Statement: During the recent festival season, the city saw a spurt in criminal activities. Courses of Action: I. Police should immediately investigate the causes of the surge. II. In future, police should take adequate precautions during festivals to prevent recurrence. III. Arrest all known criminals before every festival season as a blanket measure.

Introduction / Context:
Festival peaks often draw crowds, cash, and mobility—raising opportunities for theft and disorder. Effective policing balances targeted enforcement and civil liberties.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Crimes surged specifically during festivals.
• Exact causes (patrol gaps, lighting, cash movement) are unknown.

Concept / Approach:
Investigating causes (I) allows data-led deployment (hotspots, timings, crime typology). Precautionary steps (II) include foot patrols, CCTV surges, crowd control, mobile courts, and public advisories. Blanket pre-emptive arrests (III) of “known criminals” absent specific threat intelligence are unlawful and counterproductive.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Analyze incident heat maps; audit beat plans (I).2) Create festival-time SOPs: checkpoints, rapid response, lighting fixes, cash-van escorts (II).3) Use lawful, targeted preventive actions only where credible inputs exist.

Verification / Alternative check:
Problem-oriented policing and event-based surge models reduce crime without civil-liberty violations.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
III overreaches; All wrongly includes III; single-option choices ignore the complementary nature of I and II.

Common Pitfalls:
Equating “known criminal” lists with blanket detention authority.

Final Answer:
Both I and II follow.