In data conversion terminology, a DAC (digital-to-analog converter) performs which function?

Introduction / Context:
Mixed-signal systems require converting between digital codes and real-world analog signals. A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is essential in audio playback, instrumentation, motor control, and waveform generation.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• DAC receives binary (or coded) digital words.
• Output should be a corresponding analog level (voltage or current).
• No amplification is implied unless specified; conversion is the core function.

Concept / Approach:
A DAC maps a digital code to a proportional analog quantity. For an n-bit DAC with reference Vref, the smallest analog step is typically Vref / (2^n). The output may be a staircase that can be smoothed by a reconstruction filter.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify device → DAC.Define action → digital code → analog magnitude (voltage or current).Exclude unrelated actions such as A/D or amplification.

Verification / Alternative check:
Audio DACs convert 16-bit or 24-bit PCM data into line-level analog voltages for speakers after buffering and filtering, confirming the role.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Analog-to-digital is ADC, not DAC.Amplification may follow a DAC but is not inherent to conversion.Frequency spectrum conversion is unrelated.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming a DAC inherently amplifies or filters. Those are separate stages (op-amp buffer, active filter).

Final Answer:
digital data into an analog signal