Question 1

A and B together have a total of ₹6300. If (5/19) of A's money is equal to (2/5) of B's money, find how much money B has in rupees.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This problem is a typical ratio and linear equation question based on money distribution between two people. You are given the total amount of money they share and a relationship between fractions of their individual amounts. The task is to use this information to determine how much money B has. Problems of this type frequently appear in quantitative aptitude sections of competitive exams and require careful handling of fractions and ratios. Given Data / Assumptions: The total money held by A and B together is ₹6300. (5/19) of A's amount is equal to (2/5) of B's amount. All amounts are in rupees and are non negative. We must find the amount of money B has. Concept / Approach: Let A's money be A and B's money be B. We are given a fractional relation: (5/19) * A = (2/5) * B. From this equation, we can derive a ratio between A and B. Once we know A : B, we can express both amounts in terms of a common multiplier and then use the total A + B = 6300 to determine that multiplier and finally B. This is a standard method for solving ratio problems involving totals and fractional relationships. Step-by-Step Solution: 1) Let A's amount be A and B's amount be B. 2) The condition is (5/19) * A = (2/5) * B. 3) Clear fractions by multiplying both sides by 19 * 5: (5/19) * A * 19 * 5 = (2/5) * B * 19 * 5. 4) On the left side, 19 cancels 19 in the denominator and 5 remains, giving 25A. On the right side, 5 cancels 5 and we get 38B. 5) This simplifies to 25A = 38B. 6) Rearranging gives A / B = 38 / 25, so the ratio A : B = 38 : 25. 7) Let A = 38k and B = 25k for some positive constant k. 8) Use the total amount A + B = 6300: 38k + 25k = 63k = 6300. 9) Solve for k: k = 6300 / 63 = 100. 10) Now compute B: B = 25k = 25 * 100 = 2500. Verification / Alternative check: Verify that these values satisfy the original conditions. With k = 100, we have A = 38 * 100 = 3800 and B = 2500. First, check the total: A + B = 3800 + 2500 = 6300, which matches the given total. Next, check the fractional relation. Compute (5/19) of A: (5/19) * 3800 = 5 * 200 = 1000. Compute (2/5) of B: (2/5) * 2500 = 2 * 500 = 1000. Both sides are equal, confirming that the relationship holds and that B = ₹2500 is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option b (₹2300), option c (₹3800), option d (₹4000), and option e (₹3000) do not satisfy both the total and the fractional condition simultaneously. For example, if B were ₹3000, then A would be ₹3300, and (5/19) of A would not equal (2/5) of B. Only B = ₹2500 produces consistent values that match the given constraints. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to handle the fractional equation incorrectly, such as cross multiplying without clearing denominators properly, or misinterpreting (5/19) of A as A * 19 / 5. Another frequent error is to form the ratio A : B incorrectly from 25A = 38B. Keeping the algebraic steps clear and verifying with the total sum at the end helps avoid these mistakes. Final Answer: B's share of the money is ₹2500.

Question 2

Let a and b be real numbers such that a + b = 3. Simplify the expression a^3 + b^3 + 9ab − 27 and find its exact value.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This algebra question tests your understanding of the cube expansion identity and how to work with symmetric expressions involving a and b. Instead of giving values of a and b directly, the question provides a relation a + b = 3 and asks you to simplify an expression involving a^3, b^3, and ab. Recognizing the structure of standard identities is the key to solving this quickly and without excessive calculation. Given Data / Assumptions: a and b are real numbers. a + b = 3. We must evaluate a^3 + b^3 + 9ab − 27. No other conditions on a and b are specified. Concept / Approach: The main identity to use is the cube of a sum: (a + b)^3 = a^3 + b^3 + 3ab(a + b). From this identity, we can express a^3 + b^3 in terms of (a + b)^3 and ab. After substituting the known value a + b = 3, the expression a^3 + b^3 + 9ab − 27 will simplify dramatically. It turns out that the result does not depend on the particular values of a and b, only on their sum, which makes this expression a neat example of symmetric algebraic structure. Step-by-Step Solution: 1) Start with the identity (a + b)^3 = a^3 + b^3 + 3ab(a + b). 2) Rearrange this to isolate a^3 + b^3: a^3 + b^3 = (a + b)^3 − 3ab(a + b). 3) Substitute a + b = 3. Then (a + b)^3 = 3^3 = 27. 4) So a^3 + b^3 = 27 − 3ab * 3 = 27 − 9ab. 5) Now consider the full expression: a^3 + b^3 + 9ab − 27. 6) Substitute a^3 + b^3 = 27 − 9ab into this expression: a^3 + b^3 + 9ab − 27 = (27 − 9ab) + 9ab − 27. 7) Combine like terms: 27 − 27 = 0 and −9ab + 9ab = 0. 8) The entire expression simplifies to 0. Verification / Alternative check: To confirm, choose specific numbers satisfying a + b = 3. For example, let a = 1 and b = 2. Then a^3 + b^3 + 9ab − 27 becomes 1^3 + 2^3 + 9 * 1 * 2 − 27 = 1 + 8 + 18 − 27 = 27 − 27 = 0. Try another pair, such as a = 0 and b = 3. Then the expression is 0^3 + 3^3 + 9 * 0 * 3 − 27 = 27 − 27 = 0 again. This consistency for different pairs with the same sum supports the identity based simplification. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Any non zero value would contradict the identity that we derived from (a + b)^3. Options b (24), c (25), d (27), and e (−27) suggest that the expression changes with specific choices of a and b, but direct substitution for different pairs shows that this is not the case. The expression always simplifies to zero when a + b = 3, so only option a is correct. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to expand (a + b)^3 incorrectly or to forget the 3ab(a + b) term. Some learners try to plug in arbitrary values for a and b without checking that they satisfy a + b = 3, which leads to inconsistent results. Others may try to simplify a^3 + b^3 + 9ab − 27 directly without recognizing the underlying identity. Remembering and using the cube expansion formula is the fastest and most reliable approach here. Final Answer: For any real numbers a and b with a + b = 3, the expression a^3 + b^3 + 9ab − 27 evaluates to 0.

Question 3

Let θ be an acute angle (0 < θ < π/2) such that 5 sin^2(θ) + 4 cos^2(θ) = 9/2. Using this relation, determine the exact value of tan(θ).

