Question 1

In computer science, a prescribed set of well defined, step by step instructions for solving a mathematical or logical problem is called ________

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: In computer science and mathematics, we often need a clear method to solve a problem, such as adding a list of numbers, searching for an item or sorting data. This method must be precise so that a computer, which follows instructions blindly, can carry it out. The technical word used for such a precise, step by step method is algorithm. This question tests whether you know the basic definition of an algorithm and can distinguish it from related terms like code, compiler and flowchart. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is computer science and problem solving. We are looking for a set of well defined instructions. The instructions must solve a mathematical or logical problem. The method should be independent of any particular programming language. Concept / Approach: An algorithm is a finite sequence of clear, unambiguous instructions designed to solve a specific problem or perform a computation. Each step tells exactly what to do, and there is no confusion for the person or machine following it. Algorithms are written at a logical level, not tied to a specific programming language or hardware. After designing an algorithm, programmers can then convert it into actual program code, which a compiler translates into machine language. Therefore the word that best matches a prescribed set of well defined instructions is algorithm. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the phrase well defined instructions. This suggests each step must be clear and unambiguous. Step 2: Note that the instructions are for solving mathematical problems or logical tasks, which is typical of algorithms. Step 3: Recall the definition of an algorithm: a finite, ordered list of precise steps to solve a problem. Step 4: Compare this with other terms. A compiler is a software tool that translates high level code into machine code, not the instruction set itself. Step 5: A code is usually a concrete program written in a specific language, and a flowchart is a diagram representing an algorithm, not the algorithm itself. Therefore algorithm is the correct term. Verification / Alternative check: Textbooks on programming methodology typically start with the statement that before writing code, you should design an algorithm. They define an algorithm as an ordered set of unambiguous instructions that terminate after a finite number of steps and produce the correct output. Flowcharts and pseudocode are described as ways to represent algorithms visually or in structured text. Compilers appear later as tools that translate the final program into machine language. This ordering of ideas confirms that the concept required in the question is algorithm, not compiler or code. Why Other Options Are Wrong: A compiler: Translates source code into machine code; it is a tool, not the set of instructions for solving a problem. A code: Refers to program statements written in a programming language and depends on that language, unlike an abstract algorithm. A flowchart: A graphical representation of an algorithm using symbols and arrows, not the underlying logical steps themselves. A description: A general word that can be vague and does not guarantee well defined, step by step instructions. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse algorithm with program because both solve problems. The key difference is that an algorithm is language independent and focuses on logic, while a program is written in a specific language and must follow syntax rules. Others may choose flowchart because it also shows steps, but a flowchart is only one way to draw or visualise an algorithm. Remember that whenever you see well defined, step by step instructions for solving a problem, the technical term you should think of is algorithm. Final Answer: A prescribed set of well defined instructions for solving a mathematical problem is called an algorithm.

Question 2

Software that you can use to create, organise, and manage a household or business budget by entering numbers into rows and columns is called ________

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Budgeting is a common task both at home and in offices. People need a convenient way to list income, expenses and totals, and to adjust figures quickly to see how changes affect their money. Computers make this easier with specialised software. This question asks which category of software is best suited to creating and managing a budget with numbers arranged in rows and columns. Recognising the correct category helps you choose the right tool for tasks involving calculations and tabular data. Given Data / Assumptions: The task is to create and manage a budget. The user will likely enter numbers, labels and formulas. The software should support automatic calculations such as sums and totals. The options list common types of application software. Concept / Approach: Spreadsheet software is specifically designed for working with data in a grid of rows and columns. Each position in the grid is a cell that can hold numbers, text labels or formulas. Spreadsheets can automatically update calculations when values change, which is ideal for budgets where income or expense figures may be adjusted often. Word processing software is meant for text documents, graphics software for images, and utilities for maintenance tasks such as virus scanning or backup. Therefore spreadsheet software is the most appropriate category for budgeting. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Think about what you typically do when creating a budget: listing items such as rent, salary and bills, then adding and subtracting amounts. Step 2: Recall that spreadsheet programs like Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets or LibreOffice Calc are widely used for budgets and financial planning. Step 3: Understand that spreadsheets allow you to write formulas such as total = sum of cells in a column, and these formulas update automatically when values change. Step 4: Compare this with word processing software, which focuses on paragraphs, fonts and page layout rather than calculations. Step 5: Conclude that the software category designed for numerical tables and calculations is spreadsheet software. Verification / Alternative check: If you ask office workers or accountants which program they use for budgeting, most will name a spreadsheet program. Templates for personal and business budgets are usually provided as spreadsheet files, not as word processed documents. Training courses on office productivity also teach budgets and financial models in the spreadsheet module. Although databases can store financial records, they are less convenient for quick what if calculations that budgets require. This practical experience and typical usage patterns confirm that spreadsheet software is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Word processing software: Best for writing letters, reports and essays with formatted text, not for dynamic numerical calculations. Graphics software: Used to create and edit images, logos and diagrams, not for tabular numeric data. Utility software: Includes tools for system maintenance such as antivirus programs and disk cleaners, not budgeting applications. Database management software: Good for storing large volumes of structured data, but ordinary users rarely design full databases just for a simple budget. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse spreadsheets with databases because both use tables. The key difference is that spreadsheets are optimised for calculations and what if analysis, while databases are optimised for storing and querying large sets of records. Another mistake is to assume any office software could be used for any office task. While you can type numbers into a word processor, it will not update totals automatically. Remember that whenever you see tasks involving rows, columns, formulas and calculations, spreadsheet software is the natural choice. Final Answer: Software used to create and manage a budget is called spreadsheet software.

Question 3

A basic personal computer system consists of several main hardware components. Which of the following list correctly represents parts that together form a computer system?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When people say computer, they often think of the box under the desk or the laptop on the table. In fact, a computer system is made up of several different pieces of hardware working together. This question asks which components are part of a basic computer system. Knowing these core parts helps you understand what is inside a computer and how it works at a simple hardware level. Given Data / Assumptions: The components listed are motherboard, hard disk drive, central processing unit (CPU) and monitor. The question refers to a typical desktop or laptop computer. We are interested in main hardware components, not accessories like printers. The answer choices include an all of the above option. Concept / Approach: A computer system is a combination of input, processing, storage and output components. The motherboard is the main circuit board that holds the CPU, memory and connectors. The CPU performs most of the calculations and decision making. The hard disk drive or another storage device holds programs and data long term. The monitor displays output to the user. Together with other parts like keyboard and mouse, these components form a complete computer system. Therefore, selecting all of the given hardware items is appropriate. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Consider the motherboard. It is the central board inside the computer case that connects and allows communication between all internal components. Step 2: Recognise the hard disk drive as a primary storage device that keeps the operating system, applications and user files even when power is off. Step 3: Identify the CPU as the brain of the computer, executing instructions and performing calculations. Step 4: Add the monitor as the main output device that lets users see what the computer is doing and interact with graphical interfaces. Step 5: Since all listed items are actual parts of a computer system, choose All of the above as the correct option. Verification / Alternative check: Any basic hardware diagram in an introductory computer textbook shows a central processing unit connected to memory and storage on a motherboard, with a monitor for output and keyboard and mouse for input. When purchasing or assembling a desktop, you must include a motherboard, a processor, storage and a display at minimum. None of the items listed are external to the idea of a computer system; they are central. This confirms that all of the listed components are indeed parts of a computer system and that the all of the above option is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Motherboard (by itself): Important but cannot form a functioning computer system without storage, CPU and display. Hard disk drive (by itself): Provides storage only; without a CPU, it cannot process data. Central processing unit (CPU) (by itself): The processing unit alone cannot accept input or show output without supporting hardware. Monitor (by itself): An output device; it cannot process or store data without the rest of the system. Common Pitfalls: Some learners think of the CPU cabinet or box as a single thing and forget that it contains several separate components. Others may confuse a single part such as the CPU with the whole computer. It is helpful to remember that a working computer needs a place to process (CPU), a place to store (hard disk and memory), a place to connect things (motherboard) and a way to communicate with the user (monitor and other peripherals). When a question lists several essential parts and includes an all of the above option, check whether each item truly belongs to the system before selecting that choice. Final Answer: A basic computer system consists of all the listed hardware components, so the correct choice is All of the above.

