-operation, micro-operation, byte-operation and word-operation. We assume standard terminology as used in computer organization courses. Concept / Approach: In this context, the correct term is micro-operation. A micro-operation is a very small and basic operation performed on the information stored in registers, such as loading, clearing, incrementing, shifting or adding register contents. These micro-operations are the building blocks used by the control unit to implement machine instructions. The words bit-operation, byte-operation and word-operation describe the granularity of data, while macro-operation usually refers to a higher level sequence of steps rather than a primitive action. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that a register holds binary data within the CPU and that the control unit manipulates this data through very small steps. Step 2: Each primitive step such as transferring data from one register to another, incrementing a register or performing a logical operation on register contents is called a micro-operation. Step 3: Bit-operation refers to operations that act on individual bits, such as bitwise AND or OR, but the standard architectural term for register level primitives is micro-operation. Step 4: Macro-operation suggests a larger or composite operation, often representing a whole instruction or a group of micro-operations, not the fundamental register action itself. Step 5: Byte-operation and word-operation describe operations on bytes or words of data, but they do not specifically refer to the control unit primitives defined in computer organization. Step 6: Therefore, among the options, micro-operation is the correct name for an operation executed on data stored in registers. Verification / Alternative check: Standard computer organization textbooks define a micro-operation as an elementary operation performed on the information stored in one or more registers. Examples include register transfer micro-operations, arithmetic micro-operations and logical micro-operations. These definitions match the wording of the question, which asks about operations on data in registers, confirming that micro-operation is the proper term. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Bit-operation focuses on the size of the data unit, not on the architectural role of the operation. Macro-operation is the opposite of a micro-operation and usually refers to a higher level sequence of steps. Byte-operation and word-operation describe how large the operands are but not the fundamental control step inside the CPU. None of these alternatives capture the notion of elementary register level actions as accurately as micro-operation. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes confuse micro-operation with microinstruction or macro-operation. A helpful way to remember is to think of micro- as meaning very small. Micro-operations are the smallest actions the control unit performs on registers, while a microinstruction may specify several micro-operations, and a macro-operation may represent an entire instruction. Keeping this hierarchy in mind reduces confusion in exam questions. Final Answer: The operation executed directly on data stored in registers is called a micro-operation.

Question 2

In Microsoft Word, which command is used to move selected paragraphs closer to the left margin by reducing their indentation?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Word processing software such as Microsoft Word allows users to control paragraph indentation easily. Indentation determines how far a paragraph starts from the left or right margin. Being able to quickly increase or decrease indent is a common formatting task when preparing reports, letters and academic documents. Given Data / Assumptions: The application is Microsoft Word. The user wants to move selected paragraphs to the left, closer to the left margin. The question asks which named command allows this. Options include Increase Indent, Double Indent, Decrease Indent, Hanging Indent and Single Indent. Concept / Approach: On the Home tab in Microsoft Word, there are buttons labelled Increase Indent and Decrease Indent. Increase Indent pushes the paragraph further to the right, creating more space from the left margin. Decrease Indent does the opposite, pulling the paragraph back towards the left margin. Other terms like Double Indent or Single Indent are not standard button names, and Hanging Indent refers to a different style where the first line is less indented than the rest. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the goal is to move the paragraph to the left, which means reducing the indent value. Step 2: Remember that Increase Indent adds indentation from the left margin and moves text to the right, so it does the opposite of what is required. Step 3: Decrease Indent is the command that reduces the indent and brings the paragraph closer to the left margin. Step 4: Double Indent and Single Indent are not standard command names in the Word ribbon and do not correspond to the actual buttons users click. Step 5: Hanging Indent describes a special paragraph format where the first line starts at the margin and subsequent lines are indented, which is different from the simple left movement requested. Step 6: Therefore, the correct command to move selected paragraphs to the left is Decrease Indent. Verification / Alternative check: If you open Microsoft Word and select some text, you can see the Increase Indent and Decrease Indent buttons on the Home tab. Clicking Increase Indent makes the paragraph move to the right, while clicking Decrease Indent makes it move to the left. The tooltips confirm this behaviour by stating that Decrease Indent moves the paragraph closer to the margin. This matches the requirement described in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Increase Indent moves text away from the left margin rather than towards it. Double Indent and Single Indent are not actual button labels and therefore do not correctly name the feature. Hanging Indent refers to a paragraph style, not to a simple left shift of the entire paragraph block. Only Decrease Indent clearly matches both the effect and the real Word command name. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake in exams is to select Increase Indent because the word indent is strongly associated with formatting. To avoid this, remember that increase means more space from the margin and decrease means less space. Visualising the text moving right for increase and left for decrease will help you quickly decide which command is appropriate in questions and practical tasks. Final Answer: The command used to move selected paragraphs to the left by reducing indentation is Decrease Indent.

Question 3

In computer networks, sending a single frame from one sender to a specific group of destination stations is known as what type of communication?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In data communication and computer networking, there are several ways to deliver frames or packets from a sender to receivers. A frame can be targeted to a single destination, to all nodes on a network or to a selected group. These different delivery styles are called unicast, broadcast and multicast. Understanding these terms is a key part of learning about network protocols and addressing. Given Data / Assumptions: The question talks about sending a frame to a group of stations. A frame is a data link layer unit of data. Options include single casting, multicasting, broadcasting, unicasting and anycasting. We assume standard definitions from networking textbooks. Concept / Approach: Unicasting refers to transmission from one sender to exactly one receiver. Broadcasting refers to sending data from one node to all nodes in a network segment. Multicasting is between one sender and a selected group of receivers that have joined a particular group address. Anycasting is used in some network designs where data is sent to any one member of a group, usually the nearest. Since the question specifies a group of stations, not all stations and not a single station, multicasting is the matching term. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the sender and receiver pattern described. The question states a frame is sent to a group of stations. Step 2: Recall that unicast is one to one, broadcast is one to all and multicast is one to many but only to a specific group that has expressed interest. Step 3: Since a group of stations is mentioned rather than all stations, broadcasting is not the correct term. Step 4: Because more than one destination station is involved, unicasting and single casting do not apply. Step 5: Anycasting involves sending to one member of a group, typically the nearest, so it does not match the idea of delivering to all members of a group. Step 6: Multicasting precisely describes sending a frame from a single source to multiple selected receivers at the same time. Step 7: Therefore, the correct name for sending a frame to a group of stations is multicasting. Verification / Alternative check: Networking standards such as IP multicast and Ethernet multicast explicitly use the term multicast for group communication. Tutorials explain that multicast addresses identify groups of hosts that want to receive particular traffic, such as live video streams or online conferences. A single multicast frame is processed by all stations that have joined the group. This real world use confirms the mapping between the description in the question and the term multicasting. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Single casting is not a standard term and appears only as a distractor. Unicasting is communication between one sender and exactly one receiver, which is not what the question describes. Broadcasting sends frames to every station in the broadcast domain, not only to a selected group. Anycasting targets only one member of a group, often chosen based on routing metrics. These options do not match the phrase sending a frame to a group of stations. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse broadcasting and multicasting because both involve one sender and multiple receivers. To avoid this confusion, remember that broadcasting is an all stations message, while multicasting is a group message. Visualising multicast traffic going only to interested subscribers rather than to every device on the network helps solidify this distinction. Final Answer: Sending a frame to a group of stations is known as multicasting.

