Earthwork Measurement – Items not measured separately Which of the following operations associated with earthwork are generally deemed to be included in the earthwork rate and therefore are not measured separately for payment?

Introduction / Context:
Standard methods of measurement streamline BOQ preparation by stating which incidental activities are covered by the main item rate. In earthwork, several auxiliary operations are treated as included in the excavation or embankment rate to avoid excessive fragmentation of items and to reflect normal contractor obligations.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Earthwork in excavation or embankment as per typical IS-style measurement.
• Ancillary activities considered part of the main rate unless specifically stated otherwise.
• Safety and control measures like dead men/bench marks are customary.

Concept / Approach:

Measurement rules identify operations that are necessary adjuncts: setting out, clearing, dead men/bench marks for level control, and steps/benches for safe and accurate excavation. These are usually not measured as separate BOQ line items; they are included within the quoted rate for earthwork.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Review typical BOQs and IS 1200-type notes: these tasks appear under inclusions or preliminaries, not as separate earthwork sub-items.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Any single selection would omit other equally included tasks, contradicting the standard inclusion principle.

Common Pitfalls:

Paying twice by adding separate items; overlooking special specifications where exceptional circumstances justify separate payment.

Final Answer:

All of the above