Computing that appears to require human judgment: what is the general term for applications in which computers make decisions using intuition-like reasoning and intelligence?

Introduction / Context:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) encompasses methods that enable machines to perform tasks commonly associated with human intelligence: reasoning, learning, problem solving, perception, and language understanding. The question asks for the broad umbrella term, distinct from specific subtypes.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Scope includes decision making, judgments, and reasoning.
• Terminology distinguishes umbrella (AI) from specific systems (e.g., expert systems).
• We want the most general label.

Concept / Approach:
AI is the general discipline. ES (expert systems) and KBS (knowledge-based systems) are subfields or historical approaches within AI that use encoded knowledge and inference. Modern AI also includes machine learning, deep learning, and probabilistic reasoning—all under the AI umbrella.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Academic categorizations place ES and KBS within AI; contemporary AI extends well beyond rule-based reasoning.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• ES: Subset of AI focused on rule-based expertise.
• KBS: Overlaps with ES; still a subset within AI.
• Base-rule: Not a standard term.
• None: Wrong because AI is correct.

Common Pitfalls:
Using ES or KBS as if they cover all intelligent computing; forgetting that learning-based approaches are also AI.

Final Answer:
AI