Defining MIS precisely: Which statement best captures what a Management Information System (MIS) does in support of managerial decision-making?

Introduction / Context:
Definitions of MIS vary in wording but converge on a core idea: MIS captures data, transforms it into useful information, and communicates it to managers for decisions. The options here use different emphases—data handling, information handling, and conversion—yet all describe facets of MIS.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• MIS spans data capture, storage, processing, retrieval, and presentation.
• Data-to-information conversion (aggregation, analysis) is central.
• The outcome is decision support at various organizational levels.

Concept / Approach:
Conceptually, MIS is a socio-technical communication process: it takes raw data from operations, applies business rules and analytics to create information, and routes that information via reports, dashboards, and alerts to managers. Therefore, each statement contributes a correct aspect of the whole.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Relate “data” vs. “information”: data are raw facts; information is processed data with context.Recognize MIS activities include recording/storing/processing/retrieving.Conclude that all three phrasings are valid and complementary—select “All of the above.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Reference definitions consistently include data capture, processing, and delivery of information for decision support.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Choosing a single statement artificially narrows MIS; the function is broader.

Common Pitfalls:
Equating MIS solely with reports; it also includes controls, exception alerts, and interactive analysis.

Final Answer:
All of the above