Question 4

When you boot up a personal computer, what is the main action that takes place between the operating system and the computer memory?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Starting a computer, known as booting or booting up, is something we do every day, but many users do not know what happens internally. When you press the power button, several low level processes occur before the familiar desktop appears. This question tests your understanding of what happens to the operating system during the boot process, especially how it is loaded into memory so that it can control the computer hardware and run applications. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is booting a personal computer. An operating system such as Windows, Linux or macOS is installed on a storage device like a hard disk or SSD. We are comparing different possible actions involving the operating system and memory. Concept / Approach: When a computer boots, a small program stored in firmware (such as BIOS or UEFI) runs first. This firmware performs basic hardware checks and then looks for a bootable device. Once it finds the operating system files on disk, it loads the essential parts of the operating system kernel and supporting components into RAM. Only after key portions of the operating system are copied from disk into memory can the system start managing hardware, launching services and displaying the user interface. Therefore, the correct description is that parts of the operating system are copied from disk into memory during boot. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Remember that RAM is empty when the computer is off because it is volatile and loses data without power. Step 2: Recall that the operating system files are stored long term on a non volatile device such as a hard disk or SSD. Step 3: During the boot process, firmware runs and then locates the operating system bootloader on disk. Step 4: The bootloader loads the operating system kernel and other required modules from the disk into RAM so that they can execute. Step 5: Therefore, the accurate statement is that portions of the operating system are copied from disk into memory. Verification / Alternative check: Technical documentation on operating systems describes the boot sequence as a chain of loading programs from one storage location into memory. BIOS or UEFI firmware loads a bootloader, the bootloader loads the kernel, and the kernel then starts system processes. At each stage, code is read from storage and placed into RAM because the CPU can execute instructions only from memory, not directly from disk. No standard description of booting involves copying the operating system from memory onto disk or compiling it from source each time you start the machine. This confirms that the action described in the correct option matches real behaviour. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Portions of the operating system are copied from memory onto disk: This would be a backup or hibernation operation, not the normal boot process. Portions of the operating system are compiled: Compilation happens when software is being built by developers, not every time the user turns on the computer. Portions of the operating system are emulated: Emulation refers to one system imitating another, which is not the default action during normal boot. The operating system is permanently erased from the disk: This would destroy the installation and prevent future boots; it is the opposite of what should happen. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes think of disk and memory as similar and may not clearly distinguish between permanent storage and temporary working space. Another confusion arises between booting and installing; during installation, larger amounts of data may be written to disk, but during boot, code is mainly read from disk into memory. To avoid mistakes, remember that the CPU needs instructions in RAM to execute them. So, at boot, the core idea is always loading, or copying code from long term storage into main memory. Final Answer: When you boot up a PC, the main action is that portions of the operating system are copied from disk into memory so that they can run.

Question 5

What is the name of the type of malicious software that fools a user into downloading and running it by pretending to be a useful or legitimate application?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Cyber security often involves recognising different types of malicious software, or malware. Some malware spreads by exploiting network weaknesses, while others depend on tricking the user. This question focuses on a type of malware that disguises itself as something helpful, such as a free utility or game, to persuade the user to download and execute it. Knowing this term helps users identify social engineering techniques and avoid dangerous downloads. Given Data / Assumptions: The malware pretends to be a useful or legitimate application. The user is deceived into downloading and running it voluntarily. The focus is on the method of entry, not on self replication behaviour. Options include different classes of malware such as keyloggers, worms and viruses. Concept / Approach: A Trojan horse is a type of malware that hides its malicious intent behind a harmless or attractive facade. The name comes from the ancient Greek story of the Trojan Horse, where soldiers hid inside a wooden horse given as a gift. Similarly, a digital Trojan horse appears to be a useful program but, once executed, can install backdoors, steal data or damage the system. Unlike worms and many viruses, Trojans do not typically self replicate across systems by themselves; they rely on tricking users into running them. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the key phrase pretending to be useful applications. This indicates deception in appearance. Step 2: Recall that Trojans are often disguised as cracked software, free utilities or attachments with tempting names. Step 3: Compare with worms, which usually spread automatically over networks without needing to pose as helpful programs. Step 4: Keyloggers record keystrokes, but the term describes the function, not the disguise method. Step 5: Therefore, the malware type defined by pretending to be beneficial software is a Trojan horse. Verification / Alternative check: Security guides and antivirus vendors commonly define a Trojan as malware that misleads users of its true intent. Examples include fake antivirus software that pretends to scan for threats but actually installs more malware or phishing programs disguised as banking apps. Technical classifications separate Trojans from viruses, which modify other legitimate files, and worms, which are self contained and self replicating. The constant theme with Trojans is social engineering and disguise, which exactly matches the description in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Keylogger: A program that records keystrokes to capture passwords and other information, but it may or may not be disguised as a useful app; the question emphasises the disguise aspect, not the specific function. Worm: A self replicating program that spreads through networks without needing the user to install it as a helpful application. File virus: Attaches itself to executable files and spreads when those files run; it is not defined primarily by pretending to be a useful standalone program. Macro virus: Infects macro code in documents such as word processor or spreadsheet files; again, the key feature is not pretending to be a helpful full program. Common Pitfalls: Beginners sometimes use virus as a general word for all malware. In exams and security discussions, however, different terms highlight different behaviours. Another confusion is thinking that any program that records keystrokes or steals data must be a Trojan. In fact, Trojan horse describes the delivery method, while keylogger describes a specific payload. Remember that if the emphasis is on disguise as a useful application to trick the user, the correct term is Trojan horse. Final Answer: The malware that fools users by pretending to be a useful application is called a Trojan horse.

