Statement — Road accidents are increasing constantly, particularly in urban areas. Courses of Action — I. Urban Transport Authorities should impose stringent vehicle-maintenance norms. II. Traffic police should severely punish those who violate traffic rules.

Introduction / Context:Urban accident surges usually arise from multiple factors: poor vehicle condition, reckless driving, weak enforcement, and infrastructure stress. Effective action requires both safer machines and safer behavior.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Problem: rising urban road accidents.
• COA I: stricter maintenance norms (brakes, tires, lights, emissions, fitness tests).
• COA II: stricter enforcement and penalties for violations (speeding, red-light jumping, drunk driving, phone use).

Concept / Approach:COA I reduces mechanical failure risk and keeps unfit vehicles off roads. COA II changes driver incentives and behavior through deterrence. The problem is multifactorial; both supply-side (vehicle fitness) and demand-side (driver compliance) levers are necessary and complementary.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:Jurisdictions that improved both vehicle standards and enforcement saw accident declines; either action alone is insufficient.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:Assuming infrastructure fixes alone suffice; enforcement and maintenance are core pillars.

Final Answer:Both I and II follow.