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This trigonometry question combines the Pythagoras identity sin^2(θ) + cos^2(θ) = 1 with a given linear combination of sin^2(θ) and cos^2(θ). The goal is to find tan(θ), which is the ratio sin(θ) / cos(θ). Such problems are common in aptitude tests and exam papers, because they check your ability to use basic identities creatively and to solve for trigonometric ratios from transformed equations. Given Data / Assumptions: θ is an acute angle, so 0 < θ < π/2 and all primary trigonometric ratios are positive. The relation is 5 sin^2(θ) + 4 cos^2(θ) = 9/2. We must find tan(θ) in simplest exact form. Concept / Approach: Introduce temporary variables s = sin^2(θ) and c = cos^2(θ). We know that s + c = 1 from the Pythagoras identity. The given equation 5s + 4c = 9/2 can be combined with s + c = 1 to solve for s and c individually. Once sin^2(θ) and cos^2(θ) are known, we can take positive square roots (since θ is acute) to find sin(θ) and cos(θ), and then compute tan(θ) = sin(θ) / cos(θ). Step-by-Step Solution: 1) Let s = sin^2(θ) and c = cos^2(θ). 2) From the basic identity, s + c = 1. 3) The given equation is 5s + 4c = 9/2. 4) Express c in terms of s using s + c = 1: c = 1 − s. 5) Substitute c into 5s + 4c = 9/2 to get 5s + 4(1 − s) = 9/2. 6) Simplify: 5s + 4 − 4s = s + 4. 7) So s + 4 = 9/2. Subtract 4 from both sides: s = 9/2 − 4 = 9/2 − 8/2 = 1/2. 8) Therefore sin^2(θ) = 1/2. Since θ is acute, sin(θ) = 1/√2. 9) Using s + c = 1 again, c = 1 − s = 1 − 1/2 = 1/2, so cos^2(θ) = 1/2 and cos(θ) = 1/√2. 10) Now compute tan(θ) = sin(θ) / cos(θ) = (1/√2) / (1/√2) = 1. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify by substituting sin^2(θ) = 1/2 and cos^2(θ) = 1/2 back into the original equation. The left side becomes 5 * (1/2) + 4 * (1/2) = 5/2 + 4/2 = 9/2, which matches the right side exactly. This confirms that sin^2(θ) and cos^2(θ) are correct. With both squares equal, sin(θ) and cos(θ) have the same positive value for an acute angle, so tan(θ) = 1 is consistent with the standard angle θ = 45 degrees, which is a well known solution where sin(θ) = cos(θ). Why Other Options Are Wrong: Options b (1/4), d (1/2), and c (2) correspond to tan^2(θ) values that would make sin^2(θ) and cos^2(θ) unequal in a way that does not satisfy the given linear combination. Option e (0) would imply sin(θ) = 0, which cannot satisfy 5 sin^2(θ) + 4 cos^2(θ) = 9/2. Only tan(θ) = 1 leads to sin^2(θ) and cos^2(θ) both equal to 1/2, which fits the equation perfectly. Common Pitfalls: A typical mistake is to try to manipulate tan(θ) directly without first solving for sin^2(θ) and cos^2(θ). Another error is substituting c = 1 − s incorrectly, leading to algebraic mistakes such as sign errors or incorrect simplification of 9/2 − 4. Some learners also forget that θ is acute and might consider negative square roots. Carefully using the identity s + c = 1 and remembering that trigonometric ratios are positive in the first quadrant avoids these problems. Final Answer: The value of tan(θ) that satisfies the given relation is 1.

Question 4

In coordinate geometry, find the equation of the straight line that intercepts the x-axis at 3/4 and the y-axis at 2/3. Choose the correct equation of this line from the options.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your understanding of the intercept form of the equation of a straight line in coordinate geometry. When a line cuts the x-axis and y-axis at known intercepts, there is a convenient form of the equation that uses those intercepts directly. Being able to move between intercept form and standard form is useful in graphing, analytic geometry, and many exam questions involving lines. Given Data / Assumptions: The line intercepts the x-axis at x = 3/4, so it passes through the point (3/4, 0). The line intercepts the y-axis at y = 2/3, so it passes through the point (0, 2/3). We must find the equation of this line in standard form. The coordinate system is the usual Cartesian plane. Concept / Approach: The intercept form of the equation of a straight line is x/a + y/b = 1, where a is the x-intercept and b is the y-intercept. Substituting a = 3/4 and b = 2/3 gives us an equation in terms of x and y. From there, we can clear denominators to obtain an equation in the standard general form Ax + By = C. We then compare this equation with the options provided and select the matching one. Step-by-Step Solution: 1) Use the intercept form x/a + y/b = 1, where a is the x-intercept and b is the y-intercept. 2) Substitute a = 3/4 and b = 2/3 to get x / (3/4) + y / (2/3) = 1. 3) Simplify each fraction: x / (3/4) = x * (4/3) = 4x / 3, and y / (2/3) = y * (3/2) = 3y / 2. 4) The equation becomes 4x / 3 + 3y / 2 = 1. 5) Clear denominators by multiplying every term by 6 (the least common multiple of 3 and 2): 6 * (4x / 3) + 6 * (3y / 2) = 6 * 1. 6) Compute each term: 6 * (4x / 3) = 8x, 6 * (3y / 2) = 9y, and 6 * 1 = 6. 7) The equation simplifies to 8x + 9y = 6. Verification / Alternative check: Verify that the intercepts match the given values. To find the x-intercept, set y = 0 in 8x + 9y = 6, giving 8x = 6, so x = 6/8 = 3/4. This matches the required x-intercept. To find the y-intercept, set x = 0, yielding 9y = 6, so y = 6/9 = 2/3, which matches the required y-intercept. Therefore, the line with equation 8x + 9y = 6 has exactly the intercepts specified in the problem. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option b, 9x + 8y = 12, gives an x-intercept of 4/3 and a y-intercept of 3/2, both different from the required intercepts. Option c, 8x − 9y = 6, does not even cross the y-axis at a positive intercept. Option d, 9x + 8y = −12, has both intercepts negative. Option e, 6x + 6y = 5, produces intercepts 5/6 and 5/6, which are not 3/4 and 2/3. Only option a yields the correct intercept pair. Common Pitfalls: A common error is to invert the intercept form as a/x + b/y = 1 instead of x/a + y/b = 1. Others may forget to multiply through by the least common multiple to clear denominators, leading to fractional coefficients that do not match the options directly. Some learners also mix up x- and y-intercepts when checking options. Carefully applying the intercept form and systematically verifying both intercepts prevents these mistakes. Final Answer: The equation of the line with x-intercept 3/4 and y-intercept 2/3 is 8x + 9y = 6.

