Question 1

In the Indian Himalayas, the Kullu Valley is situated between which two major mountain ranges?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh is one of the best known Himalayan valleys in India and is often mentioned in questions on physical geography. This question checks whether you can associate an important valley with the correct bounding mountain ranges inside the Western Himalaya. Knowing these range valley relationships helps you visualise the relief of northern India rather than only memorising names. Given Data / Assumptions: Kullu Valley is a well known valley in the state of Himachal Pradesh in the Western Himalaya. The options list different pairs of ranges such as the Dhauladhar Range, Pir Panjal Range, Ladakh Range, Lesser Himalaya and Siwalik. You are expected to recall which two ranges enclose this valley on either side. Standard school and competitive exam atlases mark Kullu along the Beas River between specific ranges. Concept / Approach: The Kullu Valley is a longitudinal valley carved mainly by the River Beas in the Western Himalaya. On one side of the valley lies the snow covered Dhauladhar Range and on the other side lies the Pir Panjal Range. The correct approach is to recall the relative positions of these ranges in Himachal Pradesh and then identify the valley that lies between them. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Kullu town and the surrounding valley are located along the Beas River in Himachal Pradesh, north of Mandi and south of the Rohtang Pass.Step 2: Note that the Dhauladhar Range forms a high wall to the south and south west of this stretch of the Beas Valley.Step 3: Remember that the Pir Panjal Range lies to the north and north east of the same area, separating Kullu from Lahaul and other interior regions.Step 4: Conclude that the valley itself is sandwiched between the Dhauladhar Range on one side and the Pir Panjal Range on the other, so the correct pair must mention both of these ranges. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by looking at a physical map of Himachal Pradesh that shows named ranges and valleys. The Beas Valley around Kullu will clearly appear between ridges labelled Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal. Many standard geography references and exam preparation books also describe Kullu as lying between these two ranges, which confirms that this pairing is accepted in competitive examinations. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Ladakh Range and Pir Panjal Range is incorrect because the Ladakh Range lies far to the north in the cold desert region of Ladakh, not near the Kullu region of Himachal Pradesh. Ranjoti Range and Nag Tibba Range is wrong because these lesser known ranges are associated with other parts of the Himalaya and are not the classic boundaries of the Kullu Valley. Lesser Himalaya and Siwalik Range is too broad and also geographically misplaced, since Kullu lies in the higher Western Himalaya rather than between the outer low Siwalik hills and the Lesser Himalaya in the foothill belt. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to select the Ladakh Range simply because many students associate famous valleys with Ladakh, even though Kullu is in Himachal Pradesh. Another pitfall is to focus only on the word Himalaya and assume any combination that mentions Lesser Himalaya or Siwalik must be right, without checking the exact regional location. Some learners also confuse Kullu with the Kashmir Valley, which is associated with different ranges and a different river system. Final Answer: The Kullu Valley lies between the Dhauladhar Range and Pir Panjal Range, which together frame this scenic valley in the Western Himalaya.

Question 2

Guwahati city in Assam is situated on the banks of which major Indian river?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Guwahati is the largest city in the north eastern region of India and acts as a key gateway to the entire area. This question tests your basic map awareness by asking you to connect Guwahati with the correct river that flows beside it. Such questions are common in competitive examinations because city river pairings are an essential part of Indian geography. Given Data / Assumptions: The city named in the question is Guwahati, located in the state of Assam. The options list four well known rivers of India Teesta, Brahmaputra, Hooghly and Sone. You are expected to know which river passes by Guwahati and shapes its location and development. No numerical calculation is involved this is a direct factual recall question. Concept / Approach: Guwahati is located on the southern bank of the mighty Brahmaputra River where the plains of Assam meet the Shillong Plateau. The correct approach is to remember that the Brahmaputra is the dominant river system in Assam and that Guwahati is built along its bank. Recognising this connection helps you to immediately select the correct river from the list of options. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Assam is famous for the Brahmaputra River, which flows from Tibet into Arunachal Pradesh and then through Assam before entering Bangladesh.Step 2: Remember that Guwahati is described in many sources as a riverfront city on the Brahmaputra, with ghats, bridges and islands such as Umananda in the river channel.Step 3: Compare this with the other rivers Teesta flows mainly through Sikkim and northern West Bengal, Hooghly flows through southern West Bengal near Kolkata and Sone is a tributary of the Ganga in central and eastern India.Step 4: Since only the Brahmaputra River is closely associated with Guwahati, choose that option as the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: A quick way to verify is to look at a political map of Assam that shows major rivers and cities. You will see Guwahati marked on the southern bank of the Brahmaputra. In addition, descriptions of Guwahati in guidebooks or encyclopedias often mention its location on the Brahmaputra, which confirms that this pairing is widely accepted and correct. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Teesta River is wrong because it primarily drains Sikkim and parts of West Bengal and does not flow past Guwahati in Assam. Hooghly River is incorrect as it is a distributary of the Ganga flowing mainly through West Bengal around Kolkata and Howrah, far away from Guwahati. Sone River is also not correct since it is a tributary that flows through Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar before joining the Ganga and has no direct connection with Guwahati. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse the Brahmaputra and Teesta because both rivers are prominent in the eastern Himalaya, but Teesta is associated with Sikkim rather than Assam. Others may vaguely remember that Hooghly flows in eastern India and mistakenly extend that association to Guwahati without checking the exact state. Careful map study that links each major city with its correct river prevents such mix ups. Final Answer: Guwahati in Assam is situated on the bank of the Brahmaputra River, one of the major rivers of the Indian subcontinent.

