Statement — In the city, over 75% of people live in slums and substandard houses, reflecting on the Government’s housing and urban development policies.\nCourses of Action:\nI. Create a separate department for housing and urban development.\nII. Review policies regarding urban housing.\nIII. Review policies regarding rural housing to avoid similar problems in rural areas.

Introduction / Context:
A massive slum population indicates policy failures in supply, affordability, land use, and services. Institutional proliferation (I) may not help; policy review and reform (II, III) are central.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• I: New department.
• II: Review urban housing policies.
• III: Review rural housing too.

Concept / Approach:
Effective action focuses on enabling affordable supply (zoning, FSI, PPPs), rental reforms, slum upgradation, and infrastructure financing. A new department adds bureaucracy without guaranteed impact.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Audit urban housing policy; remove bottlenecks.2) Strengthen rural housing to prevent future slum migration.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
I: structure without strategy. D: “either” understates the need for both.

Final Answer:
Both II and III follow.