Question 6

In most desktop applications, you can use keyboard shortcuts to copy selected text and then paste it somewhere else. You can use ________ to copy selected text, and ________ to paste it in a document.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Copy and paste are among the most frequently used commands on a computer. They allow users to reuse text, images and other content quickly without having to retype or recreate them. Most operating systems and applications support standard keyboard shortcuts for these actions. This question tests whether you know the common key combinations used to copy selected text and then paste it into a document on a typical PC keyboard. Given Data / Assumptions: The context is standard desktop or laptop usage with a typical keyboard. We focus on copying selected text and pasting it in a document. The system uses common shortcut conventions such as those found in Windows, Linux and many macOS applications. Modifier keys mentioned include CTRL, SHIFT and ALT. Concept / Approach: Across many software packages, the key combination CTRL+C is used to copy the currently selected item into the clipboard, and CTRL+V is used to paste the contents of the clipboard at the cursor position. These shortcuts are part of a broader standard where CTRL+X cuts and CTRL+Z undoes an action. CTRL+P, by contrast, usually opens the Print dialogue, and SHIFT or ALT combinations shown in the distractors are not standard for copy and paste. Therefore, the correct pair of shortcuts is CTRL+C for copy and CTRL+V for paste. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the widely used copy shortcut for selected text or objects is CTRL+C. Step 2: Remember that after copying, the data is kept in an area called the clipboard until it is pasted or replaced. Step 3: Identify CTRL+V as the standard keyboard shortcut for pasting the clipboard contents at the insertion point. Step 4: Note that CTRL+P is conventionally used for printing, not pasting, so any option pairing CTRL+C with CTRL+P is incorrect. Step 5: Observe that SHIFT and ALT combinations given in other options are not standard copy or paste shortcuts. Therefore the correct pair is CTRL+C, CTRL+V. Verification / Alternative check: To verify, you can open any word processor or text editor, type some text, highlight it and press CTRL+C, then move the cursor to another place and press CTRL+V. The text appears in the new position, confirming that copying and pasting have taken place. Pressing CTRL+P opens the print window instead. Software manuals, help files and keyboard shortcut lists for common programs all list CTRL+C as copy and CTRL+V as paste. This consistent behaviour across many applications supports the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: CTRL+C, CTRL+P: The first part (CTRL+C) correctly copies, but CTRL+P normally triggers printing, not pasting, so the pair is incorrect. SHIFT+C, ALT+V: These combinations are not standard shortcuts for copy and paste and generally do nothing or perform different functions depending on the program. SHIFT+C, ALT+P: Again, non standard and unrelated to typical clipboard operations. CTRL+V, CTRL+C: Reverses the correct order; you must copy before you can paste, and significant applications do not treat CTRL+V as a copy command. Common Pitfalls: Some users confuse CTRL+P with paste because they associate P with place or paste. However, in standard shortcut sets, P is reserved for print. Another mistake is to press CTRL+X and then think they have copied, when CTRL+X actually cuts (removes) the text. A good memory aid is C for copy, V for insert (because V shape points down like inserting something), and P for print. Knowing this pattern helps prevent wrong key combinations in both exams and daily computer work. Final Answer: You can use CTRL+C to copy selected text and CTRL+V to paste it into a document.

Question 7

In personal computer hardware, what does the abbreviation BIOS stand for?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When a computer starts, low level firmware code runs before the operating system loads. On many older and even some modern systems, this firmware is commonly referred to as BIOS. Knowing what BIOS stands for helps you understand its purpose and distinguish it from the operating system and other software. This question checks your ability to recall the full form of a very common computer acronym. Given Data / Assumptions: The acronym in question is BIOS. It is related to computer startup and hardware level control. Options expand the letters B, I, O and S in various ways. Only one expansion matches the standard technical meaning. Concept / Approach: BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System. It is firmware stored on a chip on the motherboard and is the first code that runs when you power on the machine. Its job is to initialise and test hardware components, provide low level routines for input and output devices and then pass control to the bootloader of the operating system. The words backup, battery and better used in other options do not describe this role. Therefore, the only correct expansion is Basic Input Output System. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that BIOS is associated with the very first software that runs when you switch on a PC. Step 2: Remember the phrase Basic Input Output System, often taught in introductory computer courses as the full form of BIOS. Step 3: Check each option and see whether its words correctly describe simple, low level routines used for input and output. Step 4: Backup, battery and better do not explain the purpose of this firmware. They sound impressive but do not match the standard term. Step 5: Choose Basic Input Output System as it exactly matches both the letters and the function of BIOS. Verification / Alternative check: Computer hardware manuals, motherboard documentation and basic IT textbooks define BIOS as Basic Input Output System. Many BIOS configuration screens even display this phrase on boot, especially on older machines. Historically, BIOS provided software interrupts that operating systems could call for reading the keyboard, displaying characters on the screen and accessing disks. Newer systems may use UEFI firmware instead, but the term BIOS and its full form remain widely used and documented. None of the alternative expansions offered in the choices appear in credible technical literature. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Backup Input Output System: Suggests a backup or secondary system, which is not the role of BIOS. Battery Integrated Operating Setup: Refers incorrectly to a battery and an operating setup; BIOS is not primarily about battery integration. Better Integrated Operating System: Describes an operating system, whereas BIOS is separate firmware that runs before the operating system. Binary Input Output System: While BIOS routines do work with binary data, this phrase is not the standard or accepted expansion of the acronym. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to assume that BIOS is itself an operating system because it runs when the computer starts. In reality, it is firmware that prepares the hardware and then loads the operating system from disk. Another error is to choose an option that sounds more modern or advanced, such as better integrated operating system, even though it is incorrect. To avoid confusion, remember that BIOS is simple and low level, so the word Basic in Basic Input Output System accurately reflects its nature. Final Answer: BIOS stands for Basic Input Output System.

