Building Area Metrics – What carpet area excludes Carpet area is the usable floor area within the internal finished faces of walls. Which of the following are excluded from carpet area for the purpose of traditional building estimation?

Introduction / Context:
Different area metrics are used in building planning and valuation: plinth area, carpet area, and saleable/super area. Traditional estimation texts define carpet area as the net usable area of rooms, excluding walls and several ancillary spaces. This question checks what is excluded.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Conventional estimation (textbook) definition of carpet area used in BOQ/estimation problems.
• Not the later statutory definitions for real‐estate regulation which may vary.

Concept / Approach:
Carpet area (traditional) = plinth area − (wall thickness + verandahs/corridors/passages + service spaces like baths/WC, and in many estimating texts, kitchens/pantries). Hence multiple listed items are excluded.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify items that are non-usable circulation or service spaces ⇒ verandah, corridor, passage.Remove wall thickness and wall-embedded openings from usable area ⇒ excluded.Service spaces like bathrooms/WC are excluded in traditional estimation norms.In many classical estimation references, kitchens/pantries are also excluded from carpet computations for planning ratios ⇒ excluded.

Verification / Alternative check:
Older estimating practice and examination standards commonly treat all listed elements as exclusions when computing carpet area for academic problems.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• a–d individually represent categories excluded in the conventional estimation context; therefore “All of the above” is correct.

Common Pitfalls:
Using modern regulatory definitions (e.g., RERA) which include kitchens and toilets within carpet area can cause confusion; always follow the convention specified by the syllabus or problem statement.

Final Answer:
All of the above