Antonym – Choose the option that best expresses the opposite meaning of the highlighted word in the sentence below. Sentence: History abounds in instances of courage. Target word: abounds (meaning: is full of; exists in large numbers)

Introduction / Context:
This vocabulary item asks for an antonym of abounds in the sentence History abounds in instances of courage. Abounds means exists in great numbers or is well supplied with. We must select the opposite meaning in context.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Verb: abounds (intransitive, meaning to be plentiful)
• Context object: instances of courage
• Task: pick a word that conveys scarcity or absence instead of plenty

Concept / Approach:
Find a verb that reverses plentifulness to deficiency. Lacks means does not have or is deficient in, which is the direct antonym to abounds in this context. Other options either do not contrast quantity or do not fit the collocation with in instances.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Synonyms test: abounds ≈ teems with, is replete with. The opposite set includes lacks, is short of, is devoid of. Among choices, lacks is the strongest one-to-one opposite.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• A) shines relates to brightness or excellence, not quantity.
• C) suffices means is adequate, not plentiful vs scarce.
• D) fails means does not succeed; it does not oppose abundance.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing adequacy (suffices) with abundance. Adequacy is a threshold concept, not about being plentiful.

Final Answer:
b) lacks