Bistable storage element In digital electronics, a flip-flop is characterized by how many stable states under normal operating conditions?

Introduction / Context:
Flip-flops are fundamental memory elements used to store one bit of information. Recognizing their stability characteristics helps in understanding registers, counters, and state machines.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• A flip-flop is a sequential logic element with feedback.
• Normal operation excludes metastability events; we consider stable resting states.

Concept / Approach:
A flip-flop is inherently bistable: it has exactly two stable output states that it can hold indefinitely (logic 0 or logic 1) until a triggering event causes a change. This is unlike monostable or astable multivibrators, which have one or zero stable states respectively.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify device type: flip-flop → bistable multivibrator.Stable states: Q = 0 or Q = 1.Conclusion: exactly two stable states.

Verification / Alternative check:
Truth tables and characteristic equations (e.g., for D, JK, T flip-flops) show the device latches and maintains one of two states between clock events.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
One / zero stable states: describe monostable or astable circuits, not flip-flops.“None of the above”: incorrect because the correct choice is explicitly listed.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing flip-flops with latches; both are bistable, but differ by level- vs edge-sensitive control.

Final Answer:
two stable states