Question 8

Which type of computer virus infects the boot sector of a storage device so that it takes control when the system starts and can destroy or corrupt information?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computer viruses can target different parts of a system, such as application files, documents or critical system areas. One particularly dangerous type of virus attacks the boot sector, the part of a disk that contains code used during startup. Because this sector is executed when the computer boots, such viruses can take control early and interfere with system operation. This question asks you to identify the category name for viruses that infect the boot area of disks and thereby overtake the system at startup. Given Data / Assumptions: The virus overtakes the computer system when it boots. It can destroy or corrupt information on the storage device. The infection is associated with the boot process and boot sector. Options list several recognised categories of malware. Concept / Approach: Boot sector viruses, often called boot infectors, specifically target the boot sector or master boot record of disks. When the computer attempts to start from an infected disk, the virus code runs first, before the operating system. This allows it to load into memory and potentially spread to other disks or disrupt normal operation. System infectors and macro viruses focus on different components, Trojans rely on disguise, and stealth viruses try to hide their presence but are not defined solely by boot sector infection. Therefore, the correct category is boot infector virus. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Note that the question emphasises overtaking the system when it boots, which points directly to the boot sequence. Step 2: Recall that the boot sector is the first sector of a disk and contains loader code that is executed during startup. Step 3: Understand that a virus placing its code in this sector will automatically run whenever the system boots from that disk. Step 4: Recognise that such viruses are collectively known as boot sector viruses or boot infectors. Step 5: Compare this with other categories such as Trojan horse or macro virus and see that only boot infector matches the described behaviour. Verification / Alternative check: Descriptions of classic viruses like the Michelangelo virus identify them as boot sector viruses that infect the master boot record. Technical articles explain that when an infected disk is used to start a computer, the virus code is loaded into memory first. After that, even clean disks inserted later may be infected. Anti virus tools often have explicit checks for boot sector infections. In classification tables, the term boot infector or boot sector virus is consistently used for this type of threat, confirming the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: System infector virus: This broad term can describe viruses that infect system files, but the question specifically points to boot sector behaviour. Trojan horse: Relies on tricking the user into running a seemingly useful program; it does not specifically infect the boot sector by definition. Stealth virus: Designed to hide its presence by intercepting system calls, but it may infect different areas and is not defined solely by boot sector infection. Macro virus: Infects macro code in applications like word processors and spreadsheets, usually spreading through documents rather than boot sectors. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes pick Trojan horse whenever they see the word destroy or virus because it is a familiar term. Others confuse stealth viruses, which hide, with boot viruses, which run early at startup. A simple way to remember is that anything that acts at boot time and lives in the boot sector is a boot infector, while Trojans are about disguise and macros are about document scripts. Keeping these categories clear helps in both exams and understanding how different malware behaves. Final Answer: The virus that infects the boot sector and overtakes the system when it starts is called a boot infector virus.

Question 9

Which of the following together represent the basic operations performed by a digital computer system?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computers may appear to do many different tasks, from playing music to managing bank accounts, but at a fundamental level they perform only a few basic types of operations. Understanding these core operations helps explain how varied applications can run on the same machine. This question asks which activities are considered basic operations of a digital computer system. Recognising all of them clarifies the role of a computer as a general purpose information processing device. Given Data / Assumptions: The options mention logical operations, storage and retrieval, and arithmetic operations. The context is a standard digital computer. Input and output are important but not explicitly listed in each option. We are asked which set correctly represents basic operations. Concept / Approach: A digital computer performs four major functions: input, processing, storage and output. The processing itself involves two key kinds of operations: arithmetic operations, such as addition and subtraction, and logical operations, such as comparisons and decision making. Storage and retrieval refer to keeping data and programs in memory or on disks so they can be used when needed. Together, arithmetic operations, logical operations and storage/retrieval form the core internal functions of the computer. Therefore, the all of the above option including these three is the correct answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify arithmetic operations as one category. These include calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Step 2: Identify logical operations, such as comparing two values (greater than, equal to) and making decisions based on conditions. Step 3: Recognise storage and retrieval of data as the computer’s ability to save information and bring it back when needed, using memory and storage devices. Step 4: Understand that all modern programs rely on combinations of arithmetic, logical and storage operations at the hardware level. Step 5: Conclude that all three listed categories are basic operations, so All of the above is correct. Verification / Alternative check: Computer architecture textbooks describe the central processing unit as executing arithmetic and logic operations using the arithmetic logic unit, while the control unit directs data to and from registers and memory. Block diagrams of computers show data flowing from input devices to processing units, then to memory or output devices. In each case, storage, arithmetic processing and logical decision making are central. Input and output are also essential, but they are not the only operations. Since each of the listed operations appears in core computer models, grouping them together as basic operations is accurate. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Logical operations on data (alone): Important but incomplete; without arithmetic and storage, a computer could not do most tasks. Storage and retrieval of data (alone): Without arithmetic and logic, the system would function only as a passive memory, not a computer. Arithmetic operations on numbers (alone): Necessary for calculations, but modern computing requires decisions and data storage as well. Input and output only: These are key functions but are not the only basic operations; they do not include internal processing and storage. Common Pitfalls: Some learners focus only on calculation and think computers are mainly about arithmetic. Others see computers as fancy storage devices. In reality, the power of a computer comes from combining arithmetic, logical decision making and the ability to store and retrieve large amounts of data. When an all of the above option includes all these core categories, it is often the best choice. To remember, think of a computer as a machine that can calculate, compare and remember information, all under program control. Final Answer: The basic operations performed by a computer system include arithmetic operations, logical operations, and data storage and retrieval, so the correct choice is All of the above.

Question 10

In basic computer terminology, data represented in discrete, easily processed binary form that a computer can handle directly is called ________.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computers work internally with electrical signals that represent information in a specific way. Understanding the difference between analog and digital data is an important foundation in computing and electronics. This question asks you to identify the term used for data represented in discrete binary form, which computers can process easily and accurately. Recognising this term helps you understand how computers store and manipulate text, numbers, images and sound. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on data representation in a computer system. The computer processes data in binary form, using 0s and 1s. The data is discrete, not continuous, and is easily processed by digital circuits. Options include analog and digital data along with unrelated distractors. Concept / Approach: Digital data is information represented using discrete values, most commonly binary digits 0 and 1 in computers. Each bit represents a small, well defined unit of information. Digital circuits detect and manipulate these discrete states reliably, which makes digital data easy for computers to store, transmit and process. Analog data, by contrast, varies continuously, such as the changing voltage of a microphone signal or the needle on an old meter. While computers can work with analog signals using converters, the internal representation is digital. Therefore, the term for easily processed binary data inside a computer is digital data. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that computers are digital devices, meaning they operate on discrete values rather than continuously varying quantities. Step 2: Understand that binary digits, or bits, are the basic units of information, and sequences of bits represent characters, numbers and other data. Step 3: Identify digital data as data stored and processed in these discrete binary units. Step 4: Compare this with analog data, which can vary smoothly across a range, like real world sound or temperature, and is not directly suitable for digital circuits without conversion. Step 5: Recognise that modem data, watts data and signal noise are not standard terms for the internally processed binary form of information. Therefore, digital data is the correct choice. Verification / Alternative check: Introductory computing and electronics books define analog signals as continuous waveforms and digital signals as sequences of discrete levels. They explain that computers use binary because it is easy to distinguish two electrical states, such as high and low voltage. All higher level data types, from text using ASCII or Unicode to images using pixels, are eventually represented as digital data. Diagrams of analog to digital converters show analog signals being sampled and converted into digital form before processing. These explanations consistently use the term digital data for the binary representation, confirming the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Analog data: Refers to continuously varying information, such as sound waves or analog clock readings, which is not the internal representation used directly by a computer. Modem data: Not a standard category; a modem is a device for modulation and demodulation of signals, not a type of data. Watts data: Watts are units of power, not a term for information representation. Signal noise: Represents unwanted variations or interference in a signal, the opposite of clean, easily processed data. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse analog and digital because both are used in communication and media. A simple way to differentiate is to remember that analog is like a smooth curve with infinitely many possible values, while digital is like steps with a finite number of clear levels. Also remember that computers are digital machines, so the data they work with internally is digital data. Even when dealing with real world analog phenomena, computers first convert them into digital form before processing. Final Answer: Data represented in discrete binary form that a computer can process directly is called digital data.