Question 3

Which lake in India is known for having very high salinity due to extensive natural salt deposits?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Lakes in India differ widely in their origin, water chemistry and economic importance. This question focuses on a famous salt lake that has very high salinity and is an important source of common salt. Recognising such special features of key water bodies is important for both examinations and general understanding of Indian physical geography. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks specifically for a lake of India that has very high salinity. Four options are given Sambhar, Wular, Chilika and Pulicat, each located in a different state. No numerical data is provided, so the answer is based on qualitative knowledge of lake types. We assume the standard classification where Sambhar Lake is treated as India's largest inland salt lake. Concept / Approach: Saline lakes have high concentrations of dissolved salts, often because they have no outlet and are located in arid or semi arid regions. Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan is a classic example of an inland salt lake with very high salinity and a long history of salt production. The key approach is to recall that Wular, Chilika and Pulicat are primarily freshwater or brackish lakes or lagoons, whereas Sambhar is famous specifically as a salt lake. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify Sambhar Lake as an inland lake located in Rajasthan, to the south west of Jaipur, in a semi arid region.Step 2: Recall that Sambhar Lake has large reserves of salt in its bed and has been used for commercial salt extraction for many years, which indicates high salinity.Step 3: Compare this with Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir, which is primarily a freshwater lake formed by tectonic processes.Step 4: Also note that Chilika and Pulicat are coastal lagoons influenced by seawater, but their standard exam description does not emphasise very high salinity in the same way as Sambhar. Verification / Alternative check: Any reliable geography text that lists important Indian lakes will state that Sambhar Lake is the largest inland salt lake and an important salt producing area. This directly confirms its high salinity status. Checking maps that mark salt pan areas in Rajasthan further supports the conclusion that Sambhar is the correct choice among the given options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir is mainly a freshwater lake fed by rivers like the Jhelum and is not known for extreme salinity. Chilika Lake in Odisha is a large brackish water lagoon connected to the Bay of Bengal and is famous for biodiversity rather than very high salt content. Pulicat Lake on the Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh coast is another lagoon with brackish water influenced by the sea, but again its salinity is not highlighted in examinations as being as extreme as that of Sambhar. Common Pitfalls: One common error is to assume that any lagoon near the sea automatically has the highest salinity, which leads some learners to choose Chilika or Pulicat. Another mistake is to mix up Sambhar with other lakes in Rajasthan, such as saline depressions or seasonal water bodies, without remembering its specific significance as a major salt lake. Revising the list of famous lakes along with their key features helps avoid such confusion. Final Answer: The lake of India that has very high salinity is Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan, which is a major inland salt lake and salt producing centre.

Question 4

Which state of India has the smallest land area according to official geographic data?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Knowing the relative sizes of Indian states is a standard part of political geography and often appears in objective questions. This question asks you to identify the state that has the smallest land area among all Indian states. Distinguishing between smallest by area and smallest by population is an important part of correctly answering such items. Given Data / Assumptions: The options list four small but important states Goa, Nagaland, Sikkim and Tripura. The question is restricted to states, not union territories, so regions like Lakshadweep or Chandigarh are not being considered here. We assume the present commonly accepted state boundaries where Goa is recognised as the state with the smallest area. No numerical area values are provided in the question, so you must rely on remembered ranking. Concept / Approach: The key concept is that Goa, located on the western coast of India, is the smallest state in terms of land area though not necessarily in population. Sikkim, Tripura and Nagaland are also relatively small, but each of them covers more land area than Goa. The correct approach is to recall the order of states by area, especially the extremes, and then select the smallest from the list given. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Goa is a coastal state between Maharashtra and Karnataka with a compact land area on the Konkan coast.Step 2: Remember that Sikkim, though often thought of as small, extends considerably along the Himalaya and has more land area than Goa.Step 3: Note that Tripura and Nagaland are north eastern hill states, which are also small but are still larger than Goa in terms of square kilometres.Step 4: Therefore, when ranking these four options by land area, Goa comes out as the smallest, making it the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this by checking any recent table of Indian states by area in a standard atlas or official publication. Goa consistently appears at the bottom of the list of states when ordered by size. Once confirmed, this fact is easy to recall in future exams, helping you to quickly handle similar questions. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Nagaland is not the smallest state by area, even though it is a small north eastern state and sparsely populated in many parts. Sikkim is often mistaken for the smallest state because it is located in the narrow Himalayan belt, but it has a larger area than Goa. Tripura, though compact and surrounded by Bangladesh on several sides, also covers more land than Goa, so it cannot be the right answer when the smallest area is asked. Common Pitfalls: A frequent mistake is to confuse smallest area with least population and to pick a state based on how remote or thinly populated it appears. Another pitfall is to forget that the question is restricted to states and to mentally compare with tiny union territories, which can distract you from the actual choices given. Reviewing both area and population rankings side by side can strengthen your grasp of such comparative facts. Final Answer: The state of India with the smallest land area is Goa, which is a compact coastal state on the western seaboard.

Question 5

Among the following Union Territories of India, which one has the largest land area?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Union Territories in India vary widely in size, from very small island groups to scattered enclaves on the mainland. This question narrows the focus to four specific Union Territories and asks which among them has the largest land area. Such comparative questions help you keep track of how Indian territory is organised administratively. Given Data / Assumptions: The Union Territories listed are Puducherry, Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu, and Chandigarh. The task is to identify the one that covers the largest geographical area among these four. We assume the standard area figures in which Puducherry is larger than the small island and city territories listed. The question does not ask about the largest Union Territory in the entire country, only among the options given. Concept / Approach: Puducherry, although not very large in absolute terms, consists of four separate districts Puducherry, Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam, spread over parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh. When these units are combined, the total area is greater than that of Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu or Chandigarh. The correct approach is to recall the approximate size and nature of each Union Territory and compare them. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Lakshadweep is a small group of coral islands in the Arabian Sea with limited land area.Step 2: Remember that Daman and Diu is a coastal Union Territory on the western coast, again small in size compared with many states and larger territories.Step 3: Note that Chandigarh is a planned city that also functions as the capital of two states but has a compact city area, not a large territorial spread.Step 4: Recognise that Puducherry, with four separate districts on the mainland, has the largest combined area among the four, making it the correct choice. Verification / Alternative check: Checking an official table of Union Territories by area will confirm that Puducherry has a larger area than Lakshadweep, Daman and Diu and Chandigarh. Even though the districts of Puducherry are non contiguous, their combined land area exceeds that of the very small island and city territories listed in the other options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Lakshadweep is the smallest Union Territory of India by area, so it clearly cannot be the largest among the four options. Daman and Diu, while including two coastal enclaves, still occupies a relatively small area compared with Puducherry. Chandigarh is essentially a single urban centre with a limited geographic spread and therefore has less area than the multiple districts of Puducherry combined. Common Pitfalls: Many students confuse this question with one that asks for the largest Union Territory in the whole country, where Andaman and Nicobar Islands would be relevant, but that option is not even listed. Another pitfall is to underestimate Puducherry because its districts are scattered and appear small individually, even though their combined area is greater than that of the other options. Carefully reading the phrase among the following prevents such misinterpretation. Final Answer: Among the given Union Territories, the one with the largest land area is Puducherry.

