Question 1

In computer storage technology, a compact disc (CD) is an example of which type of data storage medium?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: A compact disc, commonly known as a CD, is one of the earliest and most popular forms of removable digital storage used for music, software distribution and data backup. This question checks whether you understand the basic category of storage technology to which a CD belongs. Knowing the difference between optical, magnetic, mechanical and other types of media is a core part of computer fundamentals and appears frequently in general knowledge and computer awareness exams. Given Data / Assumptions: We are talking specifically about a compact disc (CD) used to store digital data, audio or software. The question asks for the type of data storage medium that a CD represents. Options mention optical, mechanical, electrical, magnetic and electrochemical storage categories. We assume standard definitions of these storage types from computer hardware basics. Concept / Approach: A compact disc stores data using tiny pits and lands on its surface that are read by a laser beam. The laser light is reflected differently by pits and lands, and a sensor converts these differences into digital bits. Because a laser and light reflection are used for reading and sometimes writing data, a CD is called an optical storage medium. In contrast, magnetic storage uses magnetised surfaces, mechanical storage uses physical movement or punched cards, and semiconductor storage relies on electronic charges in chips. CDs clearly fit the optical category, not the magnetic or purely mechanical categories. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall how a CD drive works, using a laser to scan the surface of the disc. Step 2: Identify that the data is encoded as patterns on the disc that are detected based on reflected light. Step 3: Recognise that storage devices using light and lasers are known as optical storage media. Step 4: Compare this with magnetic storage such as hard disks and tapes, which use magnetised particles rather than light. Step 5: Select optical storage medium as the correct category for a compact disc. Verification / Alternative check: Computer hardware textbooks group CDs, DVDs and Blu ray discs together as optical media because they all use laser light for reading and writing. They contrast this group with magnetic media such as hard disks and floppy disks, and with solid state storage like USB flash drives and SSDs. Specifications for CD drives also mention laser wavelength and optical reading mechanisms. These consistent descriptions confirm that a compact disc is an optical storage medium, not a magnetic or purely mechanical device, so the optical option is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Mechanical storage device: While a CD spins mechanically, the actual data reading is optical, not purely mechanical storage like old punched cards. Electrical semiconductor storage: Describes solid state memory chips such as RAM or flash drives, not discs read by lasers. Magnetic storage medium: Used for hard disks and tapes that rely on magnetised coatings, not for CDs. Electrochemical storage device: More related to batteries and energy storage, not to digital data discs. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse CDs with hard disks because both are round and spin during operation. This can lead them to choose magnetic storage by mistake. To avoid this, remember that CDs, DVDs and Blu ray discs are always read using lasers and are therefore optical media. Hard disks and tapes, which are sealed and never directly visible while operating, use magnetic technology. Keeping these groups separate in your mind will help you quickly answer similar exam questions about storage types. Final Answer: A compact disc (CD) is a data storage medium of the type Optical storage medium.

Question 2

In the historical classification of computer generations, artificial intelligence (AI) is most closely associated with which computer generation?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In many computer awareness syllabi, the evolution of computers is described in terms of generations, from first to fifth and beyond. Each generation is associated with specific hardware technologies and key concepts. The fifth generation is commonly linked with artificial intelligence, knowledge based systems and advanced parallel processing. This question checks whether you can match AI with its traditional computer generation in standard exam oriented classification schemes. Given Data / Assumptions: The topic is the generational classification of computers. The question asks with which generation artificial intelligence is associated. Options list third, fourth, fifth, sixth and second generation computers. We assume the conventional textbook model used in competitive exams. Concept / Approach: The traditional five generation model links each era to major technological changes. The first generation used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors, the third used integrated circuits, and the fourth moved to very large and ultra large scale integration with microprocessors and personal computers. The fifth generation, as envisioned in many textbooks and projects such as the Japanese fifth generation program, emphasised artificial intelligence, natural language processing and expert systems. Therefore, when exam questions ask which generation is associated with AI, the expected answer is the fifth generation of computers. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the standard generation mapping: vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits and microprocessors for the first four generations. Step 2: Remember that the fifth generation was proposed to focus on artificial intelligence and knowledge based processing. Step 3: Note that AI is not typically linked with third or second generation machines, which were largely batch processing and mainframe systems. Step 4: Observe that sixth generation terminology is not standard in many exam syllabi, which stop at the fifth generation. Step 5: Choose fifth generation of computers as the correct option associated with artificial intelligence in this context. Verification / Alternative check: Most computer fundamentals textbooks include a table summarising each computer generation. In that table, the fifth generation is labelled with characteristics such as AI, parallel processing, very high level languages and knowledge based systems. The same books discuss the Japanese fifth generation computer systems project, whose goal was to build intelligent machines. In contrast, earlier generations are described primarily in terms of hardware components like vacuum tubes, transistors and integrated circuits. This consistent emphasis on AI in connection with the fifth generation confirms that it is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Third generation of computers: Associated with integrated circuits, multi programming and smaller mainframes, not primarily with AI. Fourth generation of computers: Known for microprocessors and personal computers, not for AI as the main generational feature. Sixth generation of computers: Not a standard term in many exam oriented classifications, and AI was already associated with the fifth generation. Second generation of computers: Based on transistors and simple batch processing systems, long before modern AI research matured. Common Pitfalls: Because AI is now used across many platforms, including modern personal computers and cloud systems, some learners incorrectly link it with the fourth or a hypothetical sixth generation. Exam questions, however, usually follow the classical five generation model and place AI in the fifth generation. To avoid confusion, memorise a simple sequence: vacuum tube, transistor, IC, microprocessor, AI and knowledge based systems. When you see artificial intelligence in a generation question, fifth generation should be your immediate association. Final Answer: Artificial intelligence in the classical computer generation model is associated with the Fifth generation of computers.

