Statement–Courses of Action (child mortality in developing-country cities): A study shows children under five mainly die from diarrhoea and parasitic intestinal worms; evaluate which course(s) follow—(I) governments should improve urban hygiene conditions, (II) under-five children should undergo periodic medical check-ups—focusing on prevention and early detection.

Given data

• Statement: Major under-five mortality drivers in developing-country cities are diarrhoea and intestinal parasites.
• Course I: Improve city hygiene (water, sanitation, waste management).
• Course II: Ensure periodic medical check-ups for under-five children.

Concept / ApproachPublic-health best practice pairs prevention (hygiene and sanitation) with early detection and treatment (medical screening).

Step-by-step evaluationStep 1: Diarrhoea/helminths are strongly linked to poor sanitation; improving hygiene (I) directly reduces incidence.Step 2: Periodic check-ups (II) catch dehydration, malnutrition, and infections early, lowering mortality risk.Step 3: The courses are complementary and both follow.

Verification / AlternativeIntegrated WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) plus child health surveillance is a standard urban-health approach.

Common pitfalls

• Treating prevention and clinical follow-up as substitutes; they are synergistic.

Final AnswerBoth I and II follow.