Question 4

In Microsoft Word character formatting, which option is specifically used to apply different colors to the characters in selected text?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Character formatting in word processors such as Microsoft Word allows users to change the appearance of individual letters and words. Common formatting properties include font family, size, style and color. Knowing which option controls the color of characters is fundamental for creating attractive and readable documents. Given Data / Assumptions: The application is Microsoft Word. The question specifically mentions character formatting, not paragraph formatting. We need the option that applies colors to characters. Options include font style, font color, effects, size and text highlight color. Concept / Approach: In Word, the Font group on the Home tab contains a button labelled Font Color. This button directly controls the color in which characters are drawn. Font style is usually used to describe variations such as bold, italic and underline. Effects might include options like strikethrough, shadow and outline. Size controls how large the characters appear. Text highlight color fills the background behind text rather than changing the color of the characters themselves. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the requirement to apply colors to the characters themselves, not to the background or surrounding area. Step 2: Recognise that the Font Color command in Word applies the selected color to the text, changing the way the characters are drawn. Step 3: Font style usually refers to bold, italic or underline, which change the weight or posture of the text but not its color. Step 4: Effects encompasses special treatments like strikethrough and shadow, again not primarily about color. Step 5: Size changes how big or small the characters appear, but does not specify any color. Step 6: Text highlight color places a colored rectangle behind text to simulate a highlighter pen but leaves the character color unchanged if font color is not adjusted. Step 7: Therefore, the correct choice for changing the color of characters in character formatting is Font color. Verification / Alternative check: If you select some text in Word and open the Font dialog box or look at the Font group on the ribbon, you will see a labeled control for Font Color. Clicking this control reveals a palette of colors that directly affect the text itself. Changing other settings like Bold or Italic does not alter the color. This behaviour confirms that the function described in the question is provided by Font color. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Font style is primarily about whether text is regular, bold or italic and does not automatically change color. Effects adds decorative styling but is not solely responsible for color. Size deals only with the height of characters. Text highlight color changes background shading behind text, which is different from altering the character color itself. Thus, only Font color exactly matches the wording of the question. Common Pitfalls: Some users confuse font color and highlight color since both involve choosing colors from a palette. To avoid this confusion, remember that font color changes the ink of the letters, while highlight color acts like a marker pen behind the letters. Visualising ink versus highlighter can help you quickly identify the correct option in both practical tasks and exam questions. Final Answer: Under character formatting, the option used to apply colors to characters is Font color.

Question 5

Who is widely credited with designing the first mechanical computer, which served as an important prototype for future programmable computers?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: History of computing questions often ask about early pioneers who laid the groundwork for modern computers. One of the most important figures is the person who designed a mechanical computing device that anticipated many features of later programmable machines. This mechanical computer prototype is central to understanding how ideas about automatic calculation evolved. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks who created the first mechanical computer that served as a prototype for future computers. Options include Archimedes, John Harrison, Cai Lun, Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace. We assume the reference is to well known machines such as the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. Concept / Approach: Charles Babbage, an English mathematician and engineer, is widely credited with designing the first mechanical computer. His Difference Engine was intended to automatically compute mathematical tables, while his later Analytical Engine design introduced concepts such as a central processing unit and memory, programmable through punched cards. Because of these contributions, Babbage is often called the father of the computer. The other names listed in the options are associated with different fields, not general purpose mechanical computers. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the names of early computing pioneers. Charles Babbage is closely linked with the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. Step 2: The Difference Engine was a mechanical calculator designed to evaluate polynomial functions and produce accurate mathematical tables. Step 3: The Analytical Engine design went further by including a mill for processing and a store for memory, making it a true prototype of programmable computers. Step 4: Archimedes was an ancient Greek mathematician known for work in geometry and mechanics, but not for building mechanical computers of this type. Step 5: John Harrison developed highly accurate marine chronometers used for navigation, not computing machines. Step 6: Cai Lun is credited with inventing paper in ancient China, again unrelated to mechanical computers. Step 7: Ada Lovelace wrote notes on Babbage's Analytical Engine and is considered an early programmer, but she did not design the mechanical computer itself. Step 8: Therefore, the correct answer is Charles Babbage. Verification / Alternative check: History of computing references and museum exhibits consistently state that Charles Babbage designed the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. These machines incorporated ideas such as stored numbers, sequences of operations and input through punched cards. Many authors describe the Analytical Engine as the first general purpose computer design, confirming Babbage's role as the creator of an important mechanical prototype for future computers. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Archimedes and Cai Lun lived in ancient times and contributed to mathematics and materials but not to mechanical computing engines. John Harrison is associated with precision timekeeping, and Ada Lovelace is celebrated for her vision of how computers could be used, not for building the hardware itself. None of these match the description of designing the first mechanical computer prototype in the way that Babbage does. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes mix up Charles Babbage and Ada Lovelace because they worked closely in the context of the Analytical Engine. A useful way to remember their roles is to think of Babbage as the engine designer and Lovelace as the visionary programmer who explained what the machine could do. This mental separation helps in answering exam questions about early computing history. Final Answer: The first mechanical computer prototype for future computers was designed by Charles Babbage.

