Question 1

Statements: All men are aggressive. All children are aggressive. Conclusions: I. Men are children. II. Children are men.

Accepted Answer

Both the Premises are Universal Affirmative (A-type). All men are aggressive. ↔ Some aggressive are children. A + I ⇒ No Conclusion

Question 2

Statements: 1. All goats are cows. 2. All cows are animals. Conclusions: I. All goats are animals. II. All animals are goats.

Accepted Answer

Both the Premises are Universal Affirmative (A-type). All goats are cows. ↔ All cows are animals. A + A ⇒ A-type of Conclusion "All goats are animals". This is Conclusion I.

Question 3

Statements: Some cars are buses. All cars are caves. Conclusions: I. Some caves are not buses. II. Some caves are buses. III. No cave is a bus. IV. Some caves are cars.

Accepted Answer

First Premise is Particular Affirmative (I–type). Second Premise is Universal Affirmative (A–type). Some buses are cars. ↔ All cars are caves. I + A ⇒ I–type of Conclusion "Some buses are caves." Conclusion II is the Converse of it. Conclusion IV is Converse of the second Premise.

Question 4

Statements: 1. Some girls are stars. 2. Meena is a girl. Conclusions: I. Meena is a star. II. Some stars are not girls.

Accepted Answer

Some girls (not all) are stars. Therefore, Meena may or may not be star. From Affirmative sentences, we cannot derive Negative Conclusion. Thus, neither Conclusion I nor Conclusion II follows.

Question 5

Statements: 1. Some teachers are followers. 2. Some followers are famous. Conclusions: I. Some teachers are famous. II. Some followers are teachers.

Accepted Answer

Both the Premises are Particular Affirmative (I-type). No Conclusion follows from the two Particular Premises. Conclusion II is the Converse of the first Premise.

Question 6

Statements: Many books are rocks. All rocks are clips. Conclusions: I. Some books are clips. II. No rock is a book.

Accepted Answer

First Premise is Particular Affirmative (I–type). Second Premise is Universal Affirmative (A–type). Many (Some) books are rocks. ↔ All rocks are clips. I + A ⇒ I – type of Conclusion "Some books are clips." This is the Conclusion I.

Question 7

Statements: No man is a donkey. Ajay is a man. Conclusions: I. Ajay is not a donkey. II. All men are not Ajay.

Accepted Answer

First Premise is Universal Negative (E–type). Second Premise is Universal Affirmative (A–type). Ajay is a man. ↔ No man is a donkey. A + E ⇒ E–type of Conclusion "Ajay is not donkey." This is Conclusion I.

Question 8

Statements: Some kings are queens. All queens are beautiful. Conclusions: I. All kings are beautiful. II. All queens are kings.

Accepted Answer

First Premise is Particular Affirmative (I–type). Second Premise is Universal Affirmative (A–type). Some kings are queens. ↔ All queens are beautiful. I + A ⇒ I–type of Conclusion "Some kings are beautiful." Thus, neither Conclusion I nor Conclusion II follows.

Question 9

Statements: 1. All goats are tigers. 2. All tigers are lions. Conclusions: I. All tigers are goats. II. All lions are tigers. III. No goat is a lion. IV. No lion is a goat.

Accepted Answer

Both the Premises are Universal Affirmative (A–type). All goats are tigers. ↔ All tigers are lions. A + A ⇒ A–type of Conclusion "All goats are lions."

Question 10

Statements: Some cats are dogs. All dogs are black. Conclusions: I. Some cats are black. II. Some dogs are black.

Accepted Answer

First Premise is Particular Affirmative (I-type). Second Premise is Universal Affirmative (A-type). Some cats are dogs. ↔ All dogs are black I + A ⇒ I - type of Conclusion "Some cats are black". This is Conclusion I. Conclusion II is the Implication of the second Premise.

Question 11

Statements 1. Authors are learned people. 2. Some doctors are authors. Conclusions I. Some doctors are learned people. II. Some learned people are doctors.