Question 6

Which pair of Indian cities will have the midday Sun exactly overhead only once in a year?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: This question tests your understanding of how the vertical rays of the Sun relate to latitude in India. Cities lying between the Tropic of Cancer and the Equator can receive the Sun directly overhead twice a year, while cities exactly on the Tropic of Cancer experience this only once. Cities north of the Tropic of Cancer never receive vertical rays. Linking these ideas with the positions of specific cities allows you to choose the correct pair. Given Data / Assumptions: The question asks for cities where the midday Sun is exactly overhead only once a year. The options are four different city pairs Delhi and Chennai, Srinagar and Darjeeling, Hyderabad and Kohima, and Nagpur and Kolkata. We assume standard approximate latitudes, with the Tropic of Cancer at about 23 and a half degrees north. Cities close to that latitude can experience the vertical Sun at the June solstice. Concept / Approach: The key concept is the relation between latitude and the apparent movement of the Sun. The Sun's vertical rays migrate between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn during the year. Cities located exactly on the Tropic of Cancer will have the Sun directly overhead once at the June solstice, while those between the Equator and Tropic of Cancer will have two such days. Cities north of the Tropic never have the Sun at the zenith. The accepted exam key treats Nagpur and Kolkata as cities effectively on or very close to the Tropic of Cancer for this purpose. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify which cities lie clearly north of the Tropic of Cancer. Srinagar and Darjeeling are well to the north, so they will never see the Sun directly overhead.Step 2: Note that Chennai and Hyderabad are significantly south of the Tropic of Cancer, so they would receive vertical rays twice a year rather than only once.Step 3: Recognise that the exam treatment considers Nagpur and Kolkata to lie on or very close to the Tropic of Cancer, so they are grouped as cities that effectively experience vertical Sun once a year in standard question banks.Step 4: Therefore, among the options given, the pair Nagpur and Kolkata best fits the condition of having the midday Sun overhead only once a year. Verification / Alternative check: Although in precise latitude terms Kolkata is slightly south of the Tropic of Cancer, many competitive exam references still treat it as lying on that latitude for conceptual questions. Maps in exam oriented atlases often highlight a group of towns and cities close to the Tropic of Cancer, and Nagpur and Kolkata are typically listed among them. Using those sources, you can verify which pairs are meant to represent the one time vertical Sun condition. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Delhi and Chennai are not correct because Delhi lies north of the Tropic of Cancer and would never have the Sun at the zenith, while Chennai lies well south and would have two vertical Sun days. Srinagar and Darjeeling are both clearly north of the Tropic of Cancer, so they never receive vertical rays, which contradicts the requirement of one overhead occurrence. Hyderabad and Kohima include a city south of the Tropic and one north of it, so they do not share the same once a year vertical Sun condition. Common Pitfalls: A common pitfall is to think only in terms of north and south without remembering the special role of the Tropic of Cancer. Another mistake is to rely on rough intuition about city positions without checking latitudes, which can lead to picking Delhi or Hyderabad simply because they feel central on the map. Using a good atlas and marking the Tropic of Cancer clearly will make questions like this much easier. Final Answer: The pair of cities that will have the midday Sun exactly overhead only once a year, as treated in standard exam geography, is Nagpur and Kolkata.

Question 7

Which one of the following countries shares the longest international boundary with India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: India shares land frontiers with several neighbouring countries, and the length of these boundaries is a favourite topic in competitive exams. This question asks you to identify which country has the longest international boundary with India. Understanding these boundary lengths helps you appreciate the geopolitical and geographic importance of India's neighbours. Given Data / Assumptions: The neighbouring countries listed are Bangladesh, Bhutan, China and Pakistan. The question focuses on the length of the shared boundary, not on area, trade or population. We assume the standard figures in which the India Bangladesh border is the longest among India's land boundaries. Minor variations in reported kilometre values in different sources do not change the ranking order. Concept / Approach: India has long boundaries with both China and Bangladesh, but the boundary with Bangladesh is highly indented and wraps around large portions of north eastern India, producing a greater total length. The best approach is to recall the approximate order of boundary lengths Bangladesh first, China second, Pakistan third and Bhutan much shorter. This ranking allows you to identify the correct option quickly. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Visualise the map of eastern India where Bangladesh lies almost surrounded on three sides by Indian territory, especially West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram.Step 2: Compare this with the northern boundary with China, which is long but follows a relatively continuous high mountain frontier along the Himalaya and associated ranges.Step 3: Recall that the Pakistan boundary, though important historically and politically, is shorter than the boundary with Bangladesh.Step 4: Recognise that Bhutan is a small landlocked country and has the shortest boundary length among the options, so Bangladesh must be the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: Official data and standard geography references consistently show that the India Bangladesh border is the longest among India's land boundaries, measured in thousands of kilometres. The intricate nature of this boundary, with several enclaves and river courses, contributes to this large value. Cross checking with a quantitative table in an atlas or textbook will confirm this fact. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Bhutan is clearly incorrect because it is a small Himalayan kingdom with a relatively short border shared only with a limited stretch of Indian states. China does share a long mountain boundary with India, but its total length is still less than that of the India Bangladesh boundary. Pakistan also has a significant frontier with India across the Thar Desert and Punjab plains, but again its total length is smaller than that of the border with Bangladesh. Common Pitfalls: Many students choose China or Pakistan because they remember recent news or conflicts more readily than boundary length data. Another pitfall is to confuse longest boundary with total area of the neighbouring country, even though a large country like China does not necessarily share the longest stretch with India. Systematically revising boundary statistics helps to avoid these intuitive but incorrect choices. Final Answer: The country that has the longest international boundary with India is Bangladesh.

Question 8

Which steel plant in India was started in 1965 with technical collaboration from West Germany?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The development of the steel industry is a key part of India's industrialisation story, and many early public sector steel plants were set up with foreign collaboration. This question asks you to identify which specific plant was started around 1965 with West German assistance. Remembering these collaborations helps connect geography with economic history and industrial location. Given Data / Assumptions: The options list four well known steel plants Jamshedpur, Bokaro, Durgapur and Rourkela. The question mentions the year 1965 and West German collaboration as identifying clues. We assume the standard historical account in which Rourkela was built with West German assistance. The other plants had different partners or were started in different years. Concept / Approach: In the early plan periods, India set up integrated steel plants at Bhilai, Rourkela and Durgapur with foreign collaboration from the Soviet Union, West Germany and the United Kingdom respectively. Bokaro and Jamshedpur have their own distinct histories and associations. The correct approach is to match Rourkela, located in present day Odisha, with West German assistance, while remembering that Durgapur was linked with British assistance and Bhilai with Soviet help. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that Jamshedpur is a private sector plant established by the Tata group long before the mid nineteen sixties, so it does not fit the clue about a plant started in 1965 with foreign collaboration.Step 2: Remember that Bokaro Steel Plant was planned later with Soviet assistance and does not match the West German link mentioned in the question.Step 3: Note that Durgapur Steel Plant in West Bengal was set up with British collaboration, not West German support, so it can also be ruled out.Step 4: Recognise that Rourkela Steel Plant in Odisha is the one associated with West German collaboration and aligns with the time frame given, making it the correct choice. Verification / Alternative check: Standard economic geography texts clearly list Rourkela as an integrated steel plant set up with West German assistance. Timeline charts that summarise major steel plants and their collaborators repeat this association. Cross checking several such sources ensures that you are remembering the correct pairing of plant and foreign partner. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Jamshedpur Tata Steel Plant is not correct because it predates the public sector collaboration era and is linked with private enterprise rather than a specific foreign government partnership in the nineteen sixties. Bokaro Steel Plant is associated with later cooperation with the Soviet Union, not West Germany. Durgapur Steel Plant was developed with British collaboration and therefore does not fit the description in the question. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes memorise only the names of steel plants without carefully linking them to their foreign collaborators or years of establishment, which leads to confusion between Rourkela, Durgapur and Bhilai. Another pitfall is to assume that all major early public sector plants had Soviet collaboration, which is not accurate. Creating a small summary table of steel plants, locations, years and collaborators is a practical way to avoid such mistakes. Final Answer: The steel plant in India that was started in 1965 with West German collaboration is the Rourkela Steel Plant.