Question 6

On the internet, which system uses the addressing scheme known as URL Uniform Resource Locator to indicate the location of files and resources on the web?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Uniform Resource Locators URLs are familiar to anyone who uses a web browser. They appear in the address bar when you visit a website and specify where a resource such as a web page, image or file is located. URLs are closely associated with the way the World Wide Web works and with how browsers locate content. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks which system uses an addressing scheme known as URL. It mentions indicating the location of files on the web. Options include World Wide Web, JavaScript, SQL, FTP and SMTP. We assume basic understanding of how web addresses work. Concept / Approach: The World Wide Web is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed using the internet. Each resource on the web is identified by a URL, which specifies the protocol, host name, path and sometimes additional parameters. JavaScript is a programming language used in web pages, SQL is a database language, FTP is a file transfer protocol and SMTP is an email protocol. While URLs can refer to resources accessed by different protocols, the system most directly associated with URLs in everyday usage is the World Wide Web. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that a URL such as https://www.example.com/index.html is commonly called a web address. Step 2: Web browsers use URLs to request resources from web servers as part of the World Wide Web. Step 3: The World Wide Web consists of many such resources connected by hyperlinks, and URLs are the identifiers used to locate them. Step 4: JavaScript runs inside web pages or applications but does not itself define the addressing scheme for locating files across the network. Step 5: SQL is used for querying and managing databases and is not directly involved in identifying web file locations. Step 6: FTP and SMTP are specific application layer protocols. They can appear in URLs as ftp:// or mailto: but the question mentions files on the web, which commonly refers to HTTP or HTTPS URLs and the World Wide Web. Step 7: Therefore, the correct answer is the World Wide Web. Verification / Alternative check: Introductory web technology books explain that the World Wide Web is built on three basic technologies: HTML for documents, HTTP for communication and URLs for addressing resources. This trio defines how users navigate from one page to another. URLs are both part of the technical infrastructure and visible to users as web addresses. This confirms that the system using URLs to indicate resource locations on the web is the World Wide Web. Why Other Options Are Wrong: JavaScript, while important for interactive web pages, is a programming language and does not itself define web addressing. SQL operates inside database servers and clients. FTP and SMTP are protocols for file transfer and email respectively and are not the overall system of linked documents described in the question. Only the World Wide Web matches the idea of a web of files and pages addressed by URLs. Common Pitfalls: Candidates sometimes confuse the internet with the World Wide Web. The internet is the global network infrastructure, while the web is a service running on top of it that uses URLs, HTTP and HTML. Remember that URLs are most closely associated with the web layer, not with the raw network or specific programming or query languages. Final Answer: The addressing scheme known as URL is used by the World Wide Web to indicate the location of files and resources.

Question 7

In the context of data processing, what term is used for data that has been processed, organized or structured in a meaningful way?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: A classic concept in computer fundamentals and information systems is the distinction between data and information. Data is raw, unprocessed facts and figures, while information is data that has been processed and given meaning. Many exam questions directly test whether students can correctly use these terms. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks what processed data is called. The context is general data processing in computing or information systems. Options include raw data, information, knowledge, analysis and record. We assume common textbook definitions of data and information. Concept / Approach: Raw data refers to unorganized facts, such as individual measurements, survey responses or transaction logs. When this data is processed, summarized or interpreted so that it becomes useful for decision making, it becomes information. Knowledge is a higher level concept that arises when information is combined with experience and understanding. Analysis is an activity, not the resulting product. Record is a unit of stored data, such as a row in a table, and does not necessarily imply meaningful processing. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Start from the key phrase processed data in the question. Step 2: Recall the commonly taught definition: data plus processing equals information. Step 3: Therefore, when raw data has been processed, organized or structured so that it is meaningful, the result is called information. Step 4: Option raw data describes the unprocessed starting point, not the result of processing. Step 5: Knowledge is usually described as information combined with context, experience or understanding, which is beyond the direct scope of this simple definition. Step 6: Analysis is the process or activity performed on data, not the processed output itself. Step 7: Record is a basic storage unit and can contain either raw or processed values, but the question focuses on the transformation from data into a more meaningful form. Step 8: Thus, among the choices, information is the correct term for processed data. Verification / Alternative check: Information systems textbooks and computer fundamentals guides commonly present a simple equation: Data plus processing equals information. They explain that data is made up of symbols, numbers and text that by themselves may not convey meaning. Once processed through summarization, classification or analysis, these raw facts become information that can support decisions. This repeated pattern in reference materials confirms that processed data is called information. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Raw data is by definition unprocessed, so it cannot be used to describe processed output. Knowledge goes a step beyond information and represents insight or understanding, which is not what the basic question is asking. Analysis is an operation, not a category of data. The term record refers to a row or unit in a file or database and does not automatically connote that its contents have been transformed into meaningful information. Therefore, these alternatives do not match the simple definition tested here. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may be tempted by knowledge because it sounds advanced. To avoid confusion, remember the simple progression: data becomes information after processing, and information may contribute to knowledge when combined with human experience. Exam questions focused on basic definitions almost always expect information as the answer when they refer to processed data. Final Answer: Processed data that has been organized and made meaningful is called information.

Question 8

In programming and compilation, which type of errors are typically detected and reported by a compiler during the compilation phase?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Compilers translate high level programming language code into machine code or intermediate code. During this process, they perform various checks to ensure that the source code follows the rules of the language. Understanding which kinds of errors a compiler can and cannot detect is a basic part of software development and exam oriented computer knowledge. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks which errors are identified by the compiler. Options include logical errors, hardware errors, language errors, image errors and network errors. We assume a standard compiled language such as C or Java. Language errors typically refer to syntax errors and some semantic errors. Concept / Approach: A compiler checks code for correct language usage. This includes syntax rules and certain semantic rules such as correct type usage. When an error violates the language grammar or type system, the compiler reports it as a compilation error. Logical errors, on the other hand, occur when the program runs but produces incorrect results due to flawed logic. Hardware errors, image errors and network errors are external to the source code and are not detected during compilation. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify what a compiler does. It reads source code, checks it against language rules and generates executable code. Step 2: During this process, the compiler can detect syntax errors such as missing semicolons, mismatched brackets and incorrect keywords. Step 3: The compiler can also detect certain semantic language errors such as using variables without declaring them or assigning incompatible types. Step 4: These issues fall under the broader category of language errors, because they occur when the programmer breaks rules of the programming language. Step 5: Logical errors occur when the code is legal in the language but does not implement the correct algorithm. The compiler usually cannot know the programmer intent and therefore cannot flag these errors. Step 6: Hardware errors such as device failures happen at runtime or at the system level, far outside the compiler's static analysis. Step 7: Image processing errors and network connectivity errors also arise when programs interact with external resources or data, not during compilation of the source code. Step 8: Thus, among the options, language errors are the ones identified by the compiler. Verification / Alternative check: If you write a simple program and deliberately introduce syntax mistakes, the compiler will issue error messages, often pointing to line numbers and describing the type of language violation. When you correct these issues and compile again, the compiler may succeed but the program could still produce wrong answers because of logical errors. This practical observation matches the standard theory that compilers detect language errors but not logical or hardware related issues. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Logical errors are not caught at compile time because the code satisfies the language rules even though it behaves incorrectly. Hardware errors depend on physical devices and system environment. Image errors and network errors are domain specific runtime issues and are unrelated to the static compilation process. Therefore, these categories do not represent errors that a compiler is responsible for detecting. Common Pitfalls: Some beginners assume that if a program compiles without errors, it must be correct. This is not true, because logical errors can still be present. To avoid this misunderstanding, always remember that compilation is only a language correctness check, not a guarantee of algorithmic correctness. Testing and debugging are needed to find logical errors after successful compilation. Final Answer: The errors identified by a compiler are language errors such as syntax errors.

