According to fundamental principles of organisation design for engineering projects, which set of principles is most appropriate for effective management?

Introduction / Context:
Organisational principles ensure clarity of authority, accountability, and information flow. For project-based organisations, combining clear reporting lines with empowered teams and robust controls is essential for delivery performance.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Unity of command means one boss for each role to avoid conflicting directions.
• Coherence or cohesiveness (cohegency) implies coordinated parts working toward shared goals.
• Effective control ensures monitoring and corrective action across levels.
• Delegation pushes decision-making to the right level for speed and ownership.

Concept / Approach:
No single principle suffices in isolation. Unity of command reduces confusion; cohesion ensures collaboration; control provides feedback loops; delegation improves responsiveness. Together they form a balanced organisational design suited to dynamic construction environments.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Evaluate each principle and its contribution to performance.Recognise complementarities: clear lines plus empowered teams plus oversight.Select the aggregate option reflecting a comprehensive set of principles.

Verification / Alternative check:
Management frameworks emphasise alignment of structure, processes, and authority for effective governance.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Each single principle is beneficial but incomplete.

Common Pitfalls:
Over-centralising decisions; creating dual reporting that violates unity of command without adding true matrix discipline; weak controls leading to undetected variances.

Final Answer:
All the above.