Question 11

In computer terminology, any letter, number, punctuation mark, or other symbol that you can type on the keyboard and enter into the computer is called a ________.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When you type using a keyboard, each press of a key sends a specific unit of information to the computer. This unit might be a letter, a number or a special symbol. Computers represent these units using character codes such as ASCII or Unicode. This question tests whether you know the standard term for such a unit of text. Understanding this helps when discussing strings, text processing and file encoding in computing. Given Data / Assumptions: We are dealing with letters, digits and symbols that appear when you press keys. The context is typing on a keyboard and entering data into a computer. The answer must be a general term covering all these symbols. Options include words used in printing and computing. Concept / Approach: The standard term for a single letter, digit, punctuation mark or symbol in text is character. In computing, each character is associated with a numeric code so that it can be stored and processed. For example, the letter A, the digit 5 and the symbol @ are all characters. The word output refers to information produced by the computer, not a single symbol. Type can refer to a category or to typography, and print is a verb or noun relating to producing text on paper. Glyph is a more specialised term in typography and font design, but in basic computer terminology character is preferred. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that text on a screen is made up of small units like letters and digits, which we call characters. Step 2: Notice that the question includes any letter, number or symbol, implying the answer must be broad enough to include all of these. Step 3: Remember that programming languages treat strings as sequences of characters. Step 4: Compare the options. Output is a general result from the computer, print is related to producing hard copy, and type is not specific enough. Step 5: Select character as the correct term for the smallest unit of text you can enter from the keyboard. Verification / Alternative check: Textbooks and programming tutorials often state that a string is a sequence of characters. Character encoding schemes such as ASCII or Unicode define mappings from integer values to characters like A, 1 or $. In user interface descriptions, the documentation refers to character input from the keyboard. When you press a key, the underlying software detects a character code. All these sources consistently use the word character for this concept rather than type or glyph in basic explanations. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Output: Describes data produced by the computer, such as a line of text on the screen or a printed report, not a single letter or symbol. Type: A general English word; in computing it can refer to data type, not to individual letters. Print: Typically used as a verb meaning to produce text or images on paper, or as a noun for printed material. Glyph: A specialised term for a particular visual representation of a character in a font; basic computer courses use character instead. Common Pitfalls: Some learners think of character only as a person in a story and do not connect it to text symbols. Others may confuse character with glyph or font when dealing with typography and design. For exam purposes and introductory computing, it is safest to remember that individual symbols like letters and digits, when entered or stored, are called characters. Groups of characters form strings, and strings make up larger units such as words and lines. Final Answer: Any letter, number or symbol you type on the keyboard is called a character in computer terminology.

Question 12

PARAM is an Indian series of supercomputers. Which organisation developed the first PARAM supercomputer?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: India entered the field of high performance computing with its own line of supercomputers named PARAM. These systems were developed in response to restrictions on importing foreign supercomputers. Knowing which institution created PARAM is part of basic general knowledge about Indian achievements in computer technology. This question tests your awareness of that key organisation and its contribution to advanced computing in India. Given Data / Assumptions: PARAM refers to a family of Indian supercomputers. The development occurred within India by a specific organisation. Options list several well known Indian institutions involved in science and technology. We assume awareness of basic Indian science and technology history. Concept / Approach: The first PARAM supercomputer, PARAM 8000, was developed by C-DAC, the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, an autonomous scientific society under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology. C-DAC was set up specifically to build indigenous supercomputers and promote advanced computing research. While IITs and research centres like BARC and ISRO contribute significantly to science and engineering, they did not develop the PARAM line. Thus, the correct answer is C-DAC. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Remember that PARAM is an Indian supercomputer project started in the late twentieth century. Step 2: Recall that the Indian government established C-DAC with the goal of developing high performance computing capability. Step 3: Recognise that PARAM 8000 and later PARAM systems were designed and built by C-DAC scientists and engineers. Step 4: Compare this with IIT Kanpur, IIT Delhi, BARC and ISRO, which focus on education, nuclear research or space technology rather than supercomputer product development. Step 5: Conclude that C-DAC is the correct organisation associated with the PARAM supercomputer family. Verification / Alternative check: Historical summaries of Indian computing achievements list PARAM 8000 as a milestone built by C-DAC in the early 1990s. Government announcements and official C-DAC documents highlight PARAM as one of their flagship projects. Articles about supercomputing in India mention that C-DAC led the effort after the United States refused to supply Cray supercomputers. IITs, BARC and ISRO are mentioned as users or collaborators but not as the primary developers of PARAM. This consistent attribution in reliable sources verifies that C-DAC is the correct answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: IIT Kanpur: A prestigious engineering institute engaged in research and education, but not the developer of the PARAM series. BARC (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre): Focuses on nuclear science and engineering; while it uses powerful computers, it did not create PARAM. IIT Delhi: Another top engineering institute with strong computing research but not responsible for the PARAM supercomputers. ISRO (Indian Space Research Organisation): Indias space agency uses high performance computing for simulations, but it did not develop the PARAM line. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes assume that large research organisations like ISRO or BARC developed all major Indian technologies, including supercomputers. Others may guess one of the IITs because of their reputation in computer science education. To avoid this, remember that C-DAC was created with a specific mandate to develop advanced computing technology. PARAM is closely tied to C-DAC, just as rockets and satellites are tied to ISRO. Associating each major project with its parent organisation helps in answering many general knowledge questions correctly. Final Answer: The PARAM supercomputer series was developed by C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing).

