Statement — The population will cross the 100-crore mark shortly. Though we have made tremendous progress in almost all fields, an equally fast population growth has nullified these achievements. Conclusions — I. Population plays an important role in the progress of a country. II. If population growth is controlled, the nation will progress rapidly.

Introduction / Context:The statement contrasts national progress with rapid population growth that “nullified” achievements. We test whether the role of population in progress (I) and the effect of controlling growth (II) follow.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Rapid population growth offsets progress → demographic pressure dilutes per-capita gains.
• Hence, population dynamics materially affect development outcomes.

Concept / Approach:I follows: if population growth can nullify progress, population is an important factor in progress. II also follows: controlling the factor that nullifies achievement allows progress to manifest more rapidly (e.g., per-capita availability improves).

Step-by-Step Solution:

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Final Answer:Both I and II follow.