Question 3

In a traditional hard disk drive (HDD), the rotating disk platters are coated on both sides with which material to store data?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question explores how traditional hard disk drives store data. Inside an HDD, one or more platters spin at high speed while read write heads move just above their surfaces. The way data is stored on these platters depends on a special coating that can be magnetised in tiny regions. Understanding this coating helps you see why hard disks are classified as magnetic storage devices and distinguishes them from optical or solid state alternatives. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on hard disk drives used as secondary storage in computers. The question asks what material coats the platters on both sides. Options mention carbon, magnetic metallic oxide, optical metallic oxide, plain aluminium and silicon. We assume a conventional HDD design with metallic platters and magnetic surfaces. Concept / Approach: Hard disk platters are usually made from aluminium or glass substrates. To store data, these substrates are coated with a very thin layer of magnetic metallic oxide or other magnetic alloy. The read write heads magnetise small regions of this coating in different directions to represent bits of data. A thin carbon layer may also be added on top for protection, but the actual data storage happens in the magnetic layer. Optical metallic oxides are used on CDs and DVDs read by lasers, and silicon is used in solid state chips, not on HDD platters. Therefore, the correct answer is that hard disk platters are coated on both sides with magnetic metallic oxide. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that hard disks are classified as magnetic storage devices. Step 2: Understand that data is stored by magnetising regions on the surface of the platters. Step 3: Recognise that such magnetisation requires a magnetic material, typically a metallic oxide coating. Step 4: Compare this with CDs and DVDs, where data is read optically by lasers from an optical metallic coating. Step 5: Choose magnetic metallic oxide coating as the material used on both sides of hard disk platters. Verification / Alternative check: Hardware references and manufacturing descriptions of HDDs consistently state that platters are coated with magnetic materials such as cobalt based alloys or magnetic oxides. These materials allow precise magnetisation and demagnetisation for reliable data storage. They are applied as thin films on both sides of the platter to maximise capacity. Additional layers, such as carbon overcoats and lubricants, protect the magnetic layer but do not change the fact that data is stored magnetically. This confirms that the key functional coating is magnetic metallic oxide and not purely carbon, optical coatings or semiconductor silicon. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A thin carbon protective layer only: Carbon overcoats exist but serve as protection, not as the main data storing layer. Optical metallic oxide used for lasers: Used on optical discs like CDs and DVDs, not on magnetic hard disk platters. Plain aluminium without any coating: Aluminium can form the substrate, but without magnetic coating it cannot store magnetic data. Silicon semiconductor material: This is used in chips and SSDs, not as the coating on HDD platters. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes mix up details of optical and magnetic storage, especially when both involve thin coatings on discs. A simple rule is that if a laser is used to read the disc, the technology is optical, and if magnetic heads are used, the technology is magnetic. Hard disks use read write heads and rotating platters in a sealed enclosure, so the data storing layer must be magnetic. Remembering that a hard disk is a magnetic device helps you quickly select magnetic metallic oxide as the correct coating when this question appears in exams. Final Answer: In a hard disk drive, the platters are coated on both sides with a Magnetic metallic oxide coating to store data.

Question 4

In software testing and quality assurance, code coverage is primarily used as a measure of what aspect of the testing process?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Code coverage is a widely used metric in software testing that tells you how much of your source code is executed when automated or manual tests run. This question checks whether you know what code coverage actually measures in the context of test quality. Understanding this helps testers, developers and managers interpret coverage reports correctly and avoid confusing them with other metrics like defect counts or time spent testing. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on software testing and quality assurance. The question asks what code coverage is used to measure. Options mention trends analysis, testing time, defects, test effectiveness and network performance. We assume a basic familiarity with unit testing and automated test tools. Concept / Approach: Code coverage measures the proportion of source code that is executed when tests run. Different types of coverage (such as statement coverage, branch coverage or condition coverage) give more detailed views, but the core idea is the same: how much of the code has been exercised by tests. Higher coverage suggests that more parts of the code have been tested, which often indicates better test effectiveness, although coverage alone does not guarantee defect free software. It does not directly measure time spent testing, number of defects or management trends. Therefore, code coverage is primarily used as a measure of how effective the test suite is in exercising the code base. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that code coverage tools highlight which lines or branches of code are executed during test runs. Step 2: Understand that coverage is usually expressed as a percentage of total executable code that has been run by tests. Step 3: Connect this percentage to the idea of test effectiveness, meaning how thoroughly tests explore the code. Step 4: Note that code coverage does not tell you how long testing took or how many defects were found. Step 5: Select test effectiveness in exercising the code base as the correct description of what code coverage measures. Verification / Alternative check: Testing standards and guides describe code coverage as a structural coverage metric, used to evaluate the thoroughness of testing with respect to the internal structure of the software. They recommend using coverage to identify untested parts of the code and to improve test design. These sources do not treat coverage as a direct measure of defect density or test duration. Instead, coverage is seen as one of several indicators of how effective the testing effort has been at executing different code paths. This confirms that the most appropriate choice is test effectiveness rather than trends, time or defects. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Trends analysis in project management reports: Managers may track coverage trends, but coverage itself measures executed code, not business trends. Time spent executing test cases: Coverage does not record time; short tests can achieve high coverage and long tests can have low coverage. Number of defects already reported: Defect counts come from bug tracking systems, not from coverage tools. Network performance during load testing: Network metrics are measured by different tools and are unrelated to code coverage percentages. Common Pitfalls: A common misconception is to treat high code coverage as proof that software is free from defects. Coverage measures only whether code was executed, not whether the assertions in tests were correct or whether all edge cases were checked. Another pitfall is confusing coverage with test effort in hours. A small but well designed test suite can cover critical code paths efficiently, while large but poorly designed tests may still leave gaps. To interpret exam questions accurately, remember that code coverage is about structural test effectiveness in exercising code, not about time, defect counts or network performance. Final Answer: In software testing, code coverage is primarily used as a measure of Test effectiveness in exercising the code base.

Question 5

In computer networks and security, a firewall is primarily used to protect a system or network against which type of threat?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Firewalls are a fundamental part of network security architecture. They act as gatekeepers between trusted internal networks and untrusted external networks such as the internet. This question checks whether you know the primary purpose of a firewall and can distinguish it from the roles of antivirus software, physical safety systems and other protective tools. Correctly identifying what a firewall does is essential for basic computer security awareness. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on firewalls in the context of computer and network security. The question asks what firewalls protect against. Options mention virus attacks, unauthorized access, physical fire, power problems and paper jams. We assume a standard firewall that filters network traffic based on rules and policies. Concept / Approach: A firewall monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predefined security rules. Its main purpose is to prevent unauthorized access to or from a private network. It can block suspicious traffic, restrict ports and protocols and enforce access control policies at the network perimeter or on individual hosts. Although some firewalls can help reduce exposure to certain malware by blocking malicious traffic, dedicated antivirus software is the main tool for scanning and removing viruses from files. Firewalls do not protect against physical fire, power failures or mechanical issues like paper jams. Therefore, the correct answer is that firewalls are used to protect against unauthorized access from untrusted networks. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that a firewall sits between networks and filters traffic using rules. Step 2: Understand that its key function is to allow legitimate, authorized connections while blocking unauthorized or suspicious ones. Step 3: Recognise that virus scanning involves examining files and processes, which is typically done by antivirus software, not the firewall alone. Step 4: Notice that physical fire, power surges and paper jams are hardware or facility issues handled by other safety systems. Step 5: Select unauthorized access from untrusted networks as the primary threat that firewalls are designed to control. Verification / Alternative check: Network security guides and certification material describe firewalls as access control devices that enforce security policies on network boundaries. Definitions emphasise filtering packets, blocking unwanted connections and establishing demilitarised zones to protect internal systems from external attackers. While some next generation firewalls integrate additional features like intrusion prevention, their core role remains controlling who and what can access systems across the network. None of these references describe firewalls as devices that directly extinguish physical fires or fix paper jams. This confirms that unauthorized access is the correct focus of firewall protection in exam style questions. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Virus attacks inside individual files only: Firewalls may block some malicious traffic, but antivirus software is the main defence against viruses within files. Physical fire and heat damage to hardware: Handled by fire alarms and extinguishers, not by network firewalls. Power failure and electrical surges: Managed by UPS systems and surge protectors, not by software or hardware firewalls. Printer paper jams in an office: A mechanical issue completely unrelated to network traffic or firewalls. Common Pitfalls: Because the word firewall sounds similar to physical fire protection, some learners mistakenly assume that it has something to do with preventing real fire. Others think that any security problem, including viruses, is handled by the firewall. To avoid these errors, remember that a firewall deals with network traffic, not with files already on a computer or with the physical environment. When exam options mix several types of threats, choose the one that best matches network access control, which is unauthorized access from untrusted networks. Final Answer: Firewalls are primarily used to protect systems and networks against Unauthorized access from untrusted networks.

