Cause & Effect — Identify the Relationship: I. The refugee crisis split opinion within the European Union: some members refused refugees, others proposed a shared quota. II. The Euro nearly lost its status as the common currency in the European Union. Which option best captures the causal link between I and II?

Introduction / Context:Two major EU challenges are mentioned: a refugee-policy schism and threats to the Euro’s integrity. The task is to test whether one caused the other.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• I: Political division over refugee intake and burden sharing.
• II: Monetary integration stress severe enough to endanger the Euro’s common-currency status.
• These typically stem from different domains: migration policy vs. fiscal/monetary stability.

Concept / Approach:While both stress the EU, the Euro’s crisis largely arises from macroeconomic/fiscal issues, not directly from refugee policy. Thus, both are better seen as effects of separate, complex causes rather than one causing the other.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:Even if refugee inflows have fiscal implications, the Euro’s near-failure predates or proceeds via financial channels; a direct causal claim is too strong for the stem.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:Asserting I→II or II→I overstates linkage; independence as “causes” (c) misreads them as initiating factors rather than outcomes of broader drivers.

Common Pitfalls:Conflating co-occurring EU crises with direct causation.

Final Answer:Option D: Both are effects of independent causes.