Question 9

When a computer prints a report on paper, what is this physical output commonly called?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computers can present output in two broad forms: on screen and on paper. On screen output is temporary and can be changed quickly, while printed output provides a permanent physical record. Computer awareness questions often ask for the standard terms used to distinguish between these two types of output. Given Data / Assumptions: The question considers a report printed by a computer on paper. We are asked what this printed output is called. Options include soft copy, hard copy and several distractors. We assume standard terminology used in basic computer literacy courses. Concept / Approach: Soft copy refers to output that appears on a screen, such as on a computer monitor, tablet or smartphone. It is not physically tangible and can be edited easily. Hard copy refers to output that has been printed on paper or other physical media, such as reports, bills and charts. When a computer prints a report, the sheet of paper with the information on it is a hard copy of that report. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Consider where the output is located. In this case, it is on paper because the report has been printed. Step 2: Recall that the term soft copy is used for on screen output such as text and images shown on a monitor. Step 3: Hard copy is defined as printed output on a physical medium like paper, which you can hold, file or distribute. Step 4: Since the question describes a printed report, it matches the definition of a hard copy. Step 5: Printing mode and program output file are not standard terms describing the physical form of output. Step 6: Display copy would describe something shown on the screen and is not a commonly used phrase in this context. Step 7: Therefore, the correct choice is hard copy. Verification / Alternative check: Computer fundamentals books typically include definitions such as: Soft copy is the output that is displayed on a monitor, while hard copy is the output that is printed on paper. Examples are often given in the form of printed invoices or examination mark sheets. This repeated explanation confirms that a printed report produced by a computer is called a hard copy. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Soft copy is explicitly associated with screen based output and does not involve printing. Printing mode describes a setting or process, not the finished output. Program output file is a file stored electronically, not a physical document. Display copy suggests visible output but is not standard terminology. As a result, these options do not correctly name a printed report. Common Pitfalls: Learners sometimes mix up soft copy and hard copy because both come from the same data. To avoid confusion, focus on the medium: if you can physically hold it, it is hard copy; if you can only see it on a screen, it is soft copy. This simple rule works well for exam questions and practical situations. Final Answer: A report printed by a computer on paper is called a hard copy.

Question 10

In Microsoft Word, the keyboard shortcut CTRL + ] is commonly used for which formatting action on the selected text?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Microsoft Word offers many keyboard shortcuts to speed up text formatting. One such shortcut involves the right bracket key together with the Control key. Knowing what these shortcuts do can save time when adjusting font sizes during document editing and is often tested in basic computer skills examinations. Given Data / Assumptions: The question is about the keyboard combination CTRL + ] in Microsoft Word. We are asked which formatting action it performs. Options mention redo, right alignment, increasing font size, toggling the ribbon and inserting a character. We assume a default Word configuration without custom shortcuts. Concept / Approach: In Word, CTRL + ] increases the font size of the selected text by a small step, typically one point. The related shortcut CTRL + [ decreases the font size by one point. Other shortcuts handle redo, text alignment and ribbon toggling. Therefore, we need to identify the option that describes a small increase in font size. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that CTRL + Z is used for undo and CTRL + Y or CTRL + F4 combinations are often used for redo, not CTRL + ]. Step 2: Right alignment of text is usually done with CTRL + R or with the alignment buttons on the Home tab, not with CTRL + ]. Step 3: The combination CTRL + ] is documented in Word as a shortcut to increase the font size of the selected text by one point. Step 4: The opposite shortcut CTRL + [ reduces the font size by one point, confirming that these bracket keys adjust size rather than alignment or other features. Step 5: Expanding or collapsing the ribbon is typically done by clicking the ribbon display options or by shortcuts involving CTRL + F1, not CTRL + ]. Step 6: Inserting a right bracket character is done by simply pressing ], without holding the Control key. Step 7: Therefore, the correct description of CTRL + ] is that it increases the font size slightly. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify the shortcut by selecting some text in Word and repeatedly pressing CTRL + ]. Each press increases the numeric font size visible in the Font box by one point. Performing the opposite shortcut CTRL + [ will decrease the size. This direct experiment confirms that CTRL + ] is linked to font size adjustment and not to redo, alignment or ribbon control. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Redo is normally associated with CTRL + Y or CTRL + Shift + Z. Right alignment uses CTRL + R. Ribbon expansion or collapse commonly uses CTRL + F1. The insertion of a right bracket does not involve the Control key. As a result, these options do not match the actual behaviour of CTRL + ] in Microsoft Word. Common Pitfalls: Users sometimes assume that bracket shortcuts have something to do with inserting characters, or they forget the difference between CTRL + ] and CTRL + }. To avoid confusion, remember the pair CTRL + [ and CTRL + ] as shrink text and grow text. Visualising brackets squeezing or expanding the text can help you recall that they change font size in small steps. Final Answer: In Microsoft Word, CTRL + ] is used to increase the font size of the selected text slightly.

