Statement: India’s leadership in black pepper is threatened as newer producer countries—using root stocks sourced from India—are outperforming by adopting modern cultivation practices.\nCourses of Action:\nI. Immediately stop supplying black pepper root stocks to other countries.\nII. Adopt modern cultivation technology domestically to remain competitive.\nIII. Reduce export prices to stay competitive in world markets.

Introduction / Context:
The statement highlights a competitiveness gap: rival nations are using better agronomic practices and outperforming India in yield/quality despite India’s genetic contributions (root stocks). Sustainable leadership requires productivity, quality, and reliability—primarily through modern cultivation, post-harvest handling, and supply-chain upgrades.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Competitors have adopted superior practices (trellising, drip irrigation, disease management, improved curing).
• India’s issue is not genetic material scarcity, but agronomic efficiency.
• Global prices are demand–supply driven; undercutting price may hurt farmer incomes.

Concept / Approach:
Comparative advantage should be rebuilt via technology: high-density planting, precision fertigation, integrated pest/disease management, better drying/curing for quality grades, and certification (residue, traceability). Export bans on root stocks (I) are backward-looking and hard to enforce; price cuts (III) erode margins without addressing productivity.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Disseminate modern agronomy via extension; subsidise drip/fertigation and disease-resistant varieties.2) Upgrade post-harvest: solar dryers, moisture control, clean grading to hit premium specs.3) Build GI branding and traceability to command better prices.

Verification / Alternative check:
Yield/quality improvements raise farm-gate incomes and export competitiveness without race-to-the-bottom pricing.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
I: Reactive and impractical; knowledge already diffused. III: Price-only competition undermines sustainability.

Common Pitfalls:
Ignoring post-harvest losses; relying solely on MSP/price policy.

Final Answer:
Only II follows.