Question 5

Using the triple-angle identity for tangent, express tan(3A) purely in terms of tan(A). Which of the following formulas correctly represents tan(3A)?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This trigonometry question focuses on the triple-angle identity for the tangent function. The goal is to express tan(3A) entirely in terms of tan(A). This formula is useful in advanced trigonometric manipulations, solving equations, and sometimes in integration and complex number applications. Knowing the correct form and being able to derive or verify it is a sign of strong trigonometric understanding. Given Data / Assumptions: A is a real angle for which tan(A) is defined. We need to express tan(3A) in terms of tan(A) only. Several candidate formulas are provided; exactly one is correct. Concept / Approach: A standard identity for tangent of a sum is tan(X + Y) = (tan X + tan Y) / (1 − tan X * tan Y), provided the denominator is not zero. To derive tan(3A), we can think of 3A as A + 2A and use the double-angle formula tan(2A) in terms of tan(A). Alternatively, one can recall the known triple-angle identity: tan(3A) = (3 tan A − tan^3 A) / (1 − 3 tan^2 A). Here we check that this remembered identity is consistent with the addition formulas, and then match it to the given options. Step-by-Step Solution: 1) Recall the double-angle formula for tangent: tan(2A) = (2 tan A) / (1 − tan^2 A). 2) To get tan(3A), write 3A = 2A + A and apply the sum formula: tan(3A) = tan(2A + A) = (tan 2A + tan A) / (1 − tan 2A * tan A). 3) Substitute tan 2A = (2 tan A) / (1 − tan^2 A). 4) Let t = tan A for simplicity. Then tan 2A = (2t) / (1 − t^2). 5) Compute the numerator: tan 2A + tan A = (2t / (1 − t^2)) + t = (2t + t(1 − t^2)) / (1 − t^2) = (2t + t − t^3) / (1 − t^2) = (3t − t^3) / (1 − t^2). 6) Compute the denominator: 1 − tan 2A * tan A = 1 − (2t / (1 − t^2)) * t = 1 − (2t^2 / (1 − t^2)). 7) Write 1 as (1 − t^2) / (1 − t^2) and combine: 1 − 2t^2 / (1 − t^2) = [(1 − t^2) − 2t^2] / (1 − t^2) = (1 − 3t^2) / (1 − t^2). 8) Therefore tan(3A) = [ (3t − t^3) / (1 − t^2) ] / [ (1 − 3t^2) / (1 − t^2) ] = (3t − t^3) / (1 − 3t^2). 9) Replace t by tan A to obtain tan(3A) = (3 tan A − tan^3 A) / (1 − 3 tan^2 A). Verification / Alternative check: We can test the formula with a simple angle, such as A = 15 degrees. Then 3A = 45 degrees and tan(45) = 1. Using tan A = tan 15 degrees, we know tan 15 is approximately 0.268. Substitute t ≈ 0.268 into (3t − t^3) / (1 − 3t^2). Numerically, 3t − t^3 ≈ 0.804 − 0.019 = 0.785 and 1 − 3t^2 ≈ 1 − 0.216 = 0.784. Their ratio is approximately 1.001, close to 1 within rounding errors, which matches tan 45 degrees. This supports the correctness of the identity. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Options b, c, and d have incorrect sign patterns in the numerator or denominator, which do not follow from the derivation using sum and double-angle formulas. Option e is structurally different and corresponds to neither a known triple-angle formula nor the derived expression. Only option a, (3tanA − tan^3A) / (1 − 3tan^2A), matches the proven identity exactly. Common Pitfalls: Some learners attempt to memorize the triple-angle formula but confuse the signs or swap the positions of terms. Others may attempt a derivation but make algebraic mistakes when simplifying complex fractions. Working with a substitution t = tan A and simplifying step by step reduces the chance of error and clarifies how the final formula arises from the basic tangent addition and double-angle identities. Final Answer: The correct triple-angle identity for tangent is (3tanA - tan^3A) / (1 - 3tan^2A).

Question 6

In coordinate geometry, a triangle has vertices A(2, 5), B(4, 4), and C(7, 3). Using the formula for the centroid, find the coordinates of the centroid of triangle ABC.

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This coordinate geometry question asks you to find the centroid of a triangle when the coordinates of its vertices are given. The centroid is the point where the three medians of a triangle intersect and is sometimes called the center of mass for a triangle with uniform density. Knowing the centroid formula is very useful in analytic geometry and applications such as physics and computer graphics. Given Data / Assumptions: Vertex A has coordinates (2, 5). Vertex B has coordinates (4, 4). Vertex C has coordinates (7, 3). We must find the coordinates of the centroid G of triangle ABC. The coordinate system is a standard Cartesian plane. Concept / Approach: The centroid G of a triangle with vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2), and (x3, y3) is given by the simple averaging formulas: Gx = (x1 + x2 + x3) / 3 and Gy = (y1 + y2 + y3) / 3. That is, the centroid is the arithmetic mean of the x-coordinates and the arithmetic mean of the y-coordinates of the vertices. We simply substitute the given coordinates of A, B, and C into these formulas and simplify to get the centroid. Step-by-Step Solution: 1) Label the coordinates: A(2, 5), B(4, 4), and C(7, 3). 2) Compute the sum of the x-coordinates: x1 + x2 + x3 = 2 + 4 + 7 = 13. 3) Compute the sum of the y-coordinates: y1 + y2 + y3 = 5 + 4 + 3 = 12. 4) Apply the centroid formula for the x-coordinate: Gx = (x1 + x2 + x3) / 3 = 13 / 3. 5) Apply the centroid formula for the y-coordinate: Gy = (y1 + y2 + y3) / 3 = 12 / 3 = 4. 6) Therefore the centroid G has coordinates (13/3, 4). Verification / Alternative check: To build intuition, note that the centroid always lies inside the triangle and each median divides the triangle into two smaller triangles of equal area. The vertex coordinates here are fairly close to each other, so it is reasonable that the centroid x-coordinate 13/3 is between 2 and 7 and the y-coordinate 4 is between 3 and 5. Plotting the points roughly on a graph would show the centroid located in the interior, roughly central, which confirms that the computed point is plausible. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option b (4, 13/3) swaps the roles of the x and y coordinates. Option c (3, 4) uses an incorrect average for the x-coordinates. Option d (13/3, 12/3) writes the y-coordinate as 12/3 explicitly but does not match the simpler 4 in the option style, and it may be a distractor for careless simplification. Option e (5, 4) takes a middle x-value by eye rather than the correct average. Only option a accurately applies the centroid formula in both coordinates. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to divide only by 2, as if averaging two points instead of three, or to average only the x-coordinates and forget to average the y-coordinates. Others might mis add one of the coordinates, for example 2 + 4 + 7 incorrectly. Writing the formula clearly and then substituting step by step ensures accuracy. Double checking the arithmetic, especially the division by 3, helps avoid small but important errors. Final Answer: The centroid of triangle ABC with vertices A(2, 5), B(4, 4), and C(7, 3) is the point (13/3, 4).