Question 11

The statement "MS Word is an operating system" should be classified as correct or incorrect in basic computer terminology?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests whether you can distinguish between an operating system and application software. Many beginners confuse popular programs like MS Word with the operating system itself because they spend most of their time inside such applications. However, operating systems and applications play different roles in a computer system. Given Data / Assumptions: The statement under consideration is "MS Word is an operating system." We must classify it as correct or incorrect. Options include several variations, but only one reflects accurate computer terminology. We assume a basic knowledge of what operating systems and applications are. Concept / Approach: An operating system is system software that manages hardware resources and provides services for application programs. Examples include Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux distributions. MS Word, on the other hand, is an application program, specifically a word processor, which runs on top of an operating system. It does not directly perform core system management functions such as process scheduling, memory management or device control. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the category of MS Word. It is part of the Microsoft Office suite and is used to create and edit documents. Step 2: Recognise that users must first install and boot an operating system, such as Windows or macOS, before they can run MS Word. Step 3: By definition, this means that MS Word is application software, not an operating system. Step 4: Operating systems perform low level tasks like managing files, handling input and output devices and allocating memory to running programs, including MS Word. Step 5: The statement "MS Word is an operating system" therefore conflicts with standard definitions and must be classified as incorrect. Step 6: None of the suggested special cases, such as older computers or specific hardware, change the fundamental nature of MS Word as an application. Step 7: The only accurate option is to mark the statement as incorrect. Verification / Alternative check: If you look at a typical computer installation guide, you will see that the operating system is installed first. After the operating system is ready, users may install Microsoft Office, which contains MS Word. System settings, device drivers and user accounts are controlled through the operating system control panels, not through MS Word. These observations in everyday computer use confirm that MS Word depends on an operating system rather than being an operating system itself. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Options suggesting that the statement is correct in older computers, on specific platforms or when Word controls hardware directly are not supported by any standard configuration. MS Word has always been application software running on top of an operating system. At no point has it replaced Windows or macOS as the core system software. Thus, there is no situation in typical computing where the statement becomes correct. Common Pitfalls: New users often spend so much time inside MS Word that they think of it as the main program of the computer. To avoid this confusion, remember that without the operating system, you cannot even launch MS Word. A simple rule is that if a program is mainly for doing user tasks such as writing documents, browsing the web or editing photos, it is application software, not an operating system. Final Answer: The statement "MS Word is an operating system" is incorrect.

Question 12

In common desktop applications such as word processors, what is the primary purpose of the clipboard feature?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The clipboard is a fundamental concept in graphical user interfaces. It supports cut, copy and paste operations that users rely on when editing documents, spreadsheets and many other kinds of files. Understanding what the clipboard actually does helps explain how data moves between applications and why pasted content usually matches what was last copied or cut. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks what the clipboard is in the context of desktop applications. Options mention cache memory, user information storage, temporary storage for cut or copied items, temporary file saving and document security. We assume standard behaviour on systems such as Windows or macOS. Concept / Approach: The clipboard is an area of memory that holds data that has been cut or copied until it is pasted elsewhere or replaced. When a user selects text and chooses Cut or Copy, that selected data is placed on the clipboard. When the user selects Paste, the system takes the current contents of the clipboard and inserts them at the new location. The clipboard is not cache memory, not a permanent storage area and not a security feature. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Consider what happens during a copy operation. The user selects content and chooses Copy or presses CTRL + C. Step 2: The selected content is copied into a special temporary storage area known as the clipboard. Step 3: When the user chooses Paste or presses CTRL + V, the system inserts the data currently stored on the clipboard at the cursor location. Step 4: If the user copies something else, the old clipboard contents are usually replaced by the new data. Step 5: This pattern shows that the clipboard is used for temporary storage of cut or copied items. Step 6: Cache memory is a hardware feature used by the CPU to speed up access to frequently used data and is not the same as the clipboard. Step 7: Permanent user information storage is provided by files and databases, not by the clipboard, which is cleared regularly. Step 8: Temporary file saving and security features such as passwords are separate mechanisms and are not directly related to the clipboard. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify the clipboard behaviour by copying text from one application, such as a browser, and pasting it into another application, such as a word processor. The ability to transfer content between programs shows that the clipboard holds data in a generic format until you paste it. If you turn off the computer, the clipboard contents are typically lost, supporting the idea that it is temporary memory rather than permanent storage. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Cache memory operates at a much lower hardware level, storing copies of frequently accessed data for the CPU. User information storage implies a long term repository like a profile or database, which the clipboard is not. Temporary file saving is implemented through autosave or backup features, not through the clipboard. Document security relies on encryption or passwords. None of these accurately describe the clipboard's main purpose, which is to hold cut or copied items until they are pasted. Common Pitfalls: Some users think of the clipboard as a kind of invisible file, but unlike files, clipboard contents are usually lost when the system is shut down and can be overwritten quickly. To keep important data, users must paste it into a document and save that document. Remembering that the clipboard is a short lived transit area helps avoid losing copied information and clarifies its role in user interfaces. Final Answer: The clipboard is used to temporarily store items that have been cut or copied.

Question 13

In computer programming terminology, an error or defect in a program that causes it to behave unexpectedly is commonly called what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Software rarely works perfectly the first time it is written. Programming errors are very common, and there is a widely used informal term for such defects in code. Understanding this term is important because developers, testers and technical documentation all routinely refer to it when discussing problems in software. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks for the common term used for an error in a program. Options include power failure, crash, virus, bug and timeout. We assume general software development and troubleshooting contexts. Concept / Approach: A bug is the informal but widely accepted term for a fault, flaw or error in a computer program that leads to incorrect or unexpected behaviour. Power failure refers to a loss of electrical power, crash describes a program or system that stops working, virus is a type of malicious software and timeout is a situation where a process takes too long. None of these directly name the defect in the program code itself in the way that bug does. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the wording an error in a program, which points to a problem within the software code. Step 2: In software engineering, programmers and testers commonly say they are fixing bugs, meaning they are correcting errors in the code. Step 3: A power failure is external to the program and occurs when the computer loses electricity; it is not a programming error. Step 4: A crash describes the result of a serious problem where a program stops running, which can be caused by a bug but is not the name of the error itself. Step 5: A virus is malicious software that can infect programs or systems, not an ordinary programming mistake. Step 6: A timeout occurs when an operation takes longer than expected and is often a symptom rather than the root cause of a programming defect. Step 7: The simplest and most precise term for an error in a program is bug, so that is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Software development literature and defect tracking tools consistently use the word bug to describe issues in programs. Historical anecdotes attribute the term to early computing, including a famous story about a moth causing a hardware problem, although the word was used more broadly for technical faults even before that. Issue tracking systems, release notes and support forums all talk about bug reports and bug fixes, reinforcing that bug is the standard term. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Power failure is a hardware or infrastructure problem and can affect any running program, even if the code is perfect. A crash is an outcome, not the defect itself. A virus is a deliberate malicious program, not an accidental programmer mistake. Timeout refers to a condition where a response does not arrive in time, but it may or may not be caused by a code error. These terms describe conditions or external events, not the internal error in a program that the question is targeting. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse bugs with viruses because both cause programs to misbehave. To avoid this confusion, remember that a bug is an accidental mistake by the programmer, while a virus is intentionally created malicious code. Anti virus tools remove viruses; debuggers and testing fix bugs. Keeping these concepts separate makes questions about software errors easier to answer. Final Answer: An error or defect in a program is commonly called a bug.