Question 6

On classic IBM compatible PCs, which hardware interrupt request (IRQ) line is commonly used by the system timer to generate regular clock ticks?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Older IBM compatible PCs used a fixed set of interrupt request lines, called IRQs, to allow hardware devices to signal the CPU. Each important device was assigned a specific IRQ number. The system timer is a fundamental device that generates periodic clock ticks so that the operating system can manage time slices, scheduling and timekeeping. This question checks whether you remember which IRQ line the system timer uses in this classic architecture, a common fact in computer hardware general knowledge. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is classic PC hardware with a programmable interval timer. The question asks which IRQ line the system timer commonly uses. Options list IRQ 0, IRQ 1, IRQ 3, IRQ 4 and IRQ 7 with typical device associations. We assume the standard mapping used in many DOS era and early Windows systems. Concept / Approach: In traditional PC designs, the system timer is connected to IRQ 0. This timer generates regular interrupts, often around 18.2 times per second in very old systems, allowing the operating system to update the system clock and manage multitasking. IRQ 1 is normally assigned to the keyboard, IRQ 3 and IRQ 4 are used for serial ports COM2 and COM1, and IRQ 7 is often associated with the first parallel printer port. Therefore, when the question asks which IRQ the system timer uses, the correct answer is IRQ 0, the dedicated timer interrupt line. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall the classic IRQ assignments: IRQ 0 for the system timer, IRQ 1 for the keyboard and so on. Step 2: Focus on the device mentioned in the question, which is the system timer. Step 3: Match the system timer with IRQ 0 based on standard PC hardware documentation. Step 4: Verify that IRQ 1, IRQ 3, IRQ 4 and IRQ 7 have different typical uses such as keyboard, serial ports and printer. Step 5: Choose IRQ 0 (system timer interrupt) as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: PC hardware reference tables list standard IRQ assignments. In those tables, IRQ 0 is consistently labelled system timer, IRQ 1 is keyboard, IRQ 3 and IRQ 4 are used by COM ports, and IRQ 7 is associated with LPT1, the first printer port. Numerous training materials and A plus style certification courses teach these mappings as facts to memorise. This stable and widely documented mapping confirms that the system timer uses IRQ 0, not any of the other listed options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: IRQ 1 (keyboard interrupt): Reserved for the keyboard controller, not for the system timer. IRQ 3 (serial port interrupt): Typically used by the COM2 serial port rather than by the timer. IRQ 4 (serial port interrupt): Usually assigned to the COM1 serial port, not to the system timer. IRQ 7 (printer interrupt): Commonly associated with the first parallel printer port (LPT1). Common Pitfalls: Because many devices and IRQ numbers must be memorised, students sometimes mix up which device uses which line. A useful mnemonic is to associate zero with the fundamental timer that drives everything, making IRQ 0 easy to remember as the system time keeper. Keyboard events then become the next priority on IRQ 1. By keeping the most important devices at the lowest numbers in your mind, you can quickly recall that the system timer belongs to IRQ 0, and avoid confusing it with keyboard or serial port interrupts in exam questions. Final Answer: On classic PCs, the system timer commonly uses IRQ 0 (system timer interrupt) to generate regular clock ticks.

Question 7

In basic computer classification, the two broad categories of software that describe almost all computer programs are which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Software is the collection of programs that tell the computer what to do. In introductory computer courses, all software is usually divided into two main categories that help learners understand different roles and levels in a system. This question asks you to identify those two broad categories. Knowing this classification helps you differentiate between programs that manage the computer itself and programs that help users perform specific tasks such as word processing or browsing the web. Given Data / Assumptions: The topic is the classification of software. The question asks for the two broad categories that describe almost all software. Options mention combinations such as drivers and Microsoft Office, application and spreadsheets, system and application and others. We assume the standard definitions used in computer fundamentals textbooks. Concept / Approach: All software is commonly grouped into system software and application software. System software includes operating systems, device drivers, utility programs and other components that manage hardware resources and provide a platform for applications. Application software includes programs designed for specific user tasks, such as word processors, spreadsheets, web browsers and media players. While drivers, utilities and firmware are important, they are generally considered subcategories within system software. Therefore, the best answer is the pair system software and application software, which covers the entire software landscape at a high level. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that system software manages the computer hardware and serves as a foundation for other programs. Step 2: Remember that application software helps users perform specific tasks like writing documents or editing photos. Step 3: Recognise that these two categories together cover both the platform and the user facing programs. Step 4: Check the options for the pair that explicitly mentions system and application software. Step 5: Select system software and application software as the correct broad classification. Verification / Alternative check: Computer fundamentals books almost always include a section titled types of software or classification of software, and these sections define two main types: system software and application software. They provide examples such as Windows, Linux or device drivers under system software, and MS Word, spreadsheets, browsers and games under application software. Drivers, utilities and firmware are discussed as part of system software rather than as separate main categories. This consistent treatment across multiple sources confirms that system and application software are the two broad categories referenced in exam questions. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Drivers and Microsoft Office programs: Drivers are system software and Microsoft Office is application software, but together they do not form the complete classification. Application software and spreadsheet templates only: Spreadsheets are just one type of application, not a separate major category. Utility programs and system hardware: Utility programs are part of system software, and hardware is not software at all. Firmware and anti virus tools only: Firmware is low level system software and antivirus belongs to security applications, but this pair does not represent all software types. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes mistake examples of software for full categories. For instance, they may see Microsoft Office and think it must represent one large group, or they may think drivers are separate from system software. To avoid confusion, always start from the highest level: system software includes the operating system, drivers and utilities, while application software includes everything built on top for user tasks. When a question asks for two broad categories of software, the correct and complete pair is system software and application software. Final Answer: The two broad categories that describe almost all computer programs are System software and application software.

