Critical reasoning — health survey inference: A report says those who exercise at least 30 minutes daily are less prone to heart ailments; decide if moderate exercise is necessary for health or if desk-bound workers definitely suffer heart disease

Given data

• Statement: People exercising ≥ 30 minutes daily are less prone to heart ailments.
• Conclusions:
  • I: Moderate exercise is necessary for a healthy life.
  • II: All desk-bound workers definitely suffer heart ailments.

Concept/Approach

'Less prone' indicates reduced risk, not a necessary condition. Absolute claims ('all', 'definitely') require explicit evidence.

Step-by-Step logic1) I does not follow: The statement shows benefit, not necessity; one may be healthy without such exercise due to other factors.2) II does not follow: Desk-bound jobs do not guarantee heart disease; no such universal claim is made.

Verification/Alternative

Counterexamples: Healthy lifestyle without formal daily 30-minute exercise; desk workers who maintain good cardiovascular health.

Common pitfalls

• Conflating 'beneficial' with 'necessary'.
• Accepting universal generalizations without support.

Final AnswerNeither I nor II follows.