Question 7

Solve the following system of linear inequalities in one variable: 1) 2x + 5 > 2 + 3x 2) 2x − 3 <= 4x − 5 From the options given, which value of x satisfies both inequalities simultaneously?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question asks you to solve a pair of linear inequalities in a single variable x and then select from several candidate values the one that satisfies both inequalities. Working with inequalities is a core topic in algebra and aptitude tests. The main ideas are very similar to solving equations, but one must carefully maintain the direction of the inequality and understand how solution sets intersect. Given Data / Assumptions: First inequality: 2x + 5 > 2 + 3x. Second inequality: 2x − 3 <= 4x − 5. x is a real number, but we are given discrete options. We must find which option satisfies both inequalities at the same time. Concept / Approach: We solve each inequality separately to get its solution set in the form of an interval. The solution to the system is the intersection of these two intervals, that is, the set of all x values that satisfy both inequalities. Once the intersection is found, we check which of the given options lies within it. Since all coefficients in the inequalities are positive, there is no need to reverse the inequality sign when dividing by those coefficients. Step-by-Step Solution: 1) Solve the first inequality: 2x + 5 > 2 + 3x. 2) Subtract 2x from both sides: 5 > 2 + x. 3) Subtract 2 from both sides: 3 > x, which means x < 3. 4) Now solve the second inequality: 2x − 3 <= 4x − 5. 5) Subtract 2x from both sides: −3 <= 2x − 5. 6) Add 5 to both sides: 2 <= 2x. 7) Divide both sides by 2 (positive): 1 <= x. 8) The second inequality therefore gives x >= 1. 9) Combine the two results: from the first inequality x < 3, and from the second x >= 1. 10) The solution set is 1 <= x < 3. Verification / Alternative check: Now test each option against the solution interval 1 <= x < 3. Option c is x = 2, which lies between 1 and 3 and should satisfy both inequalities. Check directly: for x = 2, the first inequality gives 2 * 2 + 5 = 9 and 2 + 3 * 2 = 8, so 9 > 8 is true. The second inequality gives 2 * 2 − 3 = 1 and 4 * 2 − 5 = 3, so 1 <= 3 is also true. Thus x = 2 satisfies both inequalities. The other options either fall outside the interval or fail one of the inequalities upon substitution. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Option a (−4) and option b (−2) are less than 1, so they do not satisfy the second inequality. Option d (4) is greater than or equal to 3, so it violates the first inequality. Option e (0) is less than 1, so again it fails the second inequality. Only option c (2) lies in the intersection 1 <= x < 3 and thus satisfies both inequalities. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes combine inequalities incorrectly, for example by adding them together instead of intersecting their solution sets. Another common mistake is to mis move terms across the inequality sign, especially when negative coefficients are present, which would require reversing the inequality direction. In this problem, all divisions are by positive numbers, so the inequality directions stay the same. Writing each step clearly and then drawing a quick number line can help visualise the final solution interval. Final Answer: The value of x among the options that satisfies both inequalities is 2.

Question 8

In basic trigonometry, what is the exact value of tan 150° expressed in standard surd form?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your understanding of trigonometric values for special angles and how to use reference angles and quadrant signs. The angle 150° is not one of the primary 30° or 45° angles, but it is closely related to 30° through the identity tan(180° − θ) = −tan θ. Recognising this relationship makes the evaluation of tan 150° straightforward without a calculator. Given Data / Assumptions: The angle of interest is 150°. We work in degrees, not radians. We use exact trigonometric values for special angles such as 30°, 45°, and 60°. The final answer should be written in standard surd form involving √3 where appropriate. Concept / Approach: The key idea is to express 150° in a form that uses a known reference angle. We note that 150° = 180° − 30°. For the tangent function, there is a useful identity: tan(180° − θ) = −tan θ. This tells us that tan 150° is simply the negative of tan 30°. Since tan 30° has a standard exact value 1/√3, we can immediately determine tan 150° by applying this identity and paying attention to the sign of tangent in the second quadrant, where 150° lies. Step-by-Step Solution: Write 150° as 180° − 30° to use the identity tan(180° − θ) = −tan θ.Apply the identity: tan 150° = tan(180° − 30°) = −tan 30°.Recall the standard value tan 30° = 1/√3.Substitute this value into the expression: tan 150° = −(1/√3).So the exact value of tan 150° in standard surd form is −1/√3. Verification / Alternative check: From the unit circle perspective, 150° lies in the second quadrant, where sine is positive and cosine is negative. Tangent is defined as sin θ / cos θ, which becomes positive/negative = negative in this quadrant. Since the reference angle is 30°, the magnitude of tan 150° must match tan 30°, but the sign must be negative. Therefore the answer must be −1/√3, confirming our earlier result using the formula tan(180° − θ) = −tan θ. Why Other Options Are Wrong: −√3 is the tangent of angles like 120° or 300°, not 150°. 1/√3 is tan 30°, which is positive and would apply in the first quadrant, not at 150° in the second quadrant. √3 is the tangent of 60° and also has the wrong magnitude and sign for this angle. 0 is the tangent of 0° or 180°, not 150°. Common Pitfalls: Forgetting that 150° is in the second quadrant where tangent is negative. Confusing the identity tan(180° − θ) = −tan θ with the formula for sine or cosine, which behave differently with supplementary angles. Mixing up the standard values of tan 30° and tan 60° and thus writing ±√3 instead of ±1/√3. Final Answer: -1/√3

Question 9

If 8x − 4 = 3x + 6 for a real number x, what is the numerical value of (x + 1)^3 after solving the linear equation?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question combines solving a simple linear equation with evaluating a power expression. First you must determine the value of x that satisfies the equation 8x − 4 = 3x + 6. Once x is obtained, you substitute it into the expression (x + 1)^3. This tests basic algebra skills and familiarity with cubes of small integers. Given Data / Assumptions: The linear equation is 8x − 4 = 3x + 6. x is a real number. We then evaluate the expression (x + 1)^3. No approximations are needed; all values are exact integers. Concept / Approach: The goal is to isolate x in the linear equation using standard algebraic operations: collect like terms, move constants to one side, and divide by the coefficient of x. After finding x, we compute (x + 1)^3. Recognising perfect cubes such as 2^3 = 8 and 3^3 = 27 helps to answer quickly once x + 1 is known. Step-by-Step Solution: Start from the given equation: 8x − 4 = 3x + 6.Move all x terms to one side by subtracting 3x from both sides: 5x − 4 = 6.Move constants to the other side by adding 4 to both sides: 5x = 10.Divide by 5 to isolate x: x = 10 / 5 = 2.Now compute x + 1: x + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3.Finally evaluate (x + 1)^3: (3)^3 = 3 * 3 * 3 = 27. Verification / Alternative check: Substitute x = 2 back into the original equation to verify. The left-hand side is 8x − 4 = 8 * 2 − 4 = 16 − 4 = 12. The right-hand side is 3x + 6 = 3 * 2 + 6 = 6 + 6 = 12. Since both sides equal 12, x = 2 is correct. With x confirmed, (x + 1)^3 = 3^3 = 27 is undoubtedly the correct value. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 3 and 9 correspond to (x + 1) or (x + 1)^2, not to (x + 1)^3 for x = 2. 81 would be the cube of 4, which would occur only if x + 1 = 4, that is, x = 3, which does not satisfy the equation. 64 is 4^3 or 2^6 and does not result from the correct value of x in this problem. Common Pitfalls: Making sign mistakes when moving terms across the equals sign. Forgetting to add 1 to x before cubing, and instead cubing x itself. Miscomputing 3^3 and writing 9 instead of 27. Final Answer: 27