Question 8

On the World Wide Web, search engines that do not maintain their own index but instead search the results of several other search engines are called what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The internet contains many search engines, each with its own index of web pages. Some special services do not crawl the web themselves but instead send a user query to multiple search engines and combine the results. These services have a specific name that reflects the fact that they work on top of other search engines. This question tests whether you know what such search tools are called in basic internet terminology and computer general knowledge. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on search engines that search other search engines. These tools typically do not build their own independent index. Options include megasearch, metasearch, betasearch, gigasearch and hypersearch engines. We assume standard naming conventions used in internet technology books. Concept / Approach: A metasearch engine is a search tool that sends user queries to multiple underlying search engines and then aggregates, filters or ranks the combined results. Instead of crawling and indexing websites themselves, metasearch engines rely on the indexes maintained by other search services. Prefix meta suggests a layer above or about something else, which fits the idea of a search engine built on top of other search engines. Terms like megasearch or gigasearch sound similar but are not the accepted technical name. Therefore, search engines that search other search engines are called metasearch engines. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the description that the search engine searches other search engines, not the web directly. Step 2: Recall that meta generally means about or beyond, implying a higher level tool. Step 3: Connect this idea with the term metasearch engine, which is commonly used in internet literature. Step 4: Observe that megasearch, betasearch and gigasearch are not standard names found in textbooks. Step 5: Select metasearch engines as the correct term for search engines that search other search engines. Verification / Alternative check: Internet technology references define a metasearch engine as an engine that forwards user queries to several other search engines and merges the responses. Examples given in articles and tutorials often include real services that act as metasearch tools. The term megasearch is sometimes used informally in marketing but is not the standard technical label. Betasearch and gigasearch are rarely, if ever, used as formal categories in serious materials. This clear usage pattern confirms that metasearch engine is the correct answer when exam questions describe search engines that search other search engines. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Megasearch engines: Not a standard technical term for engines that query multiple search engines. Betasearch engines: Beta usually refers to test versions of software, not to this kind of search tool. Gigasearch engines: It sounds large in size but has no specific meaning in search technology. Hypersearch engines: Hyper refers to links or speed but is not the recognised name for multi engine search tools. Common Pitfalls: Because the prefix mega suggests something big, some learners may think megasearch engine must be correct when a question describes a powerful search tool. However, exam questions typically expect the established term metasearch engine, which reflects the meta or above nature of the service. To avoid confusion, remember that meta appears in words like metadata and metaprogramming, where it means about other data or programs. In the same way, a metasearch engine is a search engine about other search engines, confirming that metasearch is the right choice. Final Answer: Search engines that search the results of other search engines are called Metasearch engines.

Question 9

In a typical computer system, cache memory is a small, high speed memory that acts as an intermediate buffer between which two main components?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Cache memory is an important concept in computer architecture that significantly improves system performance. It is a small but very fast memory designed to bridge the speed gap between the processor and main memory. This question checks whether you understand where cache is logically placed in the memory hierarchy and which components it connects. Recognising the role of cache will help you answer many questions about performance, CPU design and memory systems. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on cache memory in a computer system. The question asks between which two components cache memory acts. Options mention CPU and hard disk, RAM and ROM, CPU and RAM and other unrelated pairs. We assume a standard architecture where cache sits near the CPU. Concept / Approach: Cache memory is a small, high speed memory located close to or inside the CPU. Its main purpose is to store copies of frequently accessed data from main memory (RAM), so that the processor can access this data more quickly. This means cache acts as a buffer between the very fast CPU and the slower main memory. When the CPU needs data, it first checks the cache; if the data is present, the access is much faster than going to RAM. While there are also disk caches, the term cache memory in basic computer architecture almost always refers to cache between CPU and RAM. Therefore, the correct answer is that cache memory acts between the CPU and main memory (RAM). Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the CPU can execute instructions much faster than main memory can typically supply data. Step 2: Understand that cache memory is introduced to reduce this speed mismatch by holding recently used data close to the CPU. Step 3: Recognise that this position makes cache an intermediate layer between the CPU and RAM. Step 4: Compare this with the relationship between CPU and hard disk, where virtual memory and disk caches play a different, slower role. Step 5: Choose the option that explicitly states CPU and main memory (RAM) as the two components between which cache memory acts. Verification / Alternative check: Computer architecture diagrams show the CPU connected to one or more levels of cache (L1, L2, sometimes L3), which are then connected to main memory. Hard disk drives are shown further away, connected through controllers and buses. Textbooks explicitly state that cache is used to speed up access to main memory by the processor. They may also mention separate disk caching, but that is considered part of storage subsystems, not the central cache memory discussed in basic theory. This repeated description confirms that cache memory sits between the CPU and RAM and acts as a buffer between them. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Central Processing Unit (CPU) and hard disk drive: There may be disk caching, but cache memory in CPU design normally refers to a buffer between CPU and RAM, not CPU and disk. Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM): ROM is not typically connected through cache, and this pair does not describe the main function of cache. Keyboard and monitor: These are input and output devices and have nothing to do with cache memory placement. Network interface card and router: Network buffering is different from CPU cache; cache memory by this name does not sit between these components. Common Pitfalls: Because the term cache is sometimes used loosely for different speed up mechanisms (like web browser cache or disk cache), learners may wrongly associate cache memory directly with hard disks. To avoid this, link the phrase cache memory in exam questions to the CPU and RAM hierarchy. Remember that cache memory in architecture is about making main memory accesses faster for the processor, not about storage devices like hard disks. With this mental picture, you can confidently choose CPU and RAM whenever the question refers to where cache memory acts in the system. Final Answer: Cache memory acts as a high speed buffer between the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and main memory (RAM).

Question 10

In the processor of a computer system, which important circuitry performs arithmetic calculations and logical comparisons on data for the CPU?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Inside the central processing unit of a computer, several logical components work together to execute instructions. One of these components is responsible for performing arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction, as well as logical operations such as comparisons and Boolean logic. This question asks you to identify that specific circuitry. Recognising the role of the Arithmetic Logic Unit helps you understand how the CPU actually processes data at a low level. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on the key circuitry inside the processor that operates on data. The question mentions arithmetic calculations and logical comparisons as its main functions. Options list memory, address bus, accumulator, Arithmetic Logic Unit and an input output controller. We assume a standard CPU model with separate units for control, arithmetic logic and storage. Concept / Approach: The Arithmetic Logic Unit, usually abbreviated as ALU, is the part of the CPU that performs arithmetic operations (such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) and logical operations (such as AND, OR, NOT and comparisons). When the control unit decodes an instruction that requires computation, it sends the necessary data and operation code to the ALU. The ALU then processes the data and returns the result, often storing it in registers such as the accumulator. Memory stores data and instructions, the address bus carries addresses and the input output controller manages communication with external devices. None of these perform the full range of arithmetic and logical operations like the ALU does. Therefore, the correct answer is Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the tasks mentioned in the question: arithmetic calculations and logical comparisons. Step 2: Recall that the ALU is named for exactly these two functions, arithmetic and logic. Step 3: Remember that the control unit coordinates operations, but it does not carry out the arithmetic itself. Step 4: Note that memory and buses simply store and transfer information; they do not compute on the data. Step 5: Select Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) as the circuitry that performs the required operations for the CPU. Verification / Alternative check: Computer organisation textbooks present block diagrams of the CPU showing the ALU as a separate block connected to registers and the control unit. They describe how arithmetic and logical instructions are implemented by the ALU. Examples include adding two numbers in registers, comparing values to set condition flags or performing bitwise operations. These books also explain that the accumulator is a special register that often holds intermediate results but does not itself perform computation. The address bus and input output controllers are responsible for data movement and communication, not for performing calculations. This confirms that the ALU is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Main memory unit: Stores data and instructions but does not perform arithmetic or logic on its own. Address bus circuitry: Carries memory addresses between the CPU and memory, serving as a communication path, not a computation unit. Accumulator register only: Holds intermediate results from operations but relies on the ALU to perform the actual arithmetic and logic. Input output controller: Manages data transfer to and from peripherals, not arithmetic or logical processing. Common Pitfalls: Some learners misunderstand the role of the accumulator and assume it is the main computing element because it often contains results. In reality, the accumulator is a storage register, and the ALU is the circuitry that manipulates the bits. Others may confuse the control unit with the ALU, thinking that directing operations also means performing them. A helpful way to remember is that the ALU does the math and logic, while the control unit acts like a manager telling the ALU and other parts what to do. With this picture in mind, you can confidently choose the Arithmetic Logic Unit whenever a question mentions arithmetic and logical operations inside the CPU. Final Answer: The important circuitry in the processor that performs arithmetic calculations and logical comparisons on data is the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU).