Question 14

A computer system that is designed to process both analog signals and digital data is known as what type of computer?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computers can be classified based on the type of data they handle. Some computers work with continuous analog signals, some with discrete digital data and some combine both capabilities. Understanding these categories is important for computer awareness and for appreciating how computers are used in specialised applications such as scientific measurement and control systems. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks about a computer that processes both analog and digital information. Options include hybrid, mainframe, digital, analog and supercomputer. We assume standard definitions of analog, digital and hybrid computers. Concept / Approach: Analog computers work with continuously varying signals, such as voltage levels representing physical quantities like temperature or pressure. Digital computers process discrete data, using binary digits to represent information. A hybrid computer combines analog and digital components so that it can handle both kinds of data. Mainframe and supercomputer refer to size and power rather than to analog versus digital processing. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that the key phrase in the question is process both analog and digital. Step 2: Analog computers exclusively work with continuous signals and were historically used for simulation and control. Step 3: Digital computers, such as typical personal computers, work only with digital data represented in binary form. Step 4: A system that combines these capabilities, typically using analog components for measurement and digital components for logic and control, is called a hybrid computer. Step 5: Mainframe computers are large, powerful digital systems used for enterprise tasks but do not necessarily process analog signals. Step 6: Supercomputers are extremely powerful digital machines used for intensive calculations and simulations, again not defined by analog processing. Step 7: Therefore, the computer that processes both analog and digital data is correctly named a hybrid computer. Verification / Alternative check: Textbooks on computer classification often include a table listing analog, digital and hybrid computers. Under hybrid computers, they describe systems used in hospital intensive care units, scientific laboratories and industrial control, where sensors produce analog signals that must be converted to digital form for further processing. This mixed architecture is exactly what the term hybrid computer denotes. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Analog computer and digital computer only cover one side of the analog or digital spectrum. Mainframe and supercomputer describe capacity and performance but do not imply any analog capability. A mainframe can be purely digital, and a supercomputer is also a digital device. None of these names capture the combination of analog and digital that the question specifically mentions, so they are not correct choices. Common Pitfalls: Some learners see the word supercomputer and assume it is the best answer simply because it sounds advanced. To avoid this error, always match the technical definition in the question. Supercomputers are about speed and power, not about type of data. When you see both analog and digital in one question, think of hybrid as the term that combines the two categories. Final Answer: A computer that processes both analog signals and digital data is called a hybrid computer.

Question 15

Which computer scientist developed the high level programming language C, widely used for system software and application development?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The C programming language is one of the most influential high level languages in computer science. It has been used to implement operating systems, compilers, utilities and many other applications. Knowing who created C is a standard general knowledge question in computer awareness exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks who invented or developed the C language. Options include Dennis M. Ritchie, Donald Knuth, Niklaus Wirth, Seymour Papert and Bjarne Stroustrup. We assume familiarity with names of key computer scientists and their languages or contributions. Concept / Approach: Dennis M. Ritchie, working at Bell Labs in the early 1970s, designed and implemented the C programming language. C was closely tied to the development of the UNIX operating system. Donald Knuth is known for the TeX typesetting system and the multi volume work The Art of Computer Programming. Niklaus Wirth developed languages such as Pascal and Modula. Seymour Papert is known for the Logo language and educational computing. Bjarne Stroustrup created C Plus Plus, which extends C with object oriented features. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that C was created at Bell Labs in conjunction with the UNIX operating system project. Step 2: Dennis M. Ritchie led this effort and authored early references on the C language together with Brian Kernighan. Step 3: Donald Knuth contributed heavily to algorithms and TeX but is not associated with C. Step 4: Niklaus Wirth created Pascal, a language used widely in teaching, and later Modula and Oberon. Step 5: Seymour Papert promoted Logo, a language designed for children and educational use, rather than systems programming. Step 6: Bjarne Stroustrup built on C to create C Plus Plus, but the base language C already existed and was Ritchie's work. Step 7: Therefore, the correct answer is Dennis M. Ritchie. Verification / Alternative check: Historical summaries of programming language development and official documentation for C consistently credit Dennis M. Ritchie as the designer of C. The well known book "The C Programming Language" lists Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie as authors, further linking his name with the language. Biographical notes from Bell Labs mention his role in both UNIX and C, confirming his central contribution. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Donald Knuth, Niklaus Wirth, Seymour Papert and Bjarne Stroustrup are all important figures in computing, but each is associated with different languages or fields. Knuth with TeX and algorithm analysis, Wirth with Pascal and related languages, Papert with Logo and educational theory and Stroustrup with C Plus Plus. None of them originated the C language itself, which makes their names incorrect answers for this specific question. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse C and C Plus Plus and may incorrectly select Bjarne Stroustrup as the creator of C. To avoid this, remember that C came first and C Plus Plus extends it. Linking Ritchie with C and Stroustrup with C Plus Plus will help you answer questions about the history of these languages accurately. Final Answer: The C programming language was developed by Dennis M. Ritchie.