Question 13

Which of the following storage devices uses laser technology to read data from and store large amounts of information on a compact disc?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Different computer storage devices use different technologies to store and retrieve data. Some rely on magnetism, others on optical methods using lasers. Understanding which devices are optical is important for basic computer literacy. This question specifically asks which storage device uses laser technology to read data from compact discs and store information in that format. Recognising the correct answer reinforces your knowledge of CD based storage. Given Data / Assumptions: The focus is on laser technology and compact disc storage. We are comparing common storage devices such as floppy, hard disk and CD-ROM drives. Compact discs are optical media, not magnetic. The device must use a laser to read and possibly write data on the disc surface. Concept / Approach: CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc Read Only Memory. A CD-ROM drive is an optical drive that uses a laser beam to read tiny pits and lands on the surface of the disc. The pattern of reflections is converted into digital data that the computer can process. Floppy disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes and Zip disks all rely on magnetic methods rather than lasers. Therefore, the device associated with laser based compact disc storage is the CD-ROM drive. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify compact discs (CDs) as optical storage media that are read with a laser, not with magnetic heads. Step 2: Recall that a CD-ROM drive is the hardware device installed in a computer to read CD-ROM discs. Step 3: Understand that the drive contains a laser diode and optical sensors to detect the reflected light from the disc surface. Step 4: Compare this with floppy disk drives, hard disk drives, magnetic tape drives and Zip disk drives, which use magnetic heads instead of lasers. Step 5: Conclude that the correct answer is CD-ROM drive, as it is the only option that matches laser based compact disc technology. Verification / Alternative check: Hardware manuals and introductory IT courses classify storage into magnetic, optical and solid state categories. Magnetic devices include floppy disks, hard disks, tapes and Zip disks. Optical devices include CD-ROM, CD-RW and DVD drives, all of which use laser beams to read and sometimes write data. Technical descriptions of CD-ROM drives explain how the drive spins the disc and uses a low power laser focused on the data layer. Since the question mentions compact disc and laser technology, it clearly refers to CD-ROM drives, confirming the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Floppy disk drive: Uses magnetic heads to read and write data on flexible magnetic disks, not lasers. Hard disk drive: Uses rapidly spinning magnetic platters and read write heads, again without optical lasers. Magnetic tape drive: Stores data on long strips of magnetic tape read by magnetic heads. Zip disk drive: A magnetic removable disk format similar to a high capacity floppy, not an optical device. Common Pitfalls: Some learners may mix up different removable storage formats, especially if they have only seen them briefly. A simple way to remember is that anything with disc in the sense of compact disc or digital video disc (DVD) and which is shiny and reflective is usually optical and uses a laser. In contrast, floppy disks, tapes and Zip disks look dull and flexible or cartridge like and use magnetic recording. Keeping this distinction in mind helps you quickly choose the correct device when laser technology is mentioned. Final Answer: The storage device that uses laser technology to read data on a compact disc is the CD-ROM drive.

Question 14

Which of the following is the storage area within the computer itself that holds data and instructions only temporarily while the CPU is actively processing them?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Computers use different kinds of memory and storage for different purposes. Some devices keep data permanently even when the power is off, while others hold information only while the machine is running. This question asks about the internal storage area that temporarily holds data, programs and intermediate results while the CPU executes instructions. Identifying this correctly is important for understanding how programs run and why adding more RAM often speeds up a computer. Given Data / Assumptions: The storage area is within the computer itself. It holds data and instructions temporarily. It is used while the computer processes instructions. Options include hard disk, main memory (RAM), control unit and ROM. Concept / Approach: Main memory, commonly referred to as RAM (Random Access Memory), is the working area where the CPU stores programs and data that are currently in use. RAM is volatile, meaning that its contents are lost when power is turned off. During processing, the CPU fetches instructions and data from RAM, performs operations and writes results back to RAM. Hard disks and optical discs provide long term storage, while ROM holds permanent firmware that rarely changes. The control unit is part of the CPU, not a separate storage area. Therefore, main memory (RAM) best matches the description in the question. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the words temporarily and while the computer processes instructions. This points to working memory, not permanent storage. Step 2: Recall that RAM is used to hold the operating system, application programs and current data during operation. Step 3: Recognise that the hard disk is non volatile storage that retains files even when the computer is off, which does not match purely temporary use. Step 4: Understand that ROM contains fixed instructions, such as firmware, and is not used for temporary storage of changing data. Step 5: Conclude that main memory (RAM) is the correct answer because it is the temporary internal storage area used during processing. Verification / Alternative check: Visual diagrams of a computer system show the CPU connected directly to RAM via a memory bus. Data flows rapidly between the CPU and RAM during program execution. Textbooks describe RAM as primary memory and explain that when power is lost, everything in RAM disappears, which is why unsaved work is lost if the computer crashes. In contrast, the hard disk is labelled secondary storage, meant for long term retention. Control units are described as directing operations, not storing large amounts of data. ROM is highlighted as non volatile, read only memory containing boot firmware. These descriptions confirm that RAM is the temporary storage area referred to in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The hard disk: Non volatile secondary storage that retains programs and data even when the computer is turned off; not primarily temporary working storage. The control unit: A part of the CPU responsible for directing operations; it does not function as a data storage area. Read-only memory (ROM): Stores fixed firmware and does not normally hold changing data during program execution. Optical disc storage: Such as CD or DVD, used for long term storage and distribution of data, not for temporary working storage. Common Pitfalls: Beginners often confuse memory and storage, thinking they are the same. The key difference is duration and speed: RAM is fast but temporary, while devices like hard disks and optical discs are slower but permanent. Another mistake is to think that ROM is the main memory because it sounds technical. Remember that when people talk about adding memory to speed up a computer, they are almost always referring to RAM, the temporary working area used during processing. Final Answer: The storage area that holds data temporarily while the computer processes instructions is Main memory (RAM).

Question 15

A ________ is a computer attached to the Internet that runs special web server software and can send web pages out to other computers over the Internet.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The World Wide Web works on a client server model. Some computers request information, while others provide it. When you browse a website, your device acts as a client, and another computer somewhere on the Internet sends back the requested pages. This question asks for the term used for the computer that hosts websites and sends web pages to clients. Understanding this distinction is fundamental to web technology and Internet concepts. Given Data / Assumptions: The computer is attached to the Internet. It runs special software for serving web pages. It sends web pages out to other computers that request them. Options include web client, web page, web server and other terms. Concept / Approach: A web server is both software and the computer that runs that software to host websites. The server listens for HTTP or HTTPS requests from clients and responds by sending HTML pages, images and other resources. The term web server is often used to describe the hardware machine as well. A web client, typically a browser running on a user’s device, receives pages but does not serve them. A web page is the document itself, not the computer. A search engine is a specialised type of web service, not the generic term for any page hosting computer. Therefore, the correct term is web server. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the role described: running web server software and sending pages to other computers. Step 2: Recall that web servers host websites and respond to requests from browsers like Chrome or Firefox. Step 3: Recognise that the term web server can refer to both the software (such as Apache or Nginx) and the physical or virtual machine running it. Step 4: Compare this with web client, which describes the user’s browser, and web page, which is just a single HTML file. Step 5: Conclude that the correct answer is web server, as it exactly matches the description in the question. Verification / Alternative check: Internet technology guides describe the interaction as follows: A browser (client) sends an HTTP request to a web server, and the web server responds with an HTTP response containing the web page. Web hosting companies advertise their web servers on which websites reside. When setting up a site, administrators install web server software such as Apache HTTP Server, Nginx or Microsoft Internet Information Services on a computer connected to the Internet. All these references consistently use the term web server for the machine that sends web pages, confirming the answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Web client: Refers to software like a browser that requests and displays web pages, not the computer that serves them. Web system: Not a standard technical term; it is too vague to describe the specific role in the client server model. Web page: A single document or resource delivered over the web, not the machine that stores and serves content. Search engine: A specialised web service for searching pages; while it runs on web servers, it is not the general term the question seeks. Common Pitfalls: Some learners mix up server and client roles because both can be computers connected to the Internet. A good way to remember is: the client asks, the server serves. Your laptop or phone is typically a client when browsing; the machine in a data centre that sends the pages is the server. Also, remember that a web page is just content, whereas a web server is the host that delivers that content to many users worldwide. Final Answer: A computer that runs web server software and sends web pages to other computers is called a Web server.