Question 11

In personal computer hardware, which one of the following is the main system board that holds the CPU, memory slots, expansion slots and key connectors?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Every personal computer contains a large printed circuit board that serves as the central backbone connecting all major components. This board provides sockets for the processor and memory, slots for expansion cards and connectors for storage devices and external ports. In everyday computer terminology, this main system board has a specific name that exam questions often ask you to recall. Knowing this term helps you talk accurately about upgrades, repairs and system components. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to the main system board of a computer. This board holds the CPU, RAM slots, expansion slots and connectors. Options include CPU, keyboard, microchip, motherboard and power supply unit. We assume a standard desktop or laptop PC architecture. Concept / Approach: The main system board of a computer is called the motherboard. It is a large printed circuit board containing the CPU socket, memory slots, chipset, expansion slots for graphics and other cards and connectors for power, storage and external ports. The CPU itself is a chip that plugs into the motherboard, not the board as a whole. The keyboard is an input device, and microchip is a generic term for any integrated circuit. The power supply unit converts mains electricity to low voltage power and connects to the motherboard but is not the system board itself. Therefore, the correct answer is motherboard, often referred to as the main system board. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Visualise the inside of a PC case and identify the large board to which most components are attached. Step 2: Recall that this board contains the CPU socket, memory slots and expansion slots for additional cards. Step 3: Remember that the standard name for this board is motherboard or mainboard. Step 4: Compare this with the CPU, which is only the central processing chip and not the entire board. Step 5: Select Motherboard (main system board) as the correct option that fits the description. Verification / Alternative check: Hardware manuals and PC building guides consistently refer to the main board inside a computer case as the motherboard. They show diagrams of the board with labels for RAM slots, chipset, CPU socket and power connectors. The CPU is shown as a separate component that is installed on the motherboard. The term microchip is used generically for integrated circuits of many types, not just for system boards. No reputable source calls the entire main system board a CPU, keyboard or power supply. This consistent usage confirms that motherboard is the correct answer in exam questions about the main system board. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the main processing chip, not the board that connects all components. Keyboard: An external input device used for typing, completely separate from the internal system board. Microchip: A generic term for integrated circuits; does not specifically refer to the large system board. Power supply unit: Converts AC power to DC and feeds the motherboard but is not the motherboard itself. Common Pitfalls: Some learners incorrectly say CPU when they mean the whole system unit or system board. This confusion is common in everyday speech but is incorrect in technical contexts. To avoid this, remember that the CPU is just one chip among many on the motherboard. The motherboard is the big board that everything else plugs into. When an exam question mentions the main system board or mainboard, always think of the motherboard as the correct technical term. Final Answer: The main system board of a computer is called the Motherboard (main system board).

Question 12

India's fastest and first multi petaflops supercomputer named Pratyush was unveiled at which Indian research institute?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Pratyush is an important milestone in India's supercomputing efforts, especially in the field of weather and climate research. It is described as one of India's fastest and first multi petaflops supercomputers dedicated to improving weather forecasting and climate modelling. This question tests your general awareness of major Indian scientific institutions and their achievements in high performance computing. Knowing where Pratyush was installed helps you connect supercomputing technology with real world applications in meteorology. Given Data / Assumptions: The supercomputer in question is named Pratyush. It is described as India's fastest and first multi petaflops supercomputer. The question asks at which institute Pratyush was unveiled or installed. Options include IISc Bengaluru, ISRO Bengaluru, Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology Pune, IIT New Delhi and C DAC Pune. Concept / Approach: Pratyush was deployed to support advanced weather modelling and climate research in India. For this purpose, it was installed at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology in Pune, which is a key centre for atmospheric and climate studies under the Ministry of Earth Sciences. While ISRO and IISc also conduct high level research and operate powerful computers, the specific multi petaflops supercomputer named Pratyush is associated with the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology. C DAC has developed other supercomputers, but the name Pratyush is tied to meteorology. Therefore, the correct answer is Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the field of application of Pratyush, which is weather and climate research rather than space missions or general engineering. Step 2: Recall that the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology in Pune specialises in atmospheric science and climate modelling. Step 3: Connect the need for high performance computing with the complex numerical models used in meteorology at this institute. Step 4: Compare this with the roles of IISc, ISRO and IITs, which have different primary missions even though they use supercomputers. Step 5: Choose Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune as the institution where Pratyush was unveiled. Verification / Alternative check: Press releases and news reports about the launch of Pratyush highlight that it was installed at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology in Pune to enhance India's weather forecasting capabilities. They mention that the system would support monsoon prediction and climate research through more detailed and frequent simulations. The Ministry of Earth Sciences is often cited as the coordinating body. These sources do not place Pratyush at IISc, ISRO or IITs, though those institutions may have their own computing resources. This confirms that IITM Pune is the correct location associated with Pratyush in general knowledge questions. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru: A leading research university with its own facilities, but Pratyush was not unveiled there. Indian Space Research Organisation, Bengaluru: Responsible for space missions and satellites, not the host of the Pratyush weather supercomputer. Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi: An engineering institute (IIT Delhi) that conducts research but is not the location of Pratyush. Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune: C DAC designs and develops supercomputers like PARAM, but Pratyush is specifically associated with IITM for meteorology. Common Pitfalls: Because C DAC is famous for building India's earlier supercomputers, some learners may assume every Indian supercomputer is located there. Others might select ISRO or IISc simply because they recognise those names. To avoid these mistakes, try to link each supercomputer name with its primary application domain. Pratyush is connected to weather and climate research, and the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology in Pune is India's main centre for such studies. Remembering that connection will help you quickly choose IITM Pune in exam questions about the location of Pratyush. Final Answer: India's fastest and first multi petaflops supercomputer Pratyush was unveiled at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune.

