Cause & Effect — Policing and crime outcomes. I. Police authorities recently increased evening-hour vigil in the locality. II. There has been a considerable reduction in petty crimes in the locality.
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Aif statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.
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Bif statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect.
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Cif both the statements I and II are independent causes.
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Dif both the statements I and II are effects of independent causes.
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ENone of these
Answer
Correct Answer: if statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.
Explanation
Introduction / Context:Law-enforcement inputs (visibility, patrols) often deter opportunistic offenses. The pair seeks recognition of the causal chain from policing intensity to crime incidence.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- I: Increased evening vigilance by police.
- II: Noticeable drop in petty crime rates.
- Deterrence and rapid response constrain petty offenders.
Concept / Approach:Increased patrols create perceived risk and reduce criminal opportunity windows, yielding immediate effects on petty crimes.
Step-by-Step Solution:
1) I → II: Heightened vigilance plausibly and directly reduces petty crime.2) II → I would imply falling crime caused the decision to increase patrols; the stem’s recency framing suggests the opposite.3) Choose A.Verification / Alternative check:Crime drops coincident with patrol surges are common in hotspot policing studies.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:B reverses direction; C/D deny linkage.
Common Pitfalls:Ignoring time ordering: “recently increased vigil” then “has been reduction.”
Final Answer:if statement I is the cause and statement II is its effect.