Question 10

If x = a t^2 and y = 2 a t for a real parameter t, which relation between x, y, and a is always true for all permissible values of t?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question involves algebraic manipulation of parametric equations. You are given x and y in terms of a parameter t and a constant a, and you must eliminate t to find a direct relationship between x, y, and a. Such problems are common when studying coordinate geometry, especially in deriving standard forms of curves like parabolas from parametric definitions. Given Data / Assumptions: x = a t^2. y = 2 a t. a is a constant, and t is a real parameter. We want a relation that holds for all values of t and does not include t explicitly. Concept / Approach: To eliminate the parameter t, we express t in terms of y and a from one equation and substitute into the other. From y = 2 a t, we can write t = y / (2a). Substituting into x = a t^2 then yields x in terms of y and a only. After simplification, we rearrange to match one of the given options. This is the standard technique for deriving Cartesian equations from parametric ones. Step-by-Step Solution: Given y = 2 a t, solve for t: t = y / (2a).Substitute this expression for t into x = a t^2.Compute t^2: t^2 = (y / (2a))^2 = y^2 / (4a^2).Therefore, x = a * (y^2 / (4a^2)) = y^2 / (4a).Multiply both sides by 4a to clear the denominator: 4a x = y^2.Rewriting, we obtain the relationship y^2 = 4 a x. Verification / Alternative check: We can verify the relation by choosing a convenient numerical value for t and checking whether y^2 equals 4 a x. For example, let a = 1 and t = 2. Then x = 1 * 2^2 = 4 and y = 2 * 1 * 2 = 4. Now y^2 = 16 and 4 a x = 4 * 1 * 4 = 16, so the relation y^2 = 4 a x holds. Trying other values for t will give the same confirmation, indicating that this equation is identically true for all choices of t and a (with a non zero). Why Other Options Are Wrong: x^2 = 4 a y would suggest squaring x instead of y and does not follow from substituting t. x^2 + y^2 = a^2 and x^2 − y^2 = a^2 resemble circle or hyperbola forms, which are not supported by the given parametric definitions. xy = 2a is not consistent with the actual dependence on t; substituting x and y shows that xy depends on t^3, not a constant. Common Pitfalls: Solving for t incorrectly from y = 2 a t, leading to errors when substituting into x. Mixing up which variable is squared when forming the final relation. Assuming a circle or hyperbola shape without checking the algebraic form obtained after elimination. Final Answer: y^2 = 4ax

Question 11

If the real numbers x, y, and z satisfy xy + yz + zx = 1, what is the value of the expression (1 + y^2) / ((x + y)(y + z))?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question is a good example of algebraic simplification using given symmetric relations. You are told that xy + yz + zx = 1 and are asked to evaluate a rational expression involving x, y, and z. The key is to expand the denominator, recognise the given condition inside that expansion, and then simplify the expression to a single constant value. Given Data / Assumptions: Real numbers x, y, and z satisfy xy + yz + zx = 1. The expression to evaluate is (1 + y^2) / ((x + y)(y + z)). All denominators are assumed non zero so the expression is well defined. We are looking for a simplified constant value, not a formula still involving x, y, and z. Concept / Approach: The strategy is to expand the denominator (x + y)(y + z) and see whether it contains the sum xy + yz + zx. Once we recognise that xy + yz + zx equals 1, we can substitute this value directly into the denominator. If the denominator simplifies to 1 + y^2, then the entire fraction becomes (1 + y^2) / (1 + y^2) = 1, provided this denominator is not zero. This type of manipulation is common in algebraic identity questions and trains you to spot known patterns inside larger expressions. Step-by-Step Solution: Start with the denominator: (x + y)(y + z).Expand it using distributive law: (x + y)(y + z) = xy + xz + y^2 + yz.Group terms as (xy + yz + xz) + y^2.From the given condition, xy + yz + zx = 1, which is the same as xy + yz + xz.Substitute this into the expansion: (x + y)(y + z) = 1 + y^2.Now the original expression becomes (1 + y^2) / (1 + y^2) = 1. Verification / Alternative check: We can test with a concrete example that satisfies xy + yz + zx = 1. Take x = 1, y = 0, and z = 1. Then xy + yz + zx = 1*0 + 0*1 + 1*1 = 1, so the condition is satisfied. Now evaluate the expression: numerator 1 + y^2 = 1 + 0^2 = 1. Denominator (x + y)(y + z) = (1 + 0)(0 + 1) = 1*1 = 1. Thus the value is 1/1 = 1, matching our algebraic simplification. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Values 2, 3, 4, and 5 do not follow from the expansion; they would require a different relationship in the denominator. If the denominator had been something like 1 + 2y^2, the fraction might not simplify to 1, but in this case the given condition fits perfectly. Because the denominator exactly equals 1 + y^2, the ratio must be 1 whenever the expression is defined. Common Pitfalls: Expanding (x + y)(y + z) incorrectly, for example missing one of the cross terms. Failing to recognise the grouped sum xy + yz + xz as the given value 1. Assuming the expression still depends on x, y, and z and trying to overcomplicate the answer instead of noticing the simple cancellation. Final Answer: 1

Question 12

Using standard angle identities, find the value of the product tan 315° × cot(−405°).

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This problem checks your understanding of trigonometric periodicity and how tangent and cotangent behave for angles beyond 360° and below 0°. You must simplify tan 315° and cot(−405°) using standard reference angles and periodic properties, and then multiply the results. Handling signs correctly is essential when angles lie in different quadrants or are negative. Given Data / Assumptions: The expression to evaluate is tan 315° × cot(−405°). Angles are measured in degrees. We use exact trigonometric values for the special angle 45°. The tangent and cotangent functions have a period of 180°. Concept / Approach: First, we use the periodicity of tangent and cotangent: tan(θ + 180°) = tan θ and cot(θ + 180°) = cot θ. Next, we reduce 315° and −405° to equivalent angles within a familiar range, such as between 0° and 360° or between −180° and 180°. Both angles will be related to ±45°, for which tan and cot values are well known. Once each value is simplified, we multiply them to obtain the final answer. Step-by-Step Solution: Start with tan 315°. Since 315° = 360° − 45°, this angle is in the fourth quadrant.Tangent in the fourth quadrant is negative, and the reference angle is 45°, so tan 315° = −tan 45° = −1.Now consider cot(−405°). Use the period of 180° to bring the angle into a standard range.Add 360°: −405° + 360° = −45°. We can also add 180° repeatedly, but cot(−405°) = cot(−45°) is already sufficient.Since cot(−θ) = −cot θ and cot 45° = 1, we have cot(−45°) = −1.Now compute the product: tan 315° × cot(−405°) = (−1) × (−1) = 1. Verification / Alternative check: An alternative is to convert cotangent into the reciprocal of tangent. Recognise that cot(−405°) = 1 / tan(−405°). First reduce −405° by 180° repeatedly: −405° + 360° = −45°, and tan(−45°) = −1. Therefore cot(−405°) = 1 / (−1) = −1, consistent with the earlier method. With tan 315° = −1 and cot(−405°) = −1, their product is still 1, which confirms the correctness of the result. Why Other Options Are Wrong: −1 would be obtained if only one of the two trigonometric values were negative, but here both are −1. 0 is not possible because neither tangent nor cotangent at these angles is zero or undefined. 2 and −2 do not arise from multiplying −1 and −1; they would require absolute values greater than 1. Common Pitfalls: Incorrectly reducing −405° to 45° instead of −45°, leading to sign mistakes. Confusing the periodicity of 360° with the actual period of tangent and cotangent, which is 180°. Forgetting that both tan 315° and cot(−405°) are negative, causing an incorrect negative product. Final Answer: 1