Question 13

In computer networking, when a network is overloaded with enormous data sent by many computers so that it cannot deliver data properly, this inability of the network is termed as what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computer networks are designed to carry data from one node to another efficiently. However, when too much traffic is injected into the network at the same time, the available capacity can be exceeded. As a result, packets are delayed, queues overflow and some data may be dropped. This situation, where the network cannot handle the offered load, has a specific name in networking theory and practice. This question checks whether you know that standard term, which appears often in data communications and networking exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The network is described as overloaded with enormous data from many computers. The network becomes unable to deliver data properly under this load. Options include access control, congestion, error propagation, deadlock and latency balancing. We assume the context of packet switched networks such as the internet or local area networks. Concept / Approach: When the traffic offered to a network exceeds its capacity to process and forward packets, buffering queues fill up and performance degrades. This state is known as congestion. Symptoms of congestion include high delays, packet loss and throughput collapse. Network protocols incorporate congestion control and congestion avoidance mechanisms to detect and relieve such conditions. Access control deals with who is allowed to use the network, error propagation describes the spread of errors and deadlock refers to processes waiting on each other in a circular dependency. None of these terms exactly describe the general overload condition. Therefore, the correct term for the inability of an overloaded network to deliver data is congestion. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the key phrase overloaded with enormous data that the network cannot deliver. Step 2: Recall that congestion is the technical term used when traffic load exceeds network capacity. Step 3: Connect this with knowledge of congestion control algorithms in protocols such as TCP. Step 4: Compare this condition with access control, which is about permissions, not overload. Step 5: Choose congestion as the term that best matches an overloaded, struggling network. Verification / Alternative check: Networking textbooks define congestion as the situation in which the number of packets sent to the network is greater than the network capacity, causing performance deterioration. They discuss congestion collapse, where increasing load can actually reduce useful throughput. Solutions such as congestion control, traffic shaping and quality of service are presented to prevent or mitigate congestion. Access control and deadlock are covered in different sections and do not describe the same phenomenon. This clearly supports congestion as the correct answer to the question about network overload. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Access control: Refers to controlling which users or devices are allowed to access the network or resources, not to overload conditions. Error propagation: Describes how errors spread through a system, but not the general overload of traffic. Deadlock: Involves processes waiting for each other in a circular chain, common in operating systems, not general network overload. Latency balancing: Not a standard term; latency refers to delay, but balancing is not the word used for overload. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse congestion with access control or error control because all appear in networking chapters. A simple way to remember the difference is to connect congestion with traffic jams on a road. Just as too many cars cause a traffic jam, too many packets cause network congestion. Access control is more like checking tickets at the entrance, and error control is like fixing broken messages. When a question describes a network overloaded with data and unable to deliver it, congestion is the right keyword to look for in the options. Final Answer: The inability of an overloaded network to deliver data properly is termed Congestion.

Question 14

In computer aided design and drafting, the abbreviation CAD commonly stands for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: CAD is a widely used acronym in engineering, architecture and design industries. It refers to software tools and systems that help professionals create precise drawings, models and plans. This question checks whether you know the correct expansion of CAD, which is a straightforward but frequently tested fact in computer and technical general knowledge sections. Recognising the full form is essential for understanding job descriptions, course titles and software names in design fields. Given Data / Assumptions: The abbreviation in question is CAD. The context is design and computer technology. Options provide several possible expansions, including Common, Computer, Complex and Communication Aided Design. We assume standard industry usage in engineering and architectural applications. Concept / Approach: CAD stands for Computer Aided Design. It refers to the use of computers and specialised software to assist in creating, modifying, analysing or optimising a design. CAD software allows engineers and designers to draw objects in two or three dimensions, check dimensions accurately and simulate how parts fit together. The word aided indicates that the computer assists the human designer, rather than replacing them entirely. Other phrases such as Common Aided Design or Communication Aided Design are not recognised technical expansions of CAD in this context. Therefore, Computer Aided Design is the correct full form. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall where you have seen the term CAD, such as in software like AutoCAD or in engineering course titles. Step 2: Connect CAD with the use of computers to create and edit design drawings. Step 3: Recognise that the phrase Computer Aided Design matches this activity exactly. Step 4: Review the options and identify Computer Aided Design as the only one that is commonly used in technical literature. Step 5: Select Computer Aided Design as the correct expansion of CAD. Verification / Alternative check: Engineering and architectural textbooks refer to CAD systems and explain that they stand for Computer Aided Design. They often discuss the advantages of CAD over manual drafting, such as ease of modification and higher precision. Course syllabi in mechanical and civil engineering list CAD alongside other computer aided technologies like CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing). In all these sources, CAD is always expanded as Computer Aided Design, and no alternative expansions are given. This strong and consistent usage confirms that Computer Aided Design is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Common Aided Design: Not a standard term in engineering or computer graphics. Complex Aided Design: Also not used in recognised technical contexts. Communication Aided Design: Could sound meaningful but is not the accepted expansion of CAD. Centralised Architecture Design: A phrase that may appear in other contexts but is not what CAD stands for. Common Pitfalls: Because the letter C can stand for many words, some learners guess expansions like Common or Complex, especially if they have not seen CAD in a design context. To avoid this, link CAD mentally with drafting and drawing, and remember that computers now aid designers in these tasks. Then the phrase Computer Aided Design should come to mind naturally. Once you fix this association, exam questions asking for the full form of CAD become easy marks. Final Answer: In design and drafting, CAD stands for Computer Aided Design.

Question 15

In operating systems and storage management, which process involves traversing the entire file system or memory, marking everything that can be accessed and then reclaiming what is not marked?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Many operating systems, programming languages and storage systems must deal with unused or unreachable data objects. To avoid running out of memory or disk space, they periodically identify which objects or blocks are still reachable and which can be safely reclaimed. One well known technique involves traversing all reachable references, marking them and then collecting what remains unmarked. This approach has a specific name that exam questions often highlight as part of memory management and storage theory. Given Data / Assumptions: The question describes traversing the entire file system or memory structure. During traversal, everything that can be accessed is marked. The implication is that unmarked objects or blocks can be reclaimed afterward. Options include index pointer, garbage collection, file system, stack pointer and access control listing. Concept / Approach: The described process corresponds to a mark and sweep style of garbage collection. In such algorithms, the system starts from root references, traverses all reachable objects and marks them. After this marking phase, a sweep phase examines the entire memory or storage space and reclaims any unmarked objects as garbage. This concept is widely used in automatic memory management for high level languages and in some storage systems for reclaiming unused blocks. Index pointers, file system mounting and stack pointers all refer to different operations that do not involve a global mark and reclaim process. Therefore, the correct term for this operation is garbage collection. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the key words traversing the entire system and marking everything that can be accessed. Step 2: Recall mark and sweep garbage collection, where all reachable objects are marked before reclaiming the rest. Step 3: Recognise that this process is central to garbage collectors in many programming language runtimes. Step 4: Compare this description with that of an index pointer, which is simply a reference to data, not a reclamation process. Step 5: Choose garbage collection as the option that matches the described traversal and marking behaviour. Verification / Alternative check: Operating systems and programming language texts describe garbage collection algorithms, especially mark and sweep, in which the system visits all nodes reachable from root references, marking them as live. After this, the collector scans the entire memory region and frees any unmarked objects. Some file systems and storage engines use similar techniques to reclaim space. The terms index pointer, stack pointer and access control list are discussed in other chapters and involve pointing to data or controlling permissions rather than traversing and reclaiming unused objects. This confirms that garbage collection is the correct label for the process in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Index pointer initialisation: Refers to setting pointers to the start of an index structure, not to global marking and reclamation. File system mounting: The process of attaching a file system to the operating system's directory tree, not scanning and marking all accessible items. Stack pointer adjustment: Occurs routinely as functions are called and return, but does not involve traversing the whole memory to mark reachable objects. Access control listing: Involves specifying permissions for users and groups, not reclaiming unused data. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may focus on the words file system and mistakenly think the answer must be file system itself. However, the key part of the statement is traversing and marking accessible entities, which points directly to garbage collection algorithms. To avoid confusion, link the phrase mark everything that can be accessed with the mark and sweep approach in garbage collection. Once you recognise that pattern, you can reliably choose garbage collection when an exam question describes traversal, marking and reclaiming unused objects. Final Answer: The process of traversing the entire structure, marking accessible items and reclaiming the rest is known as Garbage collection.

