Statement: A majority of students have failed in one paper in the first-semester examination.\nCourses of Action:\nI. Ask all failed students to drop out of the course.\nII. Ask the faculty teaching that paper to resign.

Introduction / Context:
A widespread failure in a single paper suggests misalignment between teaching, assessment, and expected outcomes. Knee-jerk expulsions or resignations do not diagnose or solve the problem.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Failure is concentrated in one paper.
• Possible causes: ambiguous questions, unrealistic difficulty, curricular mismatch, inadequate teaching resources.
• Institutions have academic review mechanisms.

Concept / Approach:
Appropriate actions (not in options) include paper audit, moderation, supplementary assessment, and faculty support/training. Both I and II are punitive without investigation and harm student/faculty welfare.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Convene academic committee to review the paper and grading rubric.2) Offer remediation and, where justified, re-evaluation or supplementary exams.3) Align teaching plan, tutorials, and assessment for next term.

Verification / Alternative check:
Academic reviews often correct anomalies and improve outcomes without destructive measures.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
I expels students indiscriminately; II penalises faculty without evidence.

Common Pitfalls:
Ignoring student feedback; failing to moderate assessments.

Final Answer:
Neither I nor II follows.