Question 16

In computer hardware terminology, main memory or primary memory is conceptually made up of what basic structure?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Main memory, often called primary memory or RAM, is where a computer stores data and instructions that are actively being used. Understanding the basic structure of memory helps beginners grasp how data is addressed and accessed at the hardware level. Many textbooks describe memory in terms of small units called cells. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks what memory is made up of in a conceptual sense. Options include a large number of cells, a set of wires, a set of circuits, a single register and a single tape. We assume the usual model where memory locations are individually addressable units. Concept / Approach: Conceptually, memory consists of many small storage locations called cells. Each cell can store a fixed number of bits, such as one byte, and has a unique address. When the CPU wants to read or write data, it specifies the address of the target cell. While wires and circuits are physically involved in building memory chips, the logical model emphasises a large set of cells rather than a single continuous device. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that memory is often illustrated as a table or array of locations, each with its own address. Step 2: Each location in this table can store a word or byte of data and is referred to as a memory cell. Step 3: As a result, the whole memory may be described as a large number of such cells arranged sequentially. Step 4: Wires are necessary to connect memory to the CPU, but they are part of the interconnect, not the storage concept itself. Step 5: A set of circuits is a vague description that does not convey the organized structure into addressable cells. Step 6: A single giant register would hold only one value, which does not match the multi location nature of main memory. Step 7: A single long magnetic tape describes secondary storage, not random access main memory. Step 8: Therefore, the best conceptual description is that memory is made up of a large number of cells. Verification / Alternative check: Diagrams in computer organization texts depict main memory as an array of cells labeled with addresses 0, 1, 2 and so on. Each cell is shown as capable of holding a fixed size data word. The CPU uses address lines to select a cell and data lines to read or write it. This consistent visual model reinforces the idea that memory is a collection of many individual cells rather than a single block of storage. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Describing memory only as a set of wires ignores the storage function and focuses only on connectivity. A generic set of circuits does not capture the organized, addressable structure. A single giant register would be unable to support multiple independent memory locations. A single magnetic tape describes sequential storage, which is characteristic of some secondary storage devices, not of random access main memory. These options do not match the standard conceptual description. Common Pitfalls: Students new to hardware may imagine memory as one big box without understanding that it is logically divided into many smaller units. To avoid this confusion, picture memory as a grid of numbered pigeonholes, with each pigeonhole representing a cell that can hold a small piece of data. This mental picture aligns well with the notion of memory being made up of a large number of cells. Final Answer: Computer memory is conceptually made up of a large number of memory cells.

Question 17

In the context of Windows Remote Desktop, which of the following statements is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Remote Desktop is a feature in Microsoft Windows that allows a user to connect to another computer and control it as if sitting in front of it. Several conditions must be met for Remote Desktop to work correctly, including proper firewall settings, user permissions and edition support. This question asks you to identify the statement that is not true among several plausible sounding descriptions. Given Data / Assumptions: We are dealing with Windows Remote Desktop functionality. Options describe firewall behaviour, the mstsc command, default user access, client support and network requirements. We assume a typical Windows environment with default security settings. Only one of the statements should be incorrect. Concept / Approach: In Windows, Remote Desktop must be allowed through Windows Firewall or any other firewall in use; otherwise, incoming connections will be blocked. The Remote Desktop client program is indeed launched using the mstsc command. Not all user accounts can connect by default; typically, only administrators or users in the Remote Desktop Users group are allowed. Any recent Windows client edition can usually run the Remote Desktop client, even if it cannot act as a host. A network connection between client and host is obviously required for any remote session. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Evaluate option a. It states that Windows Firewall can block Remote Desktop connections if not configured to allow them. This is true because firewalls can prevent incoming RDP traffic on the relevant port. Step 2: Evaluate option b. It claims that you can start the Remote Desktop client using the mstsc command. This is correct; mstsc.exe is the standard Remote Desktop Connection executable. Step 3: Evaluate option c. It says that by default all user accounts can access Remote Desktop without additional configuration. This is not true. Remote Desktop access is typically restricted to administrators and users explicitly added to the Remote Desktop Users group. Step 4: Evaluate option d. It states that the client can be running any edition of Windows 7. This is essentially true; even editions that cannot host a Remote Desktop session can run the client to connect to another machine. Step 5: Evaluate option e. It claims that Remote Desktop requires a network connection between client and host. This is obviously true, because without network connectivity, remote communication cannot occur. Step 6: Since option c is the only statement that conflicts with default security behaviour, it is the one that is not true. Verification / Alternative check: If you check the Remote Desktop settings in Windows, you will find a section that allows you to specify which users can connect. By default, only administrators have permission, and you must manually add other accounts. Documentation also shows that Remote Desktop uses specific ports and that Windows Firewall must be configured to permit those ports. The mstsc command is documented as the way to launch the Remote Desktop client. All of this confirms that option c is the incorrect statement. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Here we interpret wrong as incorrect choices for the question asking which statement is not true. Option a is factually correct, as firewalls can block RDP traffic. Option b correctly identifies mstsc as the Remote Desktop client command. Option d is correct because the client component is broadly available across Windows editions. Option e is also correct, because Remote Desktop cannot function without network connectivity. Only option c incorrectly claims that all user accounts have RDP access by default. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates may overthink option d and assume that only certain editions can use Remote Desktop at all. The important distinction is between hosting a session and running the client. Another common mistake is to underestimate default security restrictions and believe that any user can connect remotely. Remember that Remote Desktop is a powerful feature and is therefore limited to specific user groups for security reasons. Final Answer: The statement that is NOT true about Remote Desktop is: By default, all user accounts on a Windows computer can access Remote Desktop without any additional configuration.