Question 16

In digital communication terminology, the abbreviation ISDN stands for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: ISDN is an important term from the evolution of digital telecommunication networks. It refers to a set of standards that integrate voice, data and other services over traditional telephone networks using digital signals. Although many newer technologies have since appeared, ISDN still features in networking and communication theory courses, and its full form is often asked as a direct question. Knowing the correct expansion helps you connect historical and modern communication systems. Given Data / Assumptions: The abbreviation under discussion is ISDN. The context is digital network and telecommunication services. Options provide several expansions, including International, Indian, Integrated and Internal Service Digital Network plus another variant. We assume standard usage as defined by telecommunication standards bodies. Concept / Approach: ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. The word integrated indicates that multiple services, such as voice, data and video, are combined over a single digital network. Services stresses that these include different types of communication services rather than just one. Digital refers to the use of digital signalling instead of older analogue methods, and network refers to the telecommunication infrastructure itself. Alternatives like International Service Digital Network or Indian Service Digital Network do not match official standards and are not used in technical literature. Therefore, the correct expansion is Integrated Services Digital Network. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that ISDN was introduced to carry voice and data together over telephone lines using digital technology. Step 2: Focus on the idea of integrating multiple services over one network. Step 3: Recognise that this meaning fits the phrase Integrated Services Digital Network exactly. Step 4: Check the options and ensure that the plural form services is included, matching standard terminology. Step 5: Select Integrated Services Digital Network as the correct full form of ISDN. Verification / Alternative check: Telecommunications standards documents and networking textbooks consistently expand ISDN as Integrated Services Digital Network. They explain how ISDN provides bearer services and supplementary services for voice and data over B channels and D channels. No authoritative source uses International Service Digital Network or Indian Service Digital Network as official meanings. Examination preparation guides for network certifications and competitive exams also list ISDN with the same expansion. This strong consensus confirms that Integrated Services Digital Network is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: International Service Digital Network: Sounds plausible but is not the recognised expansion of ISDN. Indian Service Digital Network: Incorrect; ISDN is a global standard, not a country specific network name. Internal Service Digital Network: Not used in official telecommunication terminology. Internet Services Distribution Network: A made up phrase that does not correspond to ISDN in any standard. Common Pitfalls: Because ISDN is a network that can operate internationally, some learners mistakenly think the I stands for International. Others guess Indian in local exam contexts. To avoid these errors, focus on the key concept of integrating multiple services. Whenever you see ISDN, remember the phrase Integrated Services Digital Network and the idea of combining voice and data over digital lines. This mental link ensures that you choose the correct expansion even if other options look attractive. Final Answer: In digital communication, ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network.

Question 17

In computer input and output devices, which one of the following is not considered an input device for entering data into a computer system?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computer peripherals are often classified as input or output devices depending on the direction in which information flows. Input devices send data into the computer for processing, while output devices present processed information to the user in visual, printed or audio form. This question asks you to identify which of the listed devices is not an input device. Being able to distinguish between input and output roles is a fundamental skill in computer fundamentals and general knowledge exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The topic is input devices and one non input device among them. Options include a plotter, MICR, OMR, barcode reader and OCR device. MICR, OMR, barcode readers and OCR are commonly used for automated data entry. We assume standard definitions where input devices capture data and output devices display or print it. Concept / Approach: MICR, OMR, barcode readers and OCR devices all read information from physical media and convert it into digital form. MICR reads special ink characters on cheques, OMR detects marks on answer sheets, barcode readers scan barcodes on products and OCR systems convert printed text to machine readable text. All of these are clearly input devices. A plotter, on the other hand, is a type of output device used to produce high quality large format drawings and graphics on paper, particularly in engineering and architectural applications. It receives commands from the computer and draws lines or shapes on paper but does not send data into the computer. Therefore, the correct answer is plotter, which is not an input device. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: For each device, ask whether it primarily sends data into the computer or receives output from it. Step 2: Recognise that MICR, OMR, barcode readers and OCR devices read information from cheques, forms, products and documents. Step 3: Understand that reading information from the outside world into the computer is the defining role of input devices. Step 4: Recall that plotters take instructions from the computer and create drawings on paper, functioning as advanced printers. Step 5: Conclude that plotter is the only listed device that is not an input device and select it as the answer. Verification / Alternative check: Introductory computer books classify plotters under output devices, along with printers and monitors. They describe plotters as devices that draw continuous lines and are used for large engineering drawings. In contrast, input devices are listed separately and include keyboard, mouse, MICR, OMR, barcode readers and OCR. Explanations emphasise that MICR and OMR are used to speed up data entry in banking and examinations, while barcode readers and OCR automate product scanning and text input. These consistent classifications confirm that plotter is not an input device but an output device, and thus the correct choice in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) device: Reads specially printed characters on documents such as cheques, so it is an input device. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) device: Detects marks on answer sheets and forms, sending the data into the computer. Barcode reader (barcode scanner): Reads barcodes from products and transfers that information into the system. Optical character recognition (OCR) device: Converts printed or handwritten text into digital text, clearly acting as an input device. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse plotters with scanners because both involve paper and images. A good rule is to think about the direction of information flow: if the device takes data from the computer and draws or prints on paper, it is output; if it reads marks, characters or codes from paper and sends them into the computer, it is input. Remember that plotters and printers output images, while scanners, MICR, OMR and barcode readers input information. Using this rule makes it easy to recognise plotter as the non input device in this list. Final Answer: The device that is not an input device is the Plotter, which is an output device used for high quality drawings.