Question 16

Every component of your computer system can be classified as either ________ or ________.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When learning about computers, it is useful to divide everything you see and use into a few broad categories. At the highest level, all parts of a computer system fall into two main groups. This question asks you to identify those two groups. Understanding this classification helps you talk clearly about different elements of computing, from physical equipment to programs and data. Given Data / Assumptions: The question refers to every component of a computer system. Components include both physical parts and instructions or programs. We need two categories that cover all possible items. Options mention hardware, software, CPU, RAM and types of software. Concept / Approach: In basic computer studies, everything in a computer system is classified as either hardware or software. Hardware refers to the tangible, physical parts you can touch, such as the keyboard, monitor, motherboard and disk drives. Software refers to programs and data, the instructions that tell the hardware what to do, such as the operating system and applications. Even more detailed categories like system software and application software are sub types of software. Therefore the top level split that covers every component is hardware or software. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Think of physical items like the mouse, monitor, CPU chip and hard drive. These are clearly hardware. Step 2: Think of programs like the operating system, web browser and games. These consist of code and data, not physical objects, and are called software. Step 3: Recognise that CPU itself is part of the hardware, not a separate category parallel to hardware. Step 4: Notice that system software and application software are both specific kinds of software, not a complete classification for every component. Step 5: Conclude that the only pair in the options that can include every component is hardware or software. Verification / Alternative check: Any introductory computing textbook defines a computer system as a combination of hardware and software. Diagrams show hardware boxes connected by lines, with software floating as programs and data stored in memory and on disks. Inputs, outputs, storage devices and processors are all hardware, while compilers, databases and multimedia programs are software. Even network components and embedded devices follow this division. Technical discussions might introduce further categories such as firmware or microcode, but these are still treated as special types of software or hardware. Thus, the hardware software classification is complete at the basic level. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Hardware or CPU: The CPU is one piece of hardware, not a category equal to hardware. RAM or CPU: Both RAM and CPU are types of hardware; this pair does not include software at all. System software or application software: These categories only cover software components and ignore physical hardware. Input device or output device: Many parts of a computer, such as memory and processors, are neither input devices nor output devices. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes focus too much on the CPU and treat it as a separate category because it is called the brain of the computer. However, it is still a physical chip and therefore part of hardware. Others may think only about software categories and forget the physical equipment. To avoid confusion, start with the simple rule: if you can touch it, it is hardware; if you can run it or store it as instructions, it is software. This rule helps classify everything in a computer system into these two broad groups. Final Answer: Every component of a computer can be classified as either Hardware or Software.

Question 17

The home page of a website is __________.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When you type in the address of a website, the first page that appears is usually the home page. It acts like the front door or main entrance to the site, giving visitors an overview and ways to navigate to other sections. Understanding this term is important in web browsing, web design and general Internet literacy. This question asks you to identify the best description of a website’s home page. Given Data / Assumptions: We are talking about websites, which consist of multiple web pages. The home page is a special page associated with the sites main URL. The page typically provides navigation to other content. Options talk about first, largest, most colourful and last pages. Concept / Approach: The home page is the main page of a website, usually loaded when a user enters the base address (for example, example.com). It often introduces the site, shows branding and provides menus or links to other sections. It is not defined by size, colours or its position as first or last in a sequence of pages, although it is normally the first page a visitor sees. Therefore, the best description is that the home page is the first or main page of the site. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that when you visit a website address, you typically land on a central starting page. Step 2: Recognise that this page usually has navigation menus, a logo and overview content, marking it as the main page. Step 3: Understand that the term home page does not require it to be the largest or most colourful page; many simple sites have plain home pages. Step 4: Note that the last page of a site is not a standard concept, and the home page can be revisited at any time using a home link. Step 5: Conclude that the correct definition is the first or main page of the site. Verification / Alternative check: Web design guides describe the home page as the main landing page that forms the central hub for navigation. Browsers often have a Home button that takes the user back to this page. Website structures are frequently drawn as trees or site maps with the home page at the top and other pages branching out below. The page located at the root URL, such as index.html or default.aspx, is treated as the home page. These consistent descriptions match the idea of the first or main page and do not mention size or colour as defining characteristics. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The largest page of the site: A site could have many pages, some with long articles; the home page is not defined by file size or content length. The most colourful page of the site: Colourful design is a style choice, not a requirement or definition of the home page. The last page of the site: There is no fixed last page for a website; users can navigate in many orders. Always the contact us page: Some sites link to contact pages from the home page, but the home page itself is not always the contact page. Common Pitfalls: Students may think that because the home page is often visually attractive, it must be the most colourful page. However, many modern sites use minimal design on the home page while inner pages such as galleries are richer. Others assume first page refers to a chronological order, but on the web, users can enter a site at any subpage via search engines. The term home page refers to the main starting point of the site structure, not to visual features or sequence. Keeping this in mind will help answer similar questions correctly. Final Answer: The home page of a website is the first or main page of the site that users usually see when they visit its address.

Question 18

Which of the following types of optical storage media allows users to erase and rewrite data on the disc more than once?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Optical storage media such as compact discs and DVDs come in different formats. Some can be written only once, while others allow data to be erased and rewritten many times. Knowing the difference is important when choosing a disc for backup, file transfer or long term archiving. This question tests your knowledge of which optical disc type supports multiple write and erase cycles, as opposed to those that are read only or write once only. Given Data / Assumptions: We are dealing with optical media, not magnetic disks. The focus is on the ability to store data more than once, that is, to erase and rewrite. Options include CD-R, CD-RW, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM and Blu-ray ROM discs. ROM in a disc name usually indicates read only memory. Concept / Approach: CD-RW stands for Compact Disc ReWritable. These discs have a special recording layer that can be changed many times using a compatible CD-RW drive, allowing users to update, erase and rewrite data. In contrast, CD-R (Recordable) discs allow data to be written only once and then behave as read only. CD-ROM, DVD-ROM and Blu-ray ROM discs are pressed at the factory and cannot be altered by the user; they are strictly read only. Therefore, among the options, CD-RW is the only type that clearly supports multiple write cycles on the same disc. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the meaning of the abbreviations: CD-R is recordable once, CD-RW is rewritable, and ROM indicates read only memory. Step 2: Focus on the requirement that users should be able to store data on the disc more than once. Step 3: Recognise that CD-RW discs are designed specifically for erasing and rewriting data using phase change technology in the recording layer. Step 4: Note that CD-R discs, once written and finalised, cannot be erased and reused; new data can only be appended if the disc is not closed, and even then, previous data remains. Step 5: Conclude that CD-ROM, DVD-ROM and Blu-ray ROM are manufactured as read only and cannot be written by ordinary users, so CD-RW discs are the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Hardware and media packaging clearly label discs as CD-R or CD-RW. CD-RW packaging will state rewritable and often mention the approximate number of rewrite cycles supported. User guides for CD-RW drives describe how to format and erase these discs similarly to a slow removable disk. By contrast, manuals explain that CD-ROM and DVD-ROM drives can only read commercially pressed discs. When burning software presents options, it distinguishes between write once discs (CD-R, DVD-R) and rewritable discs (CD-RW, DVD-RW). These consistent naming practices and behaviours confirm that CD-RW discs meet the requirement in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: CD-R discs: Allow data to be recorded only once; users cannot truly erase and reuse them like a rewritable disc. DVD-ROM discs: Pressed read only media that users cannot write to; they are used for software distribution and movies. CD-ROM discs: Read only compact discs supplied by manufacturers; no user writing is possible. Blu-ray ROM discs: High capacity optical discs in read only format, typically used for movies or data distribution, not rewriting by users. Common Pitfalls: Students often see the R in CD-R and think it means rewritable, but it actually means recordable, which is normally write once. The RW in CD-RW is the key indicator of rewritable capability. Another confusion arises between ROM and RAM; ROM in disc names firmly indicates read only format. To avoid mistakes, remember: CD-R (record once), CD-RW (rewritable), and ROM means factory written and not user writable. Final Answer: The optical media that can be erased and rewritten by users multiple times are CD-RW discs.