Question 9

The climate of India is considered mainly tropical primarily because of which important geographical factor?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: India is often described as a tropical monsoon country, but this broad statement hides several interacting geographic factors. This question asks you to identify the primary reason why the climate of India is considered mainly tropical. Understanding the role of the Himalaya and the distribution of land and sea is central to this topic in climatology. Given Data / Assumptions: The options mention the Himalayas in the north, the tropical location, the Indian Ocean influence and jet streams. The question focuses on the main reason that pushes India toward a tropical type climate rather than a temperate one. We assume the standard school level explanation where the Himalayas act as a massive barrier to cold air masses. Other factors such as latitude and oceans are important but are not identified as the single most decisive factor in this particular question bank. Concept / Approach: India stretches from about 8 degrees to around 37 degrees north, which includes tropical and subtropical latitudes. However, the presence of the high Himalayan barrier to the north prevents cold continental air from Central Asia from sweeping into the interior of India in winter. This helps maintain generally higher temperatures compared with other regions at similar latitudes and is a key reason why India retains a largely tropical character, even in its northern plains. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Consider that if the Himalayas were absent, cold polar and continental air from Central Asia could move freely southward and create a much more severe winter climate over north India.Step 2: Recognise that the towering Himalayan and Karakoram ranges act as a wall that blocks many of these cold air masses, moderating winter temperatures in the Gangetic plains and peninsular region.Step 3: While latitude and the presence of the Indian Ocean do contribute to warmth, they do not by themselves explain why north India is not as cold as other regions at similar latitudes in Eurasia.Step 4: Therefore, the location of the Himalayas in the north is taken as the primary reason in standard exam geography for India having a mainly tropical climate. Verification / Alternative check: Climatology chapters in school texts repeatedly highlight that the Himalayas protect India from cold winds and help maintain a tropical monsoon type climate. Comparative examples are often given showing how parts of China or Central Asia at similar latitudes experience much colder winters because they lack such a barrier. Checking these discussions confirms why the Himalayan location is emphasised in exam style questions. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The fact that a major part of India lies within the tropics is significant, but it does not fully explain the relatively mild winters in the north compared with other continental interiors at similar latitudes. The Indian Ocean does influence rainfall and moderates coastal temperatures, yet without the Himalayas the northern interior would still become much colder. Jet streams do affect seasonal weather patterns, particularly the western disturbances in winter, but they are not the fundamental reason why the overall climate is mainly tropical. Common Pitfalls: A common mistake is to pick the statement about India lying within the tropics because it seems directly linked to the word tropical in the question, without considering the special role of topography. Another pitfall is to focus only on monsoon rainfall and the oceans while ignoring the north south contrast in temperature patterns. Thinking about how the climate might look if the Himalayas were not present is a useful way to remember why the mountain barrier is given such importance. Final Answer: The climate of India is considered mainly tropical chiefly because of the location of the Himalayas in the north, which blocks cold continental air from Central Asia.

Question 10

Why does the state of Rajasthan receive very little rainfall compared to many other parts of India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Rajasthan contains the Thar Desert, one of the driest regions of India, and understanding why it receives so little rainfall is an important part of Indian climatology and regional geography. This question asks you to identify the main reason for Rajasthan's low rainfall, focusing on how monsoon winds behave when they cross this region. Given Data / Assumptions: The options suggest explanations based on temperature, lack of water, failure of monsoon and absence of a barrier. We are concerned with the south west monsoon winds that bring most of India's summer rainfall. We assume the typical monsoon pattern in which moisture laden winds rise and cool when forced over mountain barriers, producing heavy rain on windward slopes. Rajasthan lies in the leeward side of the Aravalli Range relative to the main path of monsoon currents. Concept / Approach: Rainfall is closely linked to uplift and cooling of moist air. When moist monsoon winds encounter a mountain barrier perpendicular to their direction of movement, they rise, cool and condense, leading to orographic rainfall. In Rajasthan, the Aravalli Range runs roughly parallel to the general direction of the advancing monsoon winds instead of across their path. As a result, the winds are not forced to rise significantly over this range and pass through largely without shedding much moisture. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the south west monsoon winds that reach north western India travel broadly from the Arabian Sea towards the north east.Step 2: Observe that the Aravalli Range in Rajasthan runs in a north east south west direction, nearly parallel to the incoming monsoon winds rather than across them.Step 3: Because the winds and the range are almost aligned, the air is not forced sharply upward, so uplift and cooling are limited and very little orographic rainfall occurs over Rajasthan.Step 4: Therefore, the key reason for low rainfall is that the winds do not encounter an effective mountain barrier to cause the necessary uplift and cooling. Verification / Alternative check: Regional climate descriptions in geography texts emphasise the parallel alignment of the Aravalli Range and the monsoon track. Maps showing rainfall distribution clearly highlight a sharp decrease in rainfall from the Western Ghats towards the interior parts of Rajasthan. This spatial pattern supports the explanation that topography and the lack of suitable barriers, rather than temperature alone, determine the dryness of the region. Why Other Options Are Wrong: It is too hot is incomplete and misleading because many hot regions elsewhere still receive plenty of rainfall when moist air is forced to rise. There is no water available so the winds remain dry is incorrect because the Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon is already moisture laden when it reaches the western coast and inland regions. The monsoon winds fail completely to reach the region is also wrong, since some monsoon currents do pass through Rajasthan, but they do not produce much rain because they lack sufficient uplift. Common Pitfalls: Many learners oversimplify by linking high temperature directly to low rainfall, forgetting that deserts can be cold as well and that rainfall is more about uplift and moisture. Others may believe that the monsoon simply stops before reaching Rajasthan, ignoring the direction and behaviour of the winds. Studying a map that shows both the path of monsoon winds and the orientation of the Aravalli Range can greatly reduce such misunderstandings. Final Answer: Rajasthan receives very little rain mainly because the monsoon winds do not come across any significant mountain barrier there to rise, cool and give rainfall.