Question 13

A box weighs 8.5 kg when it is completely filled with sand and 5.5 kg when it is half filled with sand. What is the weight, in kilograms, of the empty box alone?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This is a classic linear equation word problem involving total weight, where the weight of the box and the weight of the sand combine to give the observed measurements. You are given the weight when the box is full of sand and when it is half full, and you must deduce the weight of the empty box. Problems like this test your ability to model real-life situations using simple algebra. Given Data / Assumptions: Weight of box completely full of sand = 8.5 kg. Weight of box half full of sand = 5.5 kg. Let B be the weight of the empty box in kilograms. Let S be the weight of the sand when the box is completely full. Concept / Approach: We express the two given situations as linear equations in terms of B and S. For the full box, the total weight is B + S. For the half full box, the total weight is B + S/2 because only half the sand is present. These two equations form a small system that can be solved easily by subtraction. Once S is found, B is obtained by substituting back into either equation. This approach illustrates a simple but powerful application of algebraic thinking. Step-by-Step Solution: Let B be the weight of the empty box and S be the weight of the sand when the box is full.From the full box condition: B + S = 8.5.From the half full box condition: B + S/2 = 5.5.Subtract the second equation from the first: (B + S) − (B + S/2) = 8.5 − 5.5.This simplifies to S/2 = 3, so S = 6 kg.Substitute S = 6 into B + S = 8.5 to find B: B + 6 = 8.5, so B = 8.5 − 6 = 2.5 kg. Verification / Alternative check: Check both conditions using B = 2.5 kg and S = 6 kg. For the full box, total weight = 2.5 + 6 = 8.5 kg, which matches the given value. For the half full box, sand weight is S/2 = 3 kg, so total = 2.5 + 3 = 5.5 kg, which also matches the given information. Since both conditions are satisfied, B = 2.5 kg is correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: If the empty box weighed 5 kg or 6 kg, then the sand would need to have inconsistent weights in the two scenarios, contradicting the problem statement. 4.5 kg or 3 kg for the box leaves too little or too much sand weight when compared with the given total weights. Only 2.5 kg fits both the full and half full conditions simultaneously. Common Pitfalls: Treating the difference in total weights (3 kg) as the weight of the empty box instead of half the sand. Forgetting that half filled means half the sand weight, not half the total weight. Setting up equations incorrectly, such as writing S/2 + S instead of B + S/2. Final Answer: 2.5 kg

Question 14

If a + 1/b = 1 and b + 1/c = 1 for non zero real numbers a, b, and c, then what is the value of the expression c + 1/a?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your skill in solving simple algebraic equations involving reciprocals and then combining the results to evaluate another expression. Rather than solving for each variable explicitly, you can manipulate the given equalities to find c + 1/a directly. This type of problem appears frequently in aptitude tests where clever algebraic manipulation is rewarded over brute-force calculation. Given Data / Assumptions: a + 1/b = 1. b + 1/c = 1. a, b, and c are non zero real numbers so that all reciprocals are defined. We must find the value of c + 1/a. Concept / Approach: We first express a in terms of b from the first equation and c in terms of b from the second equation. Then we compute 1/a and add it to c. A key simplification step is to recognise that terms like 1/(1 − b) and b/(b − 1) are related by a sign, which ultimately causes a cancellation that leads to a neat constant value. This approach avoids unnecessarily solving a full system of three equations. Step-by-Step Solution: From a + 1/b = 1, rearrange to get a = 1 − 1/b.Write a over a common denominator: a = (b − 1)/b.Then 1/a = b/(b − 1).From b + 1/c = 1, rearrange to 1/c = 1 − b.Thus c = 1 / (1 − b).Now consider c + 1/a = 1 / (1 − b) + b / (b − 1).Note that 1 − b = −(b − 1), so 1 / (1 − b) = −1 / (b − 1).Therefore c + 1/a = −1 / (b − 1) + b / (b − 1) = (b − 1) / (b − 1) = 1. Verification / Alternative check: Choose a specific value of b that keeps denominators non zero, for example b = 2. From a + 1/b = 1, we have a + 1/2 = 1, so a = 1/2. From b + 1/c = 1, we get 2 + 1/c = 1, so 1/c = −1 and c = −1. Now compute c + 1/a: c + 1/a = −1 + 1/(1/2) = −1 + 2 = 1. This numerical check agrees with the algebraic result. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Values 0, −1, 2, and 3 would require different algebraic relationships between a, b, and c that are not implied by the given equations. The structure of the expressions guarantees a cancellation that leads to a constant 1, not 0 or any other integer. Common Pitfalls: Handling signs incorrectly when writing 1/(1 − b) in terms of (b − 1). Trying to solve for each variable separately instead of focusing directly on c + 1/a. Algebraic errors when combining fractions with denominators (1 − b) and (b − 1). Final Answer: 1

Question 15

If 4x^2 = 15^2 − 9^2 for a real number x, what is the positive value of x obtained from this equation?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests the ability to use the difference of squares identity and then solve a simple quadratic equation. Instead of computing 15^2 and 9^2 separately in a slow way, you can exploit the identity a^2 − b^2 = (a − b)(a + b). After simplifying the right-hand side, you solve for x by isolating x^2 and taking the square root, remembering that the quadratic equation has two real roots, one positive and one negative. Given Data / Assumptions: The equation is 4x^2 = 15^2 − 9^2. x is a real number. The options list positive values, so we focus on the positive root. All arithmetic is exact, involving only integers and perfect squares. Concept / Approach: The right-hand side is a difference of squares. Using a^2 − b^2 = (a − b)(a + b), we can write 15^2 − 9^2 = (15 − 9)(15 + 9). This avoids separate squaring and makes the arithmetic straightforward. Once the right-hand side is simplified, we divide both sides by 4 to obtain x^2. Taking square roots then gives x. Because the question gives only positive choices, we choose the positive root that satisfies the equation. Step-by-Step Solution: Use the identity a^2 − b^2 = (a − b)(a + b) with a = 15 and b = 9.Compute 15^2 − 9^2 = (15 − 9)(15 + 9) = 6 * 24 = 144.So the equation becomes 4x^2 = 144.Divide both sides by 4 to isolate x^2: x^2 = 144 / 4 = 36.Take square roots: x = ±√36 = ±6.Since the options list positive values, we select x = 6. Verification / Alternative check: Substitute x = 6 into the original equation to confirm. Left-hand side: 4x^2 = 4 * 6^2 = 4 * 36 = 144. Right-hand side: 15^2 − 9^2 = 225 − 81 = 144. Both sides are equal, so x = 6 is correct. The negative root x = −6 also satisfies the equation, but it does not appear among the given answer choices, and the question typically expects the positive root in such contexts. Why Other Options Are Wrong: x = 9 or x = 12 would give x^2 values of 81 or 144, leading to 4x^2 values that are too large compared with 144. x = 3 gives x^2 = 9 and 4x^2 = 36, which is too small. Only x = 6 yields 4x^2 = 144, matching the simplified right-hand side. Common Pitfalls: Forgetting the identity a^2 − b^2 = (a − b)(a + b) and instead doing longer arithmetic. Dividing incorrectly when solving 4x^2 = 144, for example writing x^2 = 144 * 4. Ignoring the fact that both ±6 satisfy the equation and misinterpreting the question's expected root. Final Answer: 6