Question 18

In Microsoft Word, when applying character formatting to text, which option group in the Font dialog is used to enable superscript and subscript effects?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Microsoft Word provides many character formatting options to control how selected text appears. Among these options are superscript and subscript, which raise or lower text slightly relative to the baseline, commonly used in mathematical expressions, chemical formulas and footnote references. This question asks where in the character formatting options you would typically find the controls for superscript and subscript. Understanding the layout of the Font dialog helps users apply these effects efficiently and is a frequent topic in office application exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The application is Microsoft Word or a similar word processor. The focus is on character formatting, not paragraph formatting. The question asks under which part of the Font dialog superscript and subscript are enabled. Options mention font style, underline, effects, size and paragraph alignment. Concept / Approach: In Microsoft Word, superscript and subscript are considered special font effects. When you open the Font dialog, you see sections for font, font style, size and a list of effects that can be applied to the selected text. The effects section includes options such as strikethrough, double strikethrough, superscript, subscript, small caps and so on. Font style usually refers to regular, bold or italic, underline controls the underlining style and size controls how large the text is. Paragraph alignment is a separate feature found in the Paragraph dialog and on the Home tab, not within the Font dialog. Therefore, superscript and subscript are controlled under the effects options in the Font dialog. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall how you typically apply superscript or subscript in Word, either by using shortcut buttons or by opening the Font dialog. Step 2: In the Font dialog, observe the sections for font, style, size and various effects. Step 3: Remember that superscript and subscript appear as check boxes under the heading Effects. Step 4: Note that font style only lets you choose regular, bold, italic or bold italic, not superscript or subscript. Step 5: Choose the option that explicitly mentions effects options such as superscript and subscript. Verification / Alternative check: Office training materials and Microsoft Word help documentation show screenshots of the Font dialog. These screenshots clearly label a group of checkboxes as Effects and list items like Strikethrough, Double strikethrough, Superscript and Subscript under that group. They treat superscript and subscript as font effects that modify the position of characters without changing font style or size directly. Underline and size settings appear in other parts of the same dialog. Paragraph alignment is documented separately in the Paragraph dialog. This organisation confirms that superscript and subscript belong to the effects section, making that the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Font style (regular, bold, italic): Controls weight and slant of the font, not vertical position as in superscript or subscript. Underline styles and colours: Manage underlining but do not provide superscript or subscript settings. Font size selection: Changes the size of characters but not their baseline position. Paragraph alignment settings: Affect how paragraphs are aligned on the page (left, centre, right, justified) and are not part of character effects. Common Pitfalls: Some users mix up font style and font effects because both are in the Font dialog. They may assume everything related to formatting is under style. To avoid this, remember that style deals with bold and italic, while effects are for special visual features like superscript, subscript and strikethrough. When an exam question mentions superscript and subscript specifically, the safest option is the one that refers directly to effects, not general style, underline or size controls. Final Answer: In Microsoft Word, superscript and subscript are applied using the Effects options such as superscript and subscript section of the Font dialog.

Question 19

In the history of computing, who is widely known as the 'father of the computer' for designing early mechanical computing engines?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Several pioneers contributed to the development of modern computing, but one nineteenth century mathematician and engineer is especially honoured as the father of the computer. He designed mechanical devices that anticipated many features of modern programmable computers, even though the technology of his time did not allow them to be fully built. This question asks you to identify that historical figure, a very common item in computer general knowledge and competitive exams. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks who is known as the father of the computer. Options include Charles Babbage, Tim Berners Lee, Douglas Engelbart, Sabeer Bhatia and Alan Turing. We assume the standard school level convention used in computer awareness texts. The focus is on early mechanical computing engine design rather than modern web or software inventions. Concept / Approach: Charles Babbage, an English mathematician and inventor, designed the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine in the nineteenth century. The Analytical Engine included concepts such as a central processing unit, memory and programmable instructions using punched cards, which strongly resemble the architecture of modern computers. Because of these visionary designs, he is widely referred to as the father of the computer in textbooks and exam syllabi. Tim Berners Lee is known as the inventor of the World Wide Web, Douglas Engelbart for early work on the mouse and graphical interfaces, Sabeer Bhatia for Hotmail and Alan Turing for theoretical foundations of computing. While Turing is sometimes called the father of theoretical computer science, the widely accepted school level answer to this specific title is Charles Babbage. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that the phrase father of the computer is commonly associated with an early inventor of mechanical computing machines. Step 2: Recall that Charles Babbage designed the Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. Step 3: Understand that these designs introduced key ideas such as programmable instructions and separate memory and processing units. Step 4: Compare this with the contributions of the other options, who worked in later eras or different areas like the web or email. Step 5: Select Charles Babbage as the correct answer to the title father of the computer. Verification / Alternative check: Computer history chapters in school and college textbooks almost uniformly state that Charles Babbage is called the father of the computer. They present diagrams of his Analytical Engine, highlighting features similar to a modern CPU, memory and input output devices. While they also mention Alan Turing's work in theory and Tim Berners Lee's creation of the web, these figures are given different titles, such as father of theoretical computer science or father of the World Wide Web. This consistent assignment of the father of the computer title to Babbage in educational material confirms that he is the expected answer in exam questions. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Tim Berners Lee: Credited with inventing the World Wide Web, not the earliest computing engines. Douglas Carl Engelbart: Known for developing the computer mouse and pioneering interactive computing, not for foundational computer designs. Sabeer Bhatia: Co founder of Hotmail and associated with webmail services, not with the invention of computers. Alan Turing: A major figure in the theory of computation and artificial intelligence, sometimes called the father of theoretical computer science, but school level exams usually reserve father of the computer for Babbage. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse different father titles, especially between Charles Babbage and Alan Turing. To keep them straight, remember that Babbage built physical machine designs and is linked with engines, while Turing developed mathematical models like the Turing machine and contributed to codebreaking. Tim Berners Lee appears in web related questions and should be associated with the World Wide Web. When a question simply says father of the computer without additional qualifiers, the safe and standard exam answer is Charles Babbage. Final Answer: The person widely known as the father of the computer is Charles Babbage.

Question 20

In certain network topologies, a small control message that is passed from one station to another to grant the right to transmit data is known as what?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Some local area network technologies use special control messages to regulate when each station is allowed to send data. Instead of allowing every device to transmit whenever it wants, they circulate a unique control packet that grants temporary permission to transmit. This approach helps prevent collisions and ensures orderly access to the shared medium. The control packet used in these systems has a specific name that appears often in networking textbooks and exam questions. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to a small message passed between stations in a network. This message is used to control which station has the right to transmit data. Options include token, byte, word, ring and frame header. We assume a token passing network such as a token ring or token bus topology. Concept / Approach: In token passing networks, a special control frame called a token circulates continuously among all stations. When a station receives the token, it gains the right to transmit data for a limited time or a limited amount of information. After finishing, it releases the token so that it can pass to the next station. This mechanism avoids collisions because only the station holding the token can send data at a given moment. The token itself is a small message, often with a simple format, whose main purpose is to grant or relinquish the transmission privilege. Therefore, the correct term for this control message is token. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that the description refers to a control mechanism where permission to transmit is passed from node to node. Step 2: Recall that token ring and related networks implement this by circulating a special control frame known as a token. Step 3: Understand that a byte and a word are basic units of data size, not specific network control messages. Step 4: Note that ring refers to a topology shape, not the message itself. Step 5: Choose token as the small message used to pass the right to transmit between stations. Verification / Alternative check: Networking references describe token passing as an access method where a unique token travels around the network. Standards for token ring networks, such as IEEE 802.5, define the structure of the token frame and explain how stations use it to gain access to the medium. The term token is repeatedly used for the small control message that grants this right. Byte, word and frame header are generic data structure terms and do not specifically name the access control message. The word ring describes the physical or logical topology rather than the message. These descriptions confirm that token is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Byte: A unit of data, usually eight bits, but not a specific control message for access rights. Word: A processor dependent group of bits representing a data unit, not a network control frame. Ring: Refers to the logical or physical layout of some networks, not to the message passed around. Frame header: Part of any data frame that contains addressing and control information, but not specifically the special access control message used in token passing schemes. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may confuse the term token with general words like frame or header because they know that network communication uses frames. The key is to remember that token has a special meaning in token passing access methods and always refers to the small control frame granting transmission rights. Visualising a ring of computers passing a token from one to the next can help fix this concept in your mind. When an exam question mentions a small message passed between stations to control access, token should immediately stand out as the correct choice. Final Answer: In token passing networks, the small control message used to pass the right to transmit is called a Token.

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