Question 11

What is the approximate total length of the coastline of India, including the mainland and island coasts?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: India has a long coastline that plays a major role in trade, climate, fisheries and defence. Many introductory geography questions ask about the approximate length of this coastline to test your sense of scale. This question focuses on the combined length of the mainland coast along with the coasts of major island groups. Given Data / Assumptions: The options provide four rounded values in kilometres 5,500, 6,000, 6,500 and 7,000. The question asks for an approximate length, so an exact figure to the nearest kilometre is not required. We assume the commonly cited school level estimate that India's coastline is about seven thousand kilometres long. This includes the mainland coast along the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal as well as the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep. Concept / Approach: The length of a coastline can vary slightly depending on the method of measurement, but standard exam oriented references use rounded figures that are easy to remember. For India, the total coastline including islands is generally given as about seven thousand kilometres. The best approach is to memorise this order of magnitude so that you can quickly identify the nearest value in multiple choice questions. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that India has a long peninsular projection into the Indian Ocean with coasts along both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.Step 2: Remember that when the coasts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep are also included, the total length increases further.Step 3: Standard school texts usually quote a rounded coastline length of about seven thousand kilometres for India.Step 4: Among the options, 7,000 km is the one that matches this widely accepted approximate figure, so it is the correct answer. Verification / Alternative check: You can verify this figure by checking a reliable atlas or government publication where the coastline length is listed among basic national statistics. While some sources may provide slightly different numbers due to measurement details, they all cluster around the seven thousand kilometre mark, confirming that 7,000 km is the most appropriate option to choose in exams. Why Other Options Are Wrong: 5,500 km and 6,000 km are both significantly below the commonly accepted figure and would underestimate the extent of India's marine boundary. 6,500 km comes closer but still does not reflect the standard rounded value used in most examination materials. Since the question invites an approximate value and one option matches the textbook figure directly, the other values are treated as distractors. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse the coastline length with other numerical facts such as the length of the land boundary or the north south and east west extents of the country. Another pitfall is to think in terms of a much shorter length because peninsular India looks narrow on some small scale maps. Regularly revising key numbers like population, area, coastline length and land boundary length helps fix these basic facts in memory. Final Answer: The approximate total length of the coastline of India, including its islands, is about 7,000 km.

Question 12

Through how many Indian states does the Tropic of Cancer pass as it crosses the country from west to east?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The Tropic of Cancer is an important reference latitude that passes through the middle of India and is often highlighted in school atlases. Examinations frequently ask how many states are crossed by this latitude. This question therefore checks your familiarity with both state boundaries and the path of the Tropic of Cancer. Given Data / Assumptions: The question specifically refers to the Tropic of Cancer, not any other parallel or meridian. Four numerical options are provided 7, 5, 8 and 10 states. We assume the present set of states where the Tropic of Cancer passes through a definite list that can be counted. The standard list in school geography includes Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram. Concept / Approach: The core idea is that the Tropic of Cancer at about 23 and a half degrees north latitude cuts across several states in a west to east sweep. Counting these states correctly requires a clear mental map or reference list. The accepted number in exam oriented materials is eight states, based on the usual enumeration from Gujarat in the west to Mizoram in the east. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Starting from the western side, note that the Tropic of Cancer enters India through Gujarat.Step 2: Moving eastward, it passes through Rajasthan and then Madhya Pradesh.Step 3: Further east, it crosses Chhattisgarh, then Jharkhand and West Bengal.Step 4: Finally, in the north east, it passes through Tripura and Mizoram, bringing the total number of states to eight. Verification / Alternative check: A good way to verify this is to open a physical map that draws the Tropic of Cancer across India and to trace it with your finger, ticking each state it crosses. Many exam preparation books print a special map highlighting these eight states. When you match these lists, you consistently get the same count, confirming that eight is the correct number. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Five states is too low and would mean leaving out several states that clearly lie on the path of the Tropic of Cancer, such as Jharkhand or Tripura. Seven states is close but still one short of the correct total and can trap students who forget one of the north eastern states. Ten states is too high given the limited latitudinal span of India and the actual route of the Tropic of Cancer, so it overestimates the crossing. Common Pitfalls: Some learners mix up states with union territories or mistakenly count states that lie near but not exactly on the Tropic of Cancer. Others may forget that both Tripura and Mizoram are included at the eastern end, leading them to settle on seven instead of eight. Writing down the full list multiple times while revising can make the correct count much easier to remember. Final Answer: The Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 states of India as it crosses the country from west to east.

Question 13

Manipur shares its state boundaries with which combination of neighbouring Indian states?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Understanding how the north eastern states of India share boundaries with each other is important for both political geography and questions on regional integration. This question focuses on Manipur and asks which combination of states share common boundaries with it. Visualising the north east as a cluster of interconnected states helps in answering such questions. Given Data / Assumptions: Manipur is the reference state whose neighbours are being asked about. The options list combinations of Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland and Assam. We assume the standard political map in which Manipur shares boundaries with specific Indian states and with Myanmar to the east. International boundaries are not part of the options; only neighbouring Indian states matter here. Concept / Approach: Manipur is located in the central part of the north eastern region. To its north lies Nagaland, to its west lies Assam, and to its south lies Mizoram. To the east, Manipur shares an international boundary with Myanmar. The correct approach is to mentally position Manipur and then tick off the Indian states that touch its borders, ignoring those that are close but do not directly meet it, such as Meghalaya and Tripura. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Place Manipur in the mental map of the north east, with the hill ranges on its northern and southern flanks and the central Imphal valley.Step 2: Recall that Nagaland lies directly to the north of Manipur, sharing a boundary along the hill region.Step 3: Remember that Assam lies to the west of Manipur, providing a link to the broader Indian mainland through connecting districts.Step 4: Note that Mizoram is to the south of Manipur and shares a boundary, whereas Meghalaya and Tripura do not directly touch Manipur, which makes Nagaland, Assam and Mizoram the correct combination. Verification / Alternative check: A quick check using a large scale political map of the north eastern states will show Manipur bordered by Nagaland, Assam and Mizoram on three sides, with Myanmar forming the eastern boundary. Exam oriented atlases often mark these boundary relationships clearly in diagrams or simplified sketches, which confirms that the given combination is accurate. Why Other Options Are Wrong: The combination Meghalaya, Mizoram and Tripura is incorrect because Manipur does not share a boundary with either Meghalaya or Tripura. Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya is wrong because it leaves out Assam, which clearly borders Manipur to the west. Nagaland, Meghalaya and Tripura is incorrect since both Meghalaya and Tripura lie further west and south west and do not directly touch Manipur's borders. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes confuse neighbouring states in the north east because the region appears crowded on small maps. It is easy to think that if two states are close geographically, they must share a boundary, even when a thin strip of another state lies between them. Spending some time tracing each state's outline and marking its neighbours can significantly reduce such errors in future questions. Final Answer: Manipur has common boundaries with the states of Nagaland, Assam and Mizoram within India.

