Integrated circuit invention milestone Who demonstrated that more than one transistor could be fabricated on a single piece of semiconductor material, and in which year was this milestone reported?

Introduction / Context:
The move from discrete transistors to integrated circuits (ICs) revolutionized electronics by allowing multiple devices to be formed on a single chip. This leap enabled miniaturization, cost reduction, and reliability improvements that define modern electronics.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Seeking the historical figure and year associated with planar integrated circuit realization.
• Recognize parallel contributions by Jack Kilby (1958) and Robert Noyce (1959).

Concept / Approach:
Jack Kilby demonstrated a hybrid approach at TI in 1958. Robert Noyce at Fairchild (1959) applied the planar process and monolithic interconnection concept using silicon, which became the dominant IC fabrication method. The question points to the Noyce milestone in 1959.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the monolithic IC milestone: Noyce, 1959.Differentiate from discrete transistor inventors (Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley) in 1947.Select the option that matches the integrated multi-transistor on one chip concept.Thus, 1959, Robert Noyce is correct.

Verification / Alternative check:
Historical records credit both Kilby and Noyce; patents and industry adoption favored Noyce’s planar silicon approach.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
1949, William Schockley: Shockley co-invented the transistor era but not ICs in 1949.1955, Walter Bratten: name and date incorrect (William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Brattain were 1947).1960, John Bardeen: not associated with the first IC on that date.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing the invention of the transistor (1947) with the invention of the integrated circuit a decade later.

Final Answer:
1959, Robert Noyce