Question 19

During processing, data, programs, and intermediate results are held temporarily in ________.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: When a computer runs a program, it needs a place to keep the active instructions and data that the CPU is currently using. This storage needs to be fast so that the processor is not kept waiting. It also needs to change frequently as programs load and unload. This question asks where data, programs and processed information are held temporarily during processing. Knowing the answer is essential for understanding the role of primary memory and why its size affects performance. Given Data / Assumptions: The storage is temporary and used during processing. It holds data, programs and intermediate results. Options include secondary storage, ROM and RAM. The context is a standard digital computer. Concept / Approach: RAM (Random Access Memory) is the primary working memory of a computer. When you open a program, the operating system loads its instructions and necessary data from secondary storage (such as a hard disk) into RAM. During processing, the CPU reads from and writes to RAM continuously. Because RAM is volatile, its contents are lost when power is turned off, which matches the idea of temporary storage. Secondary storage and optical discs are non volatile and slower, while ROM contains fixed code that does not change during normal processing. Therefore, RAM is the correct answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the words held temporarily and during processing, which describe working memory rather than permanent storage. Step 2: Recall that when you start an application, it must be loaded into RAM before the CPU can execute it. Step 3: Recognise that as the program runs, it creates and updates variables and intermediate results, all of which are stored in RAM. Step 4: Note that when power is turned off or the system crashes, unsaved data in RAM is lost, confirming its temporary nature. Step 5: Compare with secondary storage and ROM, which are designed for long term persistence, and choose RAM as the only option that matches the description. Verification / Alternative check: System monitoring tools in operating systems show how much RAM is being used by active processes. When you open more programs, RAM usage increases, and when you close them, it decreases. Performance guides often recommend adding more RAM to a computer to allow more programs or larger files to be held in memory at once. Textbooks describe RAM as the place where data and instructions are stored temporarily while the CPU processes them. Secondary storage, such as hard disks and SSDs, is described as long term file storage. These consistent descriptions confirm that RAM is the temporary storage area referenced in the question. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Secondary storage: Includes hard disks and other non volatile devices used for long term storage; they do not hold active data as quickly as RAM during processing. ROM: Read only memory stores permanent firmware and does not typically hold changing data for currently running programs. None of these: Incorrect because RAM clearly fits the description given. Optical disc storage: Used for distributing and archiving data on CDs or DVDs; not suitable for rapid, temporary program storage during execution. Common Pitfalls: People sometimes confuse memory with storage, using the terms interchangeably. To avoid this, remember that memory (RAM) is like a worktable where you temporarily place items you are using, while storage (disks) is like a cupboard where you keep items when you are done. ROM is like a sealed manual that you can read but not change easily. Whenever a question mentions temporary holding during processing, RAM should be your first thought. Final Answer: During processing, data, programs and intermediate results are held temporarily in RAM.

Question 20

A ________ is a powerful computer that can operate at very high speeds and can support hundreds or even thousands of users at the same time over a network.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Different categories of computers are designed for different scales of work. While microcomputers such as personal computers serve one user at a time, larger systems can serve many users simultaneously. This question asks which category of computer is designed to operate at high speeds and support hundreds or even thousands of users over terminals or networks. Knowing this classification helps distinguish between mainframes, supercomputers and smaller systems. Given Data / Assumptions: The computer operates at high speeds. It can support hundreds of users at the same time. Users typically connect over networks or terminals. Options include micro, mainframe, super and mini computers. Concept / Approach: Mainframe computers are large, powerful systems used primarily in organisations such as banks, airlines and government departments. They are designed to handle massive input output operations and support many simultaneous users and transactions. While supercomputers may have even higher raw processing power, they are optimised for numerical simulations and complex computations rather than serving many concurrent users. Microcomputers and mini computers serve fewer users and have lower capacity. Therefore, the category matching high speed operation with support for hundreds of users is mainframe computer. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Focus on the phrase support hundreds of users. This suggests multi user time sharing systems, not personal computers. Step 2: Recall that mainframe computers were historically designed for transaction processing for many terminals, such as in banks and reservation systems. Step 3: Recognise that supercomputers are usually dedicated to specialised scientific tasks and are not primarily multi user business systems. Step 4: Microcomputers refer to desktops, laptops and small servers, which typically serve one user or a small group. Step 5: Conclude that mainframe computer is the correct classification based on both speed and number of supported users. Verification / Alternative check: General computer classification charts describe mainframe computers as high capacity systems that can support hundreds or thousands of users with centralised processing. Examples include IBM zSeries mainframes used for enterprise resource planning and large databases. Supercomputers, on the other hand, are described as the fastest computers used for complex computations like weather modelling and scientific simulations. While they are powerful, they are not typically used for running everyday transaction workloads for many users. Mini computers historically occupied a middle ground but supported fewer users than mainframes. These descriptions confirm that mainframe is the best fit. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Micro computer: Includes desktops and laptops designed for single users or small environments, not hundreds of users simultaneously. Super computer: Optimised for heavy numerical calculations rather than serving large numbers of concurrent users in business applications. Mini computer: Historically served more users than a microcomputer but fewer than a mainframe; less powerful and less scalable. Embedded computer: A specialised system built into devices like washing machines or cars; not meant to support many external users. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes choose supercomputer whenever they see high speed mentioned, ignoring the part about supporting many users. It is crucial to read the full question: supercomputers are indeed very fast but are typically dedicated to single large tasks. Mainframes, by contrast, are built to manage thousands of small tasks from many users at once. As a memory aid, associate mainframe with main office or main bank system, where many employees log in to the same central machine. Final Answer: A computer that can operate at high speeds and support hundreds of users is a Mainframe computer.

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