Question 14

From the economic point of view, which type of natural forest is the most important in India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Forests in India are classified into several types based on climate, rainfall and dominant vegetation, and different forest types contribute differently to the economy. This question asks you which natural forest type is economically the most important. It is a standard concept in Indian vegetation geography that links ecology with resource use. Given Data / Assumptions: The forest types listed are tidal forests, thorn forests, evergreen forests and tropical deciduous forests. Economic importance is judged in terms of timber, fuelwood and other forest products that are widely used. We assume that the question refers to natural forest types, not plantation crops like tea or rubber. Textbooks usually emphasise tropical deciduous forests as the most economically valuable because of their extent and species composition. Concept / Approach: Tropical deciduous forests, also known as monsoon forests, cover large areas of India, especially in the peninsular and central regions. They contain many commercially valuable timber species such as teak, sal, sandalwood and shisham. Because they shed leaves in the dry season, they allow more light to penetrate and are relatively easy to manage for timber extraction. The correct approach is to recall both their wide distribution and their high share in commercial forestry. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that tidal forests are mainly found in coastal swampy areas such as the Sundarbans and, although important ecologically, are limited in extent and difficult to exploit on a large scale.Step 2: Note that thorn forests appear in arid and semi arid regions and contain drought resistant shrubs and trees, but they are not the main source of major timber production.Step 3: Evergreen forests in high rainfall areas of the Western Ghats and north east provide valuable timber but are often difficult to access and manage and occupy a smaller proportion of the total forest area.Step 4: Tropical deciduous forests, in contrast, are widely spread, more accessible and rich in commercially useful species, which makes them the most important from an economic perspective. Verification / Alternative check: Chapters on forest resources in school level economics and geography books emphasise that tropical deciduous forests provide the bulk of India's hardwood timber output. Tables listing major forest products often show species typical of these forests. Checking such summaries confirms that they contribute more to commercial forestry and fuelwood supply than any other single forest type. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Tidal forests are ecologically vital as buffers against storms and as wildlife habitats, but their limited area and difficult terrain reduce their economic dominance in timber production. Thorn forests are important for local fuelwood and grazing but do not support high value timber species in large numbers. Evergreen forests are rich in biodiversity and timber but are spatially more restricted and often subject to conservation regulations, which limits their exploitation relative to tropical deciduous forests. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes assume that evergreen forests must be the most important simply because they are dense and lush, without considering area and ease of access. Others may overlook the distinction between ecological importance and direct economic importance in terms of exploitable products. Thinking about which forests supply the bulk of teak and sal logs can help anchor the correct answer in memory. Final Answer: Economically, the most important forests of India are the tropical deciduous forests, which supply much of the country's commercial timber and fuelwood.

Question 15

Which river in eastern India is popularly known as the Sorrow of Bengal because of its destructive floods?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Many rivers in India have traditional nicknames that reflect their behaviour and impact on the regions they flow through. This question asks you to identify which river has been called the Sorrow of Bengal because of its history of destructive floods. Such names often appear in both geography and history questions. Given Data / Assumptions: The rivers listed are Son, Damodar, Hooghly and Kosi. The phrase Sorrow of Bengal refers to the impact on parts of Bengal, not on distant regions. We assume the classic terminology used before large scale flood control projects were implemented. Modern mitigation may have reduced flood damage, but the historical nickname remains important in exams. Concept / Approach: The Damodar River, which flows through Jharkhand and West Bengal, used to flood large areas in its lower valley almost every year, damaging crops, settlements and infrastructure. Because of these frequent and destructive floods, it gained the nickname Sorrow of Bengal. The correct approach is to distinguish this from the Kosi River, which is called the Sorrow of Bihar, and from other rivers that do not carry this particular label. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recall that the Damodar flows eastward from the Chotanagpur Plateau towards the plains of West Bengal, where it joins the Hugli system.Step 2: Historically, the river used to overflow its banks during the monsoon, causing extensive damage in districts of Bengal.Step 3: These recurring floods led local people and administrators to describe the Damodar as a river that brought sorrow rather than benefit, hence the famous nickname.Step 4: In contrast, Kosi is known as the Sorrow of Bihar, not Bengal, so Damodar is the correct answer for this specific phrase. Verification / Alternative check: Standard exam oriented geography books often have a table that lists rivers and their nicknames. In such tables, Damodar appears as Sorrow of Bengal, while Kosi is linked with Bihar. Looking up the history of the Damodar Valley Corporation also shows that it was specifically created to control flooding and harness the river for power and irrigation, confirming the earlier flood reputation. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Son River flows through central India and into the Ganga and has not been widely known by this nickname. Hooghly River is a distributary of the Ganga flowing past Kolkata, but it is more associated with ports and trade than with recurring devastating floods that gave rise to the Sorrow of Bengal title. Kosi River is indeed called the Sorrow of Bihar, so while it has a similar kind of nickname, it is attached to a different state and therefore not correct in this context. Common Pitfalls: Students frequently confuse Damodar and Kosi because both are associated with destructive floods and sorrow based nicknames. The key distinction is that Damodar is linked to Bengal and Kosi to Bihar. Some learners also incorrectly assume that Hooghly, because of its importance in Bengal, might carry this nickname, but that is not supported by standard references. Final Answer: The river known as the Sorrow of Bengal is the Damodar River, due to its historical record of frequent flooding in parts of Bengal.