Question 18

Online functional learning resources and training content on the internet are typically accessed through which type of gateway?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Many organisations and educational institutions deliver functional learning and training content online. These materials are often grouped together on websites that learners can log into. The common entry point for such online learning environments is a web portal that is accessed through a standard web browser. Given Data / Assumptions: The question is about online functional learning portals. We need to identify how such portals are accessed. Options mention web portals, interactive multimedia instruction, instructor facilitated training, a local network without internet and direct operating system access. We assume modern internet based e-learning systems. Concept / Approach: Online learning portals are websites or web applications that centralise access to courses, videos, quizzes and other learning resources. Users typically open a browser such as Chrome or Edge, navigate to a URL and log into a web portal with their credentials. Interactive multimedia instruction and instructor led sessions are forms of training delivery, not the technical access method. A dedicated network without internet access may host internal applications but does not describe how most online portals on the wider internet are reached. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the word online, which indicates that the resources are delivered over the internet. Step 2: Recognise that learners normally access online training through websites, which act as portals to different courses and modules. Step 3: These websites are examples of web portals, which are gateways to a collection of related resources. Step 4: Users reach such portals by using a web browser and entering a URL or following a link. Step 5: Interactive multimedia instruction describes a style of content that may be delivered through a web portal, but it is not itself the gateway. Step 6: Instructor facilitated new equipment training usually occurs physically in classrooms or labs, not as the primary method for accessing online portals. Step 7: A local area network without internet access cannot be used to reach most public online portals. Step 8: Direct access from the operating system without any application is not realistic because you at least need a browser or client program. Step 9: Therefore, the correct answer is that online portals are accessed through a web portal using a browser. Verification / Alternative check: Common learning management systems such as Moodle, Canvas and other training platforms are all accessed via a web interface. Users open a browser and log into a web portal where courses are listed. Even when mobile apps exist, they effectively connect to the same portal on the internet. This pattern confirms that web portals are the typical gateway for online functional learning content. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Interactive multimedia instruction describes the nature of the learning experience but not the access method. Instructor facilitated training is a delivery style, often offline. A local area network without internet access cannot serve as a path to internet based portals. Direct access from the operating system without applications is not accurate; at minimum, some client software such as a browser is needed. These options therefore do not correctly describe how online functional learning portals are accessed. Common Pitfalls: Some candidates may confuse content types or teaching methods with technical access methods. To avoid this, separate the questions how do I reach the portal from what learning methods does the portal use. For internet based learning, the answer to the first question is usually through a web portal accessed via a browser. Final Answer: Online functional learning portals are typically accessed through a web portal using a browser.

Question 19

The statement "Processing speed of a computer is measured in MIPS (Millions of Instructions Per Second)" is considered correct or incorrect in computer performance terminology?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Measuring the performance of a computer's central processing unit involves quantifying how many instructions it can execute in a given time. One traditional metric used in textbooks is MIPS, which stands for Millions of Instructions Per Second. This question tests whether you recognise MIPS as a valid measure of processing speed. Given Data / Assumptions: The statement under evaluation is "Processing speed of a computer is measured in MIPS." MIPS explicitly means Millions of Instructions Per Second. We must decide whether this statement is correct or incorrect in basic computer terminology. We assume general CPU performance evaluation, not specialised external devices. Concept / Approach: MIPS is a commonly cited unit for CPU performance and indicates how many million machine level instructions the processor can execute in one second. While modern performance analysis uses more sophisticated benchmarks, MIPS remains a valid traditional unit for expressing processing speed. It is not used to measure printer output or display quality, and it does not apply specifically to analog computers. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the definition of MIPS: Millions of Instructions Per Second. Step 2: This unit directly relates to how quickly a CPU can process instructions, which is a key part of processing speed. Step 3: Many computer architecture references list MIPS values for various processors as an approximate speed measure. Step 4: Therefore, the statement that processing speed is measured in MIPS is consistent with basic computer fundamentals. Step 5: Printers are measured using units such as pages per minute or dots per inch, not MIPS. Step 6: Dot matrix displays and analog computers use very different performance measures and are not the typical context for MIPS. Step 7: Thus, classifying the statement as correct is appropriate in the exam context. Verification / Alternative check: Older processor specifications and educational texts often include tables comparing CPU performance using MIPS ratings. They may state that one processor achieves, for example, 5 MIPS while another can reach 20 MIPS under certain conditions. These references explain that MIPS is a rough measure but still a recognised unit for CPU speed. This confirms that the statement in the question aligns with common terminology. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Saying the statement is incorrect would deny that MIPS is a valid measure, which conflicts with its long established use in computing literature. Options linking MIPS to printers, displays or analog computers are misleading because those devices use different metrics such as pages per minute, dots per inch or special analog performance measures. MIPS is specifically about instruction execution speed in digital processors. Common Pitfalls: Some students may confuse MIPS with other acronyms or emphasise more modern metrics like gigahertz. To avoid confusion, remember that clock speed in hertz measures cycles per second, while MIPS measures instructions per second. Although MIPS has limitations as a precise benchmark, it remains a correct and widely taught unit for describing processing speed in basic computer courses. Final Answer: The statement that processing speed of a computer is measured in MIPS is Correct.

Question 20

In printing technology, the output quality or resolution of a printer is most commonly measured in which unit?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Printer specifications usually list both how fast the printer can produce pages and how sharp or detailed the output is. Output quality refers to how finely the printer can place dots of ink or toner on the page. This quality is measured using a specific unit that relates dots to physical distance. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks about the unit used to measure printer output quality. Options include dots per line, dots per unit time, dots per inch, pages per minute and characters per second. We assume standard desktop or office printers, such as inkjet and laser printers. Concept / Approach: Resolution of printers and displays is commonly measured in dots per inch, abbreviated as DPI. This metric specifies how many individual dots can be placed within one inch of linear distance and directly affects how smooth images and text appear. Pages per minute and characters per second measure speed, not quality. Dots per line and dots per unit time are not the standard units used in printer marketing and documentation. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify that quality is linked to resolution, which is how fine the detail is on printed output. Step 2: Recognise that DPI or dots per inch is the industry standard way to express printer resolution. Step 3: A higher DPI means more dots placed in each inch, resulting in smoother curves, sharper text and better image detail. Step 4: Dots per line would only describe resolution in one dimension and is not how printers are usually specified. Step 5: Dots printed per unit time and pages per minute measure throughput or speed, not visual quality. Step 6: Characters per second is a legacy speed measure used for some older printers and terminals, again related to speed rather than resolution. Step 7: Therefore, the correct unit for printer output quality is dots per inch. Verification / Alternative check: If you review printer product descriptions or user manuals, you will see specifications such as 600 x 600 DPI or 1200 x 1200 DPI. These numbers indicate the horizontal and vertical resolution in dots per inch. Advertisements emphasise DPI as the number that determines how crisp photos and text will look. This widespread usage confirms that DPI is the right answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Dots per line could loosely describe part of the resolution but is not standard terminology. Dots printed per unit time and pages per minute describe how quickly the printer works, not the quality of each page. Characters per second is mostly associated with older impact printers and does not convey fine visual detail. None of these alternatives captures the idea of dots packed into a fixed physical distance as precisely as dots per inch does. Common Pitfalls: Candidates may confuse speed metrics with quality metrics because they often appear together in printer specifications. To avoid mistakes, remember that anything mentioning lines, pages or seconds is usually about speed, while DPI deals with how dense the printed dots are. When the question asks specifically about output quality, dots per inch should be the unit that comes to mind. Final Answer: The output quality of a printer is most commonly measured in dots per inch.

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