Cause–Effect Pairing: I) Municipal corporation repaired roads before the monsoon; nevertheless, roads now have large potholes. II) Several travelers developed spine injuries while commuting on the highways.
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AIf statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect
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BIf statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect
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CIf both the statements I and II are independent causes.
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DIf both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes.
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ENone of these
Answer
Correct Answer: If statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect
Explanation
Introduction / Context:The item juxtaposes degraded road conditions (potholes after monsoon) and adverse health outcomes (spine injuries). We test whether poor road surface plausibly leads to injuries.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- I) Roads have large potholes despite pre-monsoon repairs.
- II) Commuters have developed spine injuries while traveling on highways.
- Vehicles traversing potholes impose repeated vertical shocks on passengers.
Concept / Approach:From a biomechanics and public-health perspective, chronic exposure to abrupt vertical oscillations and impacts can exacerbate or cause spinal issues. Therefore, poor surfaces can produce injuries.
Step-by-Step Solution:1) Identify hazard: potholes → sudden jolts.2) Link to outcome: repeated jolts → musculoskeletal strain and possible spine injuries.3) Conclude I → II.
Verification / Alternative check:Accident and injury data in monsoon-affected regions commonly correlate with road degradation.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:(b) reverses causality; (c) and (d) ignore a strong mechanistic link; “None” does not apply.
Common Pitfalls:Overlooking the health implications of infrastructure quality.
Final Answer:Statement I is the cause; Statement II is its effect.