Accepted Answer

First Premise is Universal Affirmative (A - type). Second Premise is Particular Affirmative (I - type). Some doctors are authors. ↔ (All) Authors are learned people I + A ⇒ I - type of Conclusion "Some doctors are learned people." This is Conclusion I. Conclusion II is the Converse of it.

Question 12

Statements: I. Some leaves are apples. II. No apple is an egg. Conclusions: I. All apples are leaves. II. Some eggs are leaves. III. Some leaves are not eggs. IV. All eggs are leaves.

Accepted Answer

First premise is Particular Affirmative (I-type). Second Premise is Universal Negative (E-type). Some leaves are apples. ↔ No apple is an egg. I + E ⇒ O-type of Conclusion "Some leaves are not eggs". This is Conclusion III.

Question 13

Statements: Some spoons are cups. Some cups are bottles. All bottles are mugs. Conclusions: I. Some mugs are cups. II. Some cups are bottles. III. Some spoons are mugs.

Accepted Answer

First and second premises are particular Affirmative (I– type). Third Premises is Universal Affirmative (A–type). Some cups are bottles. ↔ All bottles are mugs. I + A ⇒ I–type of Conclusion "Some cups are mugs." Conclusion I is the Converse of it. Conclusion II is the same as that of second premise.

Question 14

Statements: 1. All apples are oranges. 2. Some oranges are papayas. Conclusions: I. Some apples are papayas. II. Some papayas are apples.

Accepted Answer

First Premise is Universal Affirmative (A–type). Second Premise is Particular Affirmative (I–type). All apples are oranges. ↔ Some oranges are papayas. A+I ⇒ No Conclusion

Question 15

Statements: (i) Some papers are pens. (ii) All the pencils are pens. Conclusions: I. Some pens are pencils. II. Some pens are papers.

Accepted Answer

First Premise is the Particular Affirmative (I-type). Second Premise is the Universal Affirmative (A-type). All the pencils are pens. ↔ Some pens are papers. A + I ⇒ No Conclusion Conclusion I is the Converse of the second Premise. Conclusion II is the Converse of the first Premise.

Question 16

Statements: 1. Some teachers are followers. 2. Some followers are famous. Conclusions: I. Some teachers are famous. II. Some followers are teachers.

Accepted Answer

Both the Premises are Particular Affirmative (I-type). No Conclusion follows from the two Particular Premises. Conclusion II is the Converse of the first Premise.

Question 17

Statements: 1. All trees are leaves. 2. Some fruits are leaves. Conclusions: I. Some fruits are trees. II. Some leaves are trees.

Accepted Answer

First Premise is Universal Affirmative (A-type). Second Premise is Particular Affirmative (I-type). All trees are leaves. ↔ Some leaves are fruits. A + I ⇒ No Conclusion Conclusion II is Converse of the first Premise.

Question 18

Statement: All goats are flowers. No flower is branch. Some branches are roots. Conclusions: I. Some roots are goats. II. No roots are goat.

Accepted Answer

All goats are flowers + No flower is branch = 1 + A = E = E = No goat is branch + Some branches are roots = E + 1 = 0* = Some roots are not goats. Hence neither I nor II definitely follows However, since the two from a complementary I - E pair, either of two must follow.

Question 19

Statement: All pots are rings. All bangles are rings. All rings are paints. Conclusions: I. Some paints are pots. II. Some bangles are paints.

Accepted Answer

All pots are rings + All rings are paints = A + A = A = All pots are paints → conversion → Some paints are pots (I) Hence I follows. All bangles are rings + All rings are paints = A + A = A = All bangles are paints → implication → Some bangles are paints (I) Hence II follows.

Question 20

Statement: All pictures are paintings. All paintings are photographs. Some photographs are designs. Conclusions: I. Some paintings are designs. II. Some photographs are movies.

Accepted Answer

All paintings are photographs + Some photographs are designs = A + I = No conclusion Hence I does not follow. Some photographs are designs + Some designs are movies = I + I = No conclusion Hence II does not follows.

Syllogism Questions