Question 16

Which plateau region of India is especially known for its rich mineral resources and intensive mining activity?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Plateau regions in India differ in their geology and resource endowment. One of them is particularly famous for its concentration of coal, iron ore and other minerals, making it a major mining hub. This question asks you to identify that plateau, which is a cornerstone topic in Indian economic and physical geography. Given Data / Assumptions: The plateaus listed are Malwa, Chhota Nagpur, Deccan and Mysuru. The focus is on richness in mineral resources rather than agriculture or climate. We assume the standard understanding that the Chhota Nagpur Plateau is India's mineral heartland. This region spans parts of Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. Concept / Approach: The Chhota Nagpur Plateau is composed of ancient hard rocks that host significant deposits of coal, iron ore, mica, bauxite and many other minerals. This has led to the growth of numerous mining towns and heavy industries, especially around Jamshedpur, Dhanbad, Bokaro and Ranchi. The correct approach is to associate this plateau with the term mineral rich and to differentiate it from other plateaus, which may be more agricultural or less mineralised. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that the Deccan Plateau as a whole is large and varied but is not specifically labelled as the main mineral belt in exam summaries.Step 2: Recall that Malwa Plateau in central India is better known for black soil and crops like cotton and soybean rather than for very high mineral concentration.Step 3: Note that Mysuru Plateau in southern India has some resources but is not described as the primary mineral region in the country.Step 4: Identify Chhota Nagpur Plateau as the region consistently referred to as the mineral heartland of India due to its extensive coal fields and metallic ores. Verification / Alternative check: Maps showing mineral distribution in India almost always highlight the Chhota Nagpur Plateau as a dense cluster of mining areas and mineral symbols. Textbooks on resources and industries describe this plateau as the backbone of the iron and steel industry, citing its proximity to important mineral deposits. Cross checking several such maps and descriptions confirms its special status. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Malwa Plateau is agriculturally important and has some minerals but does not match the Chhota Nagpur region in richness or variety of deposits. Deccan Plateau covers a huge area, and while it does contain minerals, the question asks for the plateau specially known for mineral wealth, which is more precisely Chhota Nagpur. Mysuru Plateau is associated with plantations, silk and hydroelectric projects rather than serving as the main centre of mining activity. Common Pitfalls: Some learners see the name Deccan Plateau and assume that because it is very large it must also hold the most minerals, overlooking focused information on Chhota Nagpur. Others may recall industries in regions like Maharashtra or Karnataka and incorrectly connect them with the plateau in the option list. Paying attention to specific key phrases like mineral heartland or mineral rich plateau in your notes will guide you to the correct answer. Final Answer: The plateau of India that is particularly rich in minerals and known as a major mining region is the Chhota Nagpur Plateau.

Question 17

At which of the following places in India will you experience the maximum duration of sunlight in the month of December?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The duration of daylight at a place varies with latitude and season. During December, the northern hemisphere experiences winter, and days become shorter as one moves away from the Equator. This question asks where in India the maximum sunlight duration would be experienced in December, testing your understanding of how latitude influences day length. Given Data / Assumptions: The places listed are Kanyakumari, Pune, Kolkata and Leh. December corresponds roughly to the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere. We assume clear weather so that the duration of daylight is determined primarily by the position of the Sun relative to latitude. All these places lie north of the Equator but at different latitudes within India. Concept / Approach: In winter, locations closer to the Equator experience longer days compared with places at higher latitudes, which have shorter daylight hours. Kanyakumari, situated at the southern tip of mainland India near eight degrees north, is the closest to the Equator among the options. Therefore, it will have relatively longer days in December compared with Pune, Kolkata or Leh, which are further north. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Arrange the places in order of increasing latitude from south to north Kanyakumari is the southernmost, followed by Pune, then Kolkata, and Leh is the northernmost in the high Himalaya.Step 2: Recall that at the winter solstice, places closer to the Equator have day lengths closer to twelve hours, while those closer to the poles see shorter days.Step 3: Since Kanyakumari has the lowest latitude among the options, it will experience the least reduction in day length during December.Step 4: Therefore, Kanyakumari will have the maximum duration of sunlight in December compared with the other listed locations. Verification / Alternative check: If you look up sunrise and sunset times for these cities around the winter solstice, you will find that Kanyakumari has a longer interval between sunrise and sunset than Pune, Kolkata or Leh. Leh, being at very high latitude and elevation, experiences particularly short days in winter. These real world data points match the theoretical expectation based on latitude. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Pune is at a higher latitude than Kanyakumari, so it experiences shorter days in December and cannot have the maximum daylight among the options. Kolkata lies even further north in the eastern part of the country, which further shortens its winter days relative to Kanyakumari. Leh is located in the far north in the high Himalaya and has some of the shortest winter days in India, making it the opposite of what the question is asking. Common Pitfalls: Some learners mistakenly think that places in the east like Kolkata might receive longer sunlight because the Sun seems to rise earlier there, but this confuses clock time with total day length. Others may focus on elevation and choose Leh, thinking that higher altitude means more sunlight, without considering the impact of latitude and the tilt of the Earth. Remembering that proximity to the Equator reduces seasonal variation in day length can help anchor the correct reasoning. Final Answer: In December, the place among the options that experiences the maximum duration of sunlight is Kanyakumari, located near the southern tip of India.

Question 18

Which one of the following Indian cities will never receive the vertical rays of the Sun at any time of the year?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: The vertical rays of the Sun fall only between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, and never north or south of these lines. This question checks whether you can apply that principle to identify an Indian city that will never receive the Sun directly overhead. Understanding the geographic range of vertical Sun rays is a basic concept in earth science and climatology. Given Data / Assumptions: The cities listed are Srinagar, Thiruvananthapuram, Kolkata and Mumbai. The Tropic of Cancer is at approximately 23 and a half degrees north, and the Tropic of Capricorn is in the southern hemisphere. We assume standard approximate latitudes for these cities, with Srinagar well north of the Tropic of Cancer. Cities situated north of the Tropic of Cancer can never have the Sun at the zenith. Concept / Approach: Only places between the two tropics ever see the Sun directly overhead at noon. Cities located below the Tropic of Cancer within India, such as Mumbai and Thiruvananthapuram, can receive vertical rays once or twice a year. Cities close to the Tropic of Cancer, like Kolkata in many exam treatments, may experience vertical Sun conditions as well. However, a city such as Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir lies far to the north and therefore never receives vertical rays. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Identify the approximate latitudes of the cities Thiruvananthapuram lies close to eight degrees north, Mumbai around nineteen degrees north, Kolkata in the low twenties, and Srinagar above thirty degrees north.Step 2: Note that the band where vertical rays can occur extends only from the Equator to the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere.Step 3: Since Srinagar lies well north of the Tropic of Cancer, it falls outside this band and thus cannot have the Sun directly overhead at any time.Step 4: Therefore, Srinagar is the only city among the options that never receives vertical rays of the Sun. Verification / Alternative check: Climatology diagrams showing the apparent path of the Sun and the latitude bands for overhead Sun events clearly restrict such events to the tropical zone. Looking up the latitude of Srinagar confirms that it lies outside this zone, while checking for Mumbai or Thiruvananthapuram shows that they are inside it. Kolkata is often treated as near the Tropic of Cancer in exam materials, reinforcing the idea that it can have overhead Sun conditions. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Thiruvananthapuram lies well south of the Tropic of Cancer and therefore can receive the Sun overhead twice a year as the vertical rays move north and south. Mumbai also lies within the tropical belt and similarly experiences overhead Sun conditions during the year. Kolkata is close to the Tropic of Cancer and is treated in many exam settings as being effectively on or near it, meaning it can experience vertical Sun at least once a year. Common Pitfalls: Some students may incorrectly assume that only cities near the Equator receive vertical rays, leading them to overlook the full range of the tropical zone. Others may misread the map and think that Mumbai or Kolkata are too far north, forgetting the actual position of the Tropic of Cancer. Establishing a clear mental picture of where the key parallels are drawn relative to India's outline helps avoid these errors. Final Answer: The city that will never get the vertical rays of the Sun is Srinagar, because it lies north of the Tropic of Cancer.