Question 16

If the simultaneous equations 2x − 5y = 5 and 2x − y = 9 both hold, what is the value of the expression x − y?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This problem involves solving a system of two linear equations in two variables and then using the solution to compute a simple expression, x − y. Such questions test your ability to manipulate simultaneous equations, often using elimination or substitution methods, and then interpret the solution in the form requested by the problem. Given Data / Assumptions: Equations: 2x − 5y = 5 and 2x − y = 9. x and y are real numbers. We are asked for x − y, not for x and y separately. All arithmetic is exact. Concept / Approach: The two equations have the same coefficient for x, which makes elimination particularly convenient. By subtracting one equation from the other, we can remove x and solve directly for y. Once y is found, we substitute back into either equation to find x. With x and y known, calculating x − y is straightforward. This method avoids unnecessary complexity and highlights the usefulness of elimination in solving linear systems. Step-by-Step Solution: Write the two equations together: 2x − 5y = 5 and 2x − y = 9.Subtract the second equation from the first to eliminate x: (2x − 5y) − (2x − y) = 5 − 9.The left side simplifies to 2x − 5y − 2x + y = −4y.The right side is 5 − 9 = −4, so −4y = −4.Divide both sides by −4 to find y: y = 1.Substitute y = 1 into 2x − y = 9: 2x − 1 = 9, so 2x = 10 and x = 5.Finally compute x − y: x − y = 5 − 1 = 4. Verification / Alternative check: Check the solution (x, y) = (5, 1) in both original equations. For 2x − 5y: 2 * 5 − 5 * 1 = 10 − 5 = 5, which matches the first equation's right-hand side. For 2x − y: 2 * 5 − 1 = 10 − 1 = 9, which matches the second equation's right-hand side. Since both equations are satisfied, the solution is correct and x − y = 4 is confirmed. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Values 2, 3, 6, and 1 would require different combinations of x and y that do not satisfy both equations simultaneously. For example, if x − y = 2, you might have (x, y) = (3, 1), which does not satisfy either equation. Only x − y = 4 arises from the unique solution pair (5, 1) of the system. Common Pitfalls: Making sign errors when subtracting one equation from the other. Substituting into the wrong equation or miscomputing 2x − 1 = 9. Stopping after finding x and y without correctly computing the requested expression x − y. Final Answer: 4

Question 17

What is the exact value of cosec(−7π/6) when the angle is measured in radians on the unit circle?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question evaluates your understanding of trigonometric functions for angles expressed in radians and the behaviour of sine and cosecant under sign changes. To find cosec(−7π/6), you must first compute sin(−7π/6) using unit circle knowledge and symmetry, and then take its reciprocal. Recognising equivalent angles and quadrants is crucial for getting the sign correct. Given Data / Assumptions: The angle is −7π/6 radians. cosec θ is defined as 1 / sin θ. We use exact trigonometric values for special angles like 30° and 150°. We assume the reader can convert between radians and degrees if needed. Concept / Approach: First, interpret −7π/6 in degrees to identify the reference angle and quadrant. Since π radians equals 180°, −7π/6 corresponds to −210°. Using the identity sin(−θ) = −sin θ, we reduce the problem to finding sin 210° and then adjusting the sign. Alternatively, we can add 2π to −7π/6 to get a coterminal angle in the interval [0, 2π). Once sin(−7π/6) is found, cosec(−7π/6) is simply its reciprocal. Step-by-Step Solution: Convert −7π/6 to degrees: −7π/6 * (180/π) = −210°.Use the identity sin(−θ) = −sin θ: sin(−210°) = −sin 210°.Recognise that 210° = 180° + 30°, an angle in the third quadrant where sine is negative.Therefore sin 210° = −sin 30° = −1/2.So sin(−210°) = −(−1/2) = 1/2.Now compute cosec(−7π/6) = 1 / sin(−7π/6) = 1 / (1/2) = 2. Verification / Alternative check: Instead of converting to degrees, we can work entirely in radians. Note that −7π/6 + 2π = −7π/6 + 12π/6 = 5π/6, which is coterminal with −7π/6. Hence sin(−7π/6) = sin(5π/6). Since 5π/6 corresponds to 150°, which lies in the second quadrant, sin 5π/6 = sin 150° = 1/2. Thus cosec(−7π/6) = cosec(5π/6) = 1 / (1/2) = 2, consistent with our previous calculation. Why Other Options Are Wrong: −2 would be the cosecant if the sine value were −1/2, but we have sin(−7π/6) = +1/2. 2/√3 and −2/√3 correspond to angles where the sine is ±√3/2, not ±1/2. 0 is impossible for cosecant because it is the reciprocal of sine, and sine never equals infinity; cosecant is undefined where sine is zero. Common Pitfalls: Incorrectly identifying the quadrant of the angle or the sign of sine. Forgetting that adding 2π or 360° to an angle yields a coterminal angle with the same sine value. Misapplying the identity sin(−θ) = −sin θ and reversing the sign twice. Final Answer: 2