Question 19

Which agricultural crop is sown on the largest total area of cultivated land in India?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: India is a major agricultural country, and crops differ in terms of area sown, production and yield. This question focuses on the crop that occupies the largest sown area in India, which is a key statistic in agricultural geography. Knowing which crops dominate the landscape helps you understand food security and land use patterns. Given Data / Assumptions: The crops listed are wheat, barley, rice and maize. The question asks about the largest area under sowing, not necessarily the highest total production or yield per hectare. We assume the long term pattern where rice occupies the maximum gross cropped area among the options. Minor year to year variations do not change the general ranking used in exam summaries. Concept / Approach: Rice is the staple food crop for a large portion of India's population and is grown widely in both irrigated and high rainfall areas. It is cultivated across the Indo Gangetic plains, the coastal regions, the north eastern states and large parts of eastern and southern India. Because of this broad geographical spread and often two or more cropping seasons in some regions, the total area under rice is higher than for wheat, maize or barley. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Recognise that wheat is mainly concentrated in the north western and central plains under winter or rabi conditions, while rice covers many more climatic zones, including kharif seasons in the east, south and north east.Step 2: Barley is grown on a relatively small scale, often as a cool season crop in limited regions, and cannot compete in area with rice or wheat.Step 3: Maize is significant as a cereal and fodder crop in several states but still occupies less area than rice, which is central to the diet in many more regions.Step 4: Therefore, taking into account its pan Indian presence and multiple cropping seasons, rice emerges as the crop sown on the largest area of land in India. Verification / Alternative check: Official agricultural statistics and school level agriculture chapters consistently show rice at the top when listing crops by area sown. Wheat usually follows in second place, while maize and barley cover smaller proportions of the cultivated area. Even if yields or production rankings fluctuate somewhat, the area ranking usually remains stable, confirming this answer. Why Other Options Are Wrong: Wheat, though extremely important and widely grown, does not match rice in terms of spatial spread across the entire country. Barley is a minor cereal crop with limited acreage and therefore cannot be the correct answer. Maize has grown in importance in recent decades but is still behind rice in terms of total area under cultivation in India. Common Pitfalls: Some learners confuse production with area and may choose wheat if they recall figures about total cereal output without distinguishing between yield and sown area. Others may underestimate the sheer scale of rice cultivation in eastern India and the coastal belt. Regularly revising simple comparative tables of major crops by area, production and yield can help embed the correct relationships in memory. Final Answer: The crop that is sown on the largest area in India is rice, reflecting its role as the staple food for much of the population.

Question 20

In which of the following regions of India are surface water resources considered to be the highest?

Accepted Answer

Introduction / Context: Surface water resources refer to the water available in rivers, lakes and reservoirs at the surface of the land. Different regions of India have varying amounts of surface water depending on rainfall, river systems and topography. This question asks you to identify the region with the highest surface water resources among the options given. Given Data / Assumptions: The regions listed are the Ganga plains, North Eastern India, Peninsular India and the Indus plains. We are concerned with the total volume of surface water resources as understood in standard exam geography, not just rainfall. The Ganga river system is one of the largest and most water rich in India. North eastern India receives heavy rainfall, but the question focuses on the way resources are classified in many textbook summaries. Concept / Approach: The Ganga plains, stretching across northern India, are drained by the Ganga and its many tributaries such as Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi. This extensive river network, combined with snowmelt from the Himalaya and significant monsoon rainfall, provides a very large volume of surface water resources. Standard exam oriented classifications therefore describe the Ganga basin as having the highest share of India's surface water among major regions. Step-by-Step Solution: Step 1: Consider the breadth of the Ganga plains and the number of large perennial rivers that cross this region from the Himalaya to the Bay of Bengal.Step 2: Note that these rivers carry snowmelt and monsoon water, creating a continuous supply of surface water for irrigation, navigation and other uses.Step 3: Compare this with Peninsular India, where many rivers are seasonal or have more variable flows, and with the Indus plains, where a significant part of the river system lies outside India.Step 4: While North Eastern India has heavy rainfall, the examination key treats the Ganga plains as having the highest surface water resources due to the combination of basin size and river volume. Verification / Alternative check: Hydrology and resource chapters in school texts often include tables or maps showing the distribution of surface water among river basins. These usually highlight the Ganga basin as having the largest share of India's utilizable surface water resources. Checking such summaries supports the selection of the Ganga plains over the other options. Why Other Options Are Wrong: North Eastern India does receive some of the highest rainfall in the country, but it covers a smaller area and the total volume of stored and utilizable surface water is presented as lower than that of the vast Ganga basin in many exam treatments. Peninsular India has several major rivers such as Godavari and Krishna, yet many of them are more seasonal and do not collectively match the Ganga system in surface water volume. The Indus plains are also important but a large part of the Indus basin lies in neighbouring countries, reducing the share of surface water resources available within India. Common Pitfalls: Students sometimes equate highest rainfall with highest surface water and immediately choose North Eastern India, overlooking the impact of basin area and river network size. Another pitfall is to think of Peninsular India as water rich because of large dams, without considering that many rivers there are smaller or seasonal. Distinguishing between rainfall intensity and overall basin scale helps to avoid these errors. Final Answer: Among the regions listed, surface water resources are considered highest in the Ganga plains, which are drained by the extensive Ganga river system and its tributaries.

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