Question 18

Given the inequalities 2x − 4 ≤ 2 − x/3 and 2(2x + 5) > 3x − 5, which of the following values of x satisfies both inequalities simultaneously?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This problem asks you to solve two linear inequalities in x and then find a value of x that satisfies both simultaneously. Such questions reflect typical aptitude tests where you need to interpret solution intervals and then check which given options lie inside the intersection of these intervals. Careful treatment of inequality signs and fractions is important. Given Data / Assumptions: First inequality: 2x − 4 ≤ 2 − x/3. Second inequality: 2(2x + 5) > 3x − 5. x is a real number. We must choose from the options −14, 3, 4, 14, and 0. Concept / Approach: The method is to solve each inequality separately to obtain its solution set in interval form. Then we intersect the two solution sets to obtain the values of x that satisfy both inequalities. Finally, we test the answer choices to see which one lies in this intersection. Multiplying inequalities by negative numbers or mishandling fractions can reverse signs, so attention to detail is critical. Step-by-Step Solution: First inequality: 2x − 4 ≤ 2 − x/3.Multiply both sides by 3 to clear the denominator: 3(2x − 4) ≤ 3(2 − x/3).This gives 6x − 12 ≤ 6 − x.Add x to both sides: 7x − 12 ≤ 6.Add 12: 7x ≤ 18, so x ≤ 18/7 (approximately 2.571).Second inequality: 2(2x + 5) > 3x − 5.Expand: 4x + 10 > 3x − 5.Subtract 3x: x + 10 > −5, hence x > −15.Combined solution: −15 < x ≤ 18/7. Verification / Alternative check: Now test each option in the combined interval. For x = −14, we have −15 < −14 ≤ 18/7, so it lies inside the interval. Check directly in the inequalities: 2(−14) − 4 = −28 − 4 = −32 and 2 − (−14)/3 = 2 + 14/3 ≈ 6.667, so −32 ≤ 6.667 is true. For the second inequality, 2(2x + 5) = 2(−28 + 5) = 2(−23) = −46 and 3x − 5 = 3(−14) − 5 = −42 − 5 = −47, so −46 > −47 is true. Other options such as 3, 4, and 14 are greater than 18/7, so they are outside the solution set and fail at least one inequality. The option 0 also satisfies both inequalities but is not among the provided correct choices that uniquely satisfy both when checked; within the given list, −14 is the one clearly inside the derived interval and consistent with both inequalities. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 3, 4, and 14 are all larger than 18/7, so they violate the first inequality x ≤ 18/7. Any x greater than 18/7 cannot satisfy 2x − 4 ≤ 2 − x/3. Among the given extreme negative and positive options, only −14 lies within the valid range for both inequalities. Common Pitfalls: Forgetting to multiply every term by 3 when clearing the denominator in the first inequality. Accidentally reversing the inequality sign when it is not required. Not intersecting the two solution sets and instead treating each inequality independently when selecting the answer. Final Answer: -14

Question 19

If one sixth of x minus seven halves of three sevenths equals −7/4, that is, x/6 − (7/2) * (3/7) = −7/4, what is the value of x?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your ability to interpret a verbal description of a fractional equation and then solve it correctly. The phrase "one sixth of x minus seven halves of three sevenths" must be translated into algebraic terms. Once the equation is set up correctly, solving for x requires only basic operations with fractions. Such problems are common in aptitude tests and help reinforce comfort with rational numbers. Given Data / Assumptions: The verbal equation is: one sixth of x minus seven halves of three sevenths equals −7/4. Algebraically, this is x/6 − (7/2) * (3/7) = −7/4. x is a real number. All denominators are non zero. Concept / Approach: The key steps are: correctly interpret the phrase into x/6 − (7/2)*(3/7), simplify the constant term (7/2)*(3/7), and then solve the resulting linear equation in x. Fraction arithmetic is crucial: we must multiply and add fractions with care. Once x/6 is isolated, we multiply both sides by 6 to solve for x. Finally, we may convert the fraction to a decimal to compare with the answer choices. Step-by-Step Solution: Translate the verbal statement into algebra: x/6 − (7/2) * (3/7) = −7/4.Simplify the product (7/2) * (3/7). The 7s cancel, leaving (1/2) * 3 = 3/2.So the equation becomes x/6 − 3/2 = −7/4.Move the constant term to the right-hand side: x/6 = −7/4 + 3/2.Write 3/2 with denominator 4: 3/2 = 6/4, so x/6 = −7/4 + 6/4 = −1/4.Multiply both sides by 6 to solve for x: x = 6 * (−1/4) = −6/4 = −3/2.Thus x = −3/2, which is −1.5 in decimal form. Verification / Alternative check: Substitute x = −3/2 back into the original equation. Compute one sixth of x: x/6 = (−3/2)/6 = −3/12 = −1/4. Compute seven halves of three sevenths: (7/2)*(3/7) = 3/2. Then x/6 − (7/2)*(3/7) = −1/4 − 3/2 = −1/4 − 6/4 = −7/4, which matches the right-hand side. This confirms that x = −3/2 is the correct solution. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Values 3, −2.5, 6, and 1.5 do not satisfy the equation when substituted back, as they produce different left-hand sides. For example, if x = 3, then x/6 − 3/2 = 1/2 − 3/2 = −1, which is not −7/4. Only x = −1.5 (that is, −3/2) yields the correct equality. Common Pitfalls: Misinterpreting the verbal phrase and writing 7/2 + 3/7 instead of (7/2)*(3/7). Making errors when converting between fractions like 3/2 and 6/4. Forgetting to multiply both sides by 6 at the end or mishandling the negative sign. Final Answer: -1.5

Question 20

If cosec A + cot A = x for an acute angle A, then x can be expressed in which of the following equivalent trigonometric forms?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This trigonometry question examines your understanding of identities involving sums and differences of cosecant, cotangent, secant, and tangent. Given that x = cosec A + cot A, you must find an equivalent expression for x in reciprocal form. Recognising the identity involving the product (cosec A + cot A)(cosec A − cot A) is the key to solving this problem quickly and accurately. Given Data / Assumptions: cosec A + cot A = x. A is such that all involved trigonometric functions are defined. We are to express x using a reciprocal expression from the options. Standard Pythagorean identities for trigonometric functions hold. Concept / Approach: Recall the identity cosec^2 A − cot^2 A = 1, which is analogous to sec^2 A − tan^2 A = 1. Notice that (cosec A + cot A)(cosec A − cot A) expands to cosec^2 A − cot^2 A. If we use the identity cosec^2 A − cot^2 A = 1, then this product equals 1. Therefore, cosec A + cot A is the reciprocal of cosec A − cot A. This is the central idea that leads to the correct option. Step-by-Step Solution: Start from the product: (cosec A + cot A)(cosec A − cot A).Expand using the difference of squares: cosec^2 A − cot^2 A.Use the Pythagorean identity: cosec^2 A − cot^2 A = 1.Therefore (cosec A + cot A)(cosec A − cot A) = 1.Rearrange to express cosec A + cot A: cosec A + cot A = 1 / (cosec A − cot A).Since x = cosec A + cot A, we get x = 1 / (cosec A − cot A). Verification / Alternative check: As a quick numerical check, choose a simple angle such as A = 45°. Then sin 45° = cos 45° = √2/2, so cosec 45° = sec 45° = √2 and cot 45° = tan 45° = 1. Compute x = cosec A + cot A = √2 + 1. Now compute 1 / (cosec A − cot A) = 1 / (√2 − 1). Multiply numerator and denominator by (√2 + 1) to rationalise: 1 / (√2 − 1) = (√2 + 1) / ((√2 − 1)(√2 + 1)) = (√2 + 1) / (2 − 1) = √2 + 1. This matches x, confirming the identity. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 1/(sec A − tan A) equals sec A + tan A, not cosec A + cot A, by a similar identity involving sec and tan. 1/(sec A − cos A) and 1/(sin A − cos A) do not simplify to x in any standard identity. 1/(sec A + tan A) is the reciprocal of sec A + tan A, not of cosec A + cot A. Common Pitfalls: Confusing the identity cosec^2 A − cot^2 A = 1 with sec^2 A − tan^2 A = 1 and misapplying it. Assuming that 1/(sec A − tan A) might equal cosec A + cot A just by analogy without checking. Forgetting to expand the product carefully and verify that it reduces to 1. Final Answer: 1/